Cellulose Hydrolysis

1 Introduction.- References.- 2 Nature of Cellulosic Material.- 2.1 Components of Cellulosic Materials.- 2.1.1 Extraneous Materials.- 2.1.2 Polysaccharides.- 2.1.3 Lignin.- 2.2 Composition of Wood and Straw.- 2.3 Structure of Plant Cell Walls.- 2.4 Structure of Cellulose.- 2.4.1 Chemical and Molecular Structure of Cellulose.- 2.4.2 Structure and Morphology of Cellulose Fibers.- References.- 3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis.- 3.1 Nature of Lignocellulosic Structural Resistance.- 3.1.1 Degree of Water Swelling of Cellulose Fiber.- 3.1.2 Crystallinity of Cellulose.- 3.1.3 Molecular Structure of Cellulose.- 3.1.4 Extraneous Material - Lignin.- 3.1.5 Presence of Substituent Groups.- 3.1.6 Capillary Structure of Cellulose.- 3.2 Properties and Mode of Cellulase Biodegradation.- 3.2.1 Effect of Cellulase on some Properties of Cellulose Fibers.- 3.2.1.1 Fragmentation of Cellulose Fibers.- 3.2.1.2 Swelling of Cellulose Fibers and the Swelling Factor.- 3.2.2 Mode of Action of the Cellulase.- 3.2.2.1 (C1-Cx) Concept.- 3.2.2.2 ?-1,4-Glucan Cellobiohydrolase.- 3.2.2.3 Cx Components.- 3.2.2.4 ?-Glucosidase.- 3.2.2.5 Synergism Among Components.- 3.2.3 Physical Properties of Cellulase.- 3.2.3.1 Molecular Weights of Cellulase Components.- 3.2.3.2 Diffusion Coefficient and Sedimentation Constant of Cellulase.- 3.2.3.3 Size and Shape of Cellulase Molecules.- 3.3 Pretreatment Methods.- 3.3.1 Physical Pretreatments.- 3.3.1.1 Milling and Grinding.- 3.3.1.2 Pyrolysis.- 3.3.1.3 High Energy Radiation.- 3.3.1.4 High Pressure Steaming.- 3.3.1.5 Extrusion and Expansion.- 3.3.1.6 Microwave Treatment.- 3.3.2 Chemical Pretreatments.- 3.3.2.1 Alkalis.- 3.3.2.2 Acids.- 3.3.2.3 Gases.- 3.3.2.4 Oxidizing Agents.- 3.3.2.5 Cellulose Solvents.- 3.3.2.6 Solvent Extraction.- 3.3.2.7 Swelling Agents.- 3.3.3 Biological Pretreatments.- 3.3.4 Economic Analysis of Pretreatments.- 3.4 Kinetics of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose.- 3.4.1 Kinetic Characteristics of the Heterogeneous Cellulose-Cellulase System.- 3.4.1.1 Mass Transfer Limitation - Diffusion of Enzyme.- 3.4.1.2 Adsorption and Desorption of Enzyme.- 3.4.1.3 Surface Reaction, Fragmentation, and Changes of Surface Area During Hydrolysis.- 3.4.1.4 Product Inhibition and its Mechanism.- 3.4.2 Kinetic Models of Insoluble Cellulose Hydrolysis by Cellulase.- 3.4.2.1 Empirical Representations of the Kinetics of Enzymatic Hydrolysis.- 3.4.2.2 Michaelis-Menten Mechanism Applied to an Insoluble Cellulose-Cellulase System.- 3.4.2.3 McLaren's Approach to Enzyme Reactions in a Structurally Restricted System.- 3.4.2.4 Kinetic Models Based on the Combination of the Enzyme Adsorption Equation and the Michaelis-Menten Type Equation.- 3.4.2.5 Kinetic Model Based on the Depolymerization Mechanism.- 3.4.2.6 Distributed Parameter Kinetic Models.- 3.4.2.7 Mechanistic Kinetic Model.- 3.4.2.8 Miscellaneous Models.- 3.4.3 Kinetics of Cellulases on ?-l,4-O1igoglucosides.- 3.4.4 Kinetics of ?-Glucosidase.- Nomenclature.- References.- 4 Acid Hydrolysis of Cellulose.- 4.1 Mechanism of Acid Hydrolysis.- 4.1.1 Course of Hydrolysis Reaction.- 4.1.2 Identification of Mechanism.- 4.1.3 Degree of Polymerization.- 4.1.4 Recrystallization.- 4.2 Kinetics of Acid Hydrolysis of Cellulose.- 4.2.1 Homogeneous Kinetics.- 4.2.2 Heterogeneous Kinetics.- Nomenclature.- References.- 5 Design and Economic Evaluation of Cellulose Hydrolysis Processes.- 5.1 Enzymatic Hydrolysis.- 5.1.1 Pure Cellulose Substrate.- 5.1.2 Lignocellulosic Substrate.- 5.2 Acid Hydrolysis.- 5.2.1 Dilute Sulfuric Acid Processes.- 5.2.2 Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Processes.- 5.2.3 Hydrochloric Acid Processes.- 5.2.4 Hydrofluoric Acid Process.- Nomenclature.- References.- 6 Epilogue.- Author Index.