Human Growth

I Developmental Biology.- 1 Modes of Growth and Regeneration: Mechanisms, Regulation, Distribution.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mechanisms of Organ and Tissue Growth.- 3. Regulation of Organ and Tissue Growth.- 4. Regeneration and Wound Healing.- 5. Discussion.- 6. Summary.- 7. References.- 2 Control of Differentiation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Control Mechanisms in Preimplantation Development.- 3. Interactive Events during Blastogenesis.- 4. Control of Organogenesis...- 5. Concluding Remarks.- 6. References.- 3 Cellular Growth: Brain, Heart, Lung, Liver, and Skeletal Muscle.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Brain.- 3. Heart.- 4. Lung.- 5. Liver.- 6. Skeletal Muscle.- 7. Summary and Conclusions.- 8. References.- 4 Control of Embryonic Growth Rate and Fetal Size in Mammals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fetal Growth Profiles.- 3. Embryonic Growth Profiles.- 4. Manipulation of Size.- 5. Growth Factors.- 6. Summary and Conclusions.- 7. References.- 5 Human Biochemical Development.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Development of Carbohydrate Metabolism and Energy Transformation..- 3. Development of Lipid Metabolism.- 4. Development of Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism.- 5. References.- 6 Developmental Pharmacology.- 5. Introduction.- 5. Teratology.- 5. Pharmacology.- 5. Drug Survey.- 5. Conclusions.- 5. References..- 7 Glimpses of Comparative Growth and Development.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Growth, Rates of Growth, and Age.- 3. The Chemistry of Growth.- 4. Organs and Tissues.- 5. Placentation and Production of Immunity.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 8 Evolution of the Human Growth Curve.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Evolution of Delayed Development.- 3. The Adolescent Growth Spurt in Higher Primates.- 4. Growth and Sexual Dimorphism.- 5. Growth and Skeletal Development.- 6. References.- 9 Growth as a Target-Seeking Function: Catch-up and Catch-down Growth in Man.- 1. The Regularity of Normal Growth.- 2. Catch-up Growth.- 3. Catch-up Growth as a Normal Phenomenon in Infancy.- 4. Catch-down Growth.- 5. A Model for Growth Regulation.- 6. References.- 10 Critical Periods in Organizational Processes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Physical Growth and Behavioral Development: A Comparison.- 3. Theory of Organizational Change.- 4. Critical Periods.- 5. General Theory of Critical Periods.- 6. Optimal Periods and Critical Periods.- 7. Vulnerable Periods.- 8. Conclusion..- 9. References.- II Prenatal Growth.- 11 Anatomy of the Placenta.- 1. The Normal Discoid Singleton Placenta.- 2. "Normal" Variations in Form.- 3. Common Findings Properly Treated as Lesions.- 4. Summary.- 5. References.- 12 Physiology of the Placenta.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Placental Transport.- 3. Endocrinology.- 4. Immunology of Pregnancy.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. References.- 13 Human Growth during the Embryonic Period Proper.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Extraembryonic Measurements.- 3. Embryonic Measurements.- 4. Growth of Individual Organs.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. References.- 14 Anthropometric Measures of Fetal Growth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Anthropometric and Radiographic Indices.- 3. Sexual Dimorphism.- 4. Application of Fetal Measurements.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. References.- 15 Ultrasound Measurement of Fetal Growth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ultrasound Measurements....- 3. Normal Growth Patterns.- 4. Abnormal Growth Patterns.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. References.- 16 Carbohydrate, Fat, and Amino Acid Metabolism in the Pregnant Woman and Fetus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Metabolism of Nutrients in the Nongravid State.- 3. Metabolism of Nutrients during Pregnancy.- 4. Fuels and the Placenta...- 5. Fuels and the Fetus.- 6. Maternal Fuels and Fetal Development.- 7. References.- 17 Regulation of Fetal Growth by Hormones and Growth Factors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hormones Produced by the Fetus.- 3. Placental Hormones.- 4. Growth Factors and Fetal Growth.- 5. Interaction among Classic Hormones and Growth Factors in Fetal Growthand Development.- 6. Summary.- 7. References.- 18 Pre-and Perinatal Endocrinology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hypothalamus and Posterior Hypophysis.- 3. Anterior Pituitary.- 4. Thyroid Gland.- 5. Adrenal Cortex.- 6. The Gonads.- 7. Calcium, Parathyroid Glands, and Calcitonin.- 8. Pancreas.- 9. Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism.- 10. Adrenal Medulla.- 11. Growth Factors.- 12. General Conclusions.- 13. References.- 19 Immunity Development.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mechanisms of Specific Immunity.- 3. Lymphocyte Development.- 4. Immunoglobulin Development.- 5. Development of Nonspecific Immunity Mechanisms.- 6. Immunity Development: Clinical Correlates.- 7. Maternofetal Relationships.- 8. Tolerance.- 9. Immunity after Birth: Infections and Immunizations.- 10. Conclusions.- 11. References.- 20 The Low-Birth-Weight Infant.- 1. Definitions.- 2. Fetal Evaluation.- 3. Postnatal Evaluation of the Low-Birth-Weight Infant.- 4. The Low-Birth-Weight Infant's Initial Problems and Long-Term Outcome..- 5. References.- 21 Growth Dynamics of Low-Birth-Weight Infants with Emphasis on the Perinatal Period.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Growth Patterns of AGA Preterm Infants: Distance and Velocity...- 3. Growth Patterns of SGA Preterm Infants: Catch-up.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- Inde.