Introduction to UAV Systems
4th Edition
Published on 24. August 2012
Book
Hardback
306 pages
978-1-119-97866-4 (ISBN)
Description
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely adopted in the military world over the last decade and the success of these military applications is increasingly driving efforts to establish unmanned aircraft in non-military roles.
Introduction to UAV Systems, 4th edition provides a comprehensive introduction to all of the elements of a complete Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). It addresses the air vehicle, mission planning and control, several types of mission payloads, data links and how they interact with mission performance, and launch and recovery concepts. This book provides enough information to encourage a student to learn more; to provide a specialist with a basic appreciation of the technical issues that drive other parts of the system and interact with their specialty; or to help a program manager understand system-level tradeoffs and know what questions to ask.
Key features:
* Comprehensive overview of all elements of a UAS and of how they interact.
* Introduces the underlying concepts of key subsystems.
* Emphasizes system-integration issues and how they relate to subsystem design choices.
* Practical discussion of issues informed by lessons learned in UAV programs.
Introduction to UAV Systems, 4th edition is written both for newcomers to the subject and for experienced members of the UAV community who desire a comprehensive overview at the system level.
As well as being a primary text for an introductory course on UAS or a supplementary text in a course that goes into more depth in one of the individual technologies involved in a UAS, this book is a useful overview for practicing engineers, researchers, managers, and consultants interested in UAV systems.
Reviews / Votes
"Useful for students who need the necessary background for working on projects in this field. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and graduate aeronautical and electrical engineering students; professionals." (Choice, 1 July 2013)More details
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Persons
Col Paul G Fahlstrom, USMC, Retd., USA
Paul G. Fahlstrom began his career as aNaval Aviator (Marine Pilot). After completing active duty he worked for the Navy and subsequently joined NASA at the Goddard Space flight Center specializing in flight controls. Following six years with Goddard I became the government project engineer responsible for the Supersonic Transport (SST) flight control system, later moving to the Department of Transportation where he was responsible for reviewing R&D. He subsequently joined the Aviation Division of the Army Material Command as a Weapon Systems Staff Manager responsible for management of the Army&'s Unmanned Aerial Vehicle systems.
Dr. Thomas J Gleason, Consultant, USA
Dr. Thomas Gleason founded Gleason research Associates to conduct engineering and scientific analyses and evaluations related to missile and sensor systems. Prior to founding GRA, Dr. Gleason performed engineering and scientific analyses of the target acquisition sensors and laser designator of the Aquila Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV).
Dr. Gleason is a graduate of The Johns Hopkins University where he received a Bachelor of Arts, and a Ph.D in Physics.He completed Military education through Command and General Staff College and retired from the Army Reserve as a Lieutenant Colonel. Dr. Gleason is a member of the American Physical Society and is a recipient of the Harry Diamond Laboratories R&D Achievement Award and the Cogswel Award (as Facility Security Officer of GRA, for outstanding Industrial Security program). He is the Author or Co-author of over 100 technical reports related to his areas of expertise.
Paul G. Fahlstrom began his career as aNaval Aviator (Marine Pilot). After completing active duty he worked for the Navy and subsequently joined NASA at the Goddard Space flight Center specializing in flight controls. Following six years with Goddard I became the government project engineer responsible for the Supersonic Transport (SST) flight control system, later moving to the Department of Transportation where he was responsible for reviewing R&D. He subsequently joined the Aviation Division of the Army Material Command as a Weapon Systems Staff Manager responsible for management of the Army&'s Unmanned Aerial Vehicle systems.
Dr. Thomas J Gleason, Consultant, USA
Dr. Thomas Gleason founded Gleason research Associates to conduct engineering and scientific analyses and evaluations related to missile and sensor systems. Prior to founding GRA, Dr. Gleason performed engineering and scientific analyses of the target acquisition sensors and laser designator of the Aquila Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV).
Dr. Gleason is a graduate of The Johns Hopkins University where he received a Bachelor of Arts, and a Ph.D in Physics.He completed Military education through Command and General Staff College and retired from the Army Reserve as a Lieutenant Colonel. Dr. Gleason is a member of the American Physical Society and is a recipient of the Harry Diamond Laboratories R&D Achievement Award and the Cogswel Award (as Facility Security Officer of GRA, for outstanding Industrial Security program). He is the Author or Co-author of over 100 technical reports related to his areas of expertise.
Content
Preface xv
Series Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
List of Acronyms xxiii
Part One Introduction
1 History and Overview 3
1.1 Overview 3
1.2 History 4
1.2.1 Early History 4
1.2.2 The Vietnam War 5
1.2.3 Resurgence 5
1.2.4 Joint Operations 6
1.2.5 Desert Storm 6
1.2.6 Bosnia 6
1.2.7 Afghanistan and Iraq 7
1.3 Overview of UAV Systems 7
1.3.1 Air Vehicle 8
1.3.2 Mission Planning and Control Station 8
1.3.3 Launch and Recovery Equipment 9
1.3.4 Payloads 10
1.3.5 Data Links 10
1.3.6 Ground Support Equipment 11
1.4 The Aquila 11
1.4.1 Aquila Mission and Requirements 12
1.4.2 Air Vehicle 12
1.4.3 Ground Control Station 13
1.4.4 Launch and Recovery 13
1.4.5 Payload 13
1.4.6 Other Equipment 14
1.4.7 Summary 14
References 15
2 Classes and Missions of UAVs 17
2.1 Overview 17
2.2 Examples of UAV Systems 17
2.2.1 Very Small UAVs 18
2.2.2 Small UAVs 19
2.2.3 Medium UAVs 20
2.2.4 Large UAVs 23
2.3 Expendable UAVs 25
2.4 Classes of UAV Systems 26
2.4.1 Classification by Range and Endurance 26
2.4.2 Informal Categories of Small UAV Systems by Size 27
2.4.3 The Tier System 27
2.4.4 Another Classification Change 28
2.5 Missions 28
Reference 31
Part Two The Air Vehicle
3 Basic Aerodynamics 35
3.1 Overview 35
3.2 Basic Aerodynamic Equations 35
3.3 Aircraft Polar 39
3.4 The Real Wing and Airplane 40
3.5 Induced Drag 41
3.6 The Boundary Layer 43
3.7 Flapping Wings 46
3.8 Total Air-Vehicle Drag 48
3.9 Summary 48
References 49
Bibliography 49
4 Performance 51
4.1 Overview 51
4.2 Climbing Flight 51
4.3 Range 53
4.3.1 Range for a Propeller-Driven Aircraft 54
4.3.2 Range for a Jet-Propelled Aircraft 56
4.4 Endurance 57
4.4.1 Endurance for a Propeller-Driven Aircraft 57
4.4.2 Endurance for a Jet-Propelled Aircraft 58
4.5 Gliding Flight 59
4.6 Summary 59
5 Stability and Control 61
5.1 Overview 61
5.2 Stability 61
5.2.1 Longitudinal Stability 62
5.2.2 Lateral Stability 64
5.2.3 Dynamic Stability 65
5.2.4 Summary 65
5.3 Control 65
5.3.1 Aerodynamic Control 65
5.3.2 Pitch Control 66
5.3.3 Lateral Control 67
5.4 Autopilots 67
5.4.1 Sensor 68
5.4.2 Controller 68
5.4.3 Actuator 68
5.4.4 Airframe Control 68
5.4.5 Inner and Outer Loops 68
5.4.6 Flight-Control Classification 69
5.4.7 Overall Modes of Operation 70
5.4.8 Sensors Supporting the Autopilot 70
6 Propulsion 73
6.1 Overview 73
6.2 Thrust Generation 73
6.3 Powered Lift 75
6.4 Sources of Power 78
6.4.1 The Two-Cycle Engine 78
6.4.2 The Rotary Engine 81
6.4.3 The Gas Turbine 82
6.4.4 Electric Motors 83
6.4.5 Sources of Electrical Power 84
7 Loads and Structures 91
7.1 Overview 91
7.2 Loads 91
7.3 Dynamic Loads 94
7.4 Materials 96
7.4.1 Sandwich Construction 96
7.4.2 Skin or Reinforcing Materials 97
7.4.3 Resin Materials 97
7.4.4 Core Materials 98
7.5 Construction Techniques 98
Part Three Mission Planning and Control
8 Mission Planning and Control Station 101
8.1 Oerview 101
8.2 MPCS Architecture 105
8.2.1 Local Area Networks 107
8.2.2 Elements of a LAN 107
8.2.3 Levels of Communication 108
8.2.4 Bridges and Gateways 110
8.3 Physical Configuration 111
8.4 Planning and Navigation 113
8.4.1 Planning 113
8.4.2 Navigation and Target Location 115
8.5 MPCS Interfaces 117
9 Air Vehicle and Payload Control 119
9.1 Overview 119
9.2 Modes of Control 120
9.3 Piloting the Air Vehicle 120
9.3.1 Remote Piloting 121
9.3.2 Autopilot-Assisted Control 121
9.3.3 Complete Automation 122
9.3.4 Summary 123
9.4 Controlling Payloads 123
9.4.1 Signal Relay Payloads 124
9.4.2 Atmospheric, Radiological, and Environmental Monitoring 124
9.4.3 Imaging and Pseudo-Imaging Payloads 125
9.5 Controlling the Mission 126
9.6 Autonomy 128
Part Four Payloads
10 Reconnaissance/Surveillance Payloads 133
10.1 Overview 133
10.2 Imaging Sensors 134
10.2.1 Target Detection, Recognition, and Identification 134
10.3 The Search Process 146
10.4 Other Considerations 152
10.4.1 Stabilization of the Line of Sight 152
References 156
Bibliography 156
11 Weapon Payloads 157
11.1 Overview 157
11.2 History of Lethal Unmanned Aircraft 158
11.3 Mission Requirements for Armed Utility UAVs 161
11.4 Design Issues Related to Carriage and Delivery of Weapons 161
11.4.1 Payload Capacity 161
11.4.2 Structural Issues 162
11.4.3 Electrical Interfaces 163
11.4.4 Electromagnetic Interference 165
11.4.5 Launch Constraints for Legacy Weapons 165
11.4.6 Safe Separation 166
11.4.7 Data Links 166
11.5 Other Issues Related to Combat Operations 166
11.5.1 Signature Reduction 166
11.5.2 Autonomy 176
Reference 179
12 Other Payloads 181
12.1 Overview 181
12.2 Radar 181
12.2.1 General Radar Considerations 181
12.2.2 Synthetic Aperture Radar 183
12.3 Electronic Warfare 184
12.4 Chemical Detection 184
12.5 Nuclear Radiation Sensors 185
12.6 Meteorological Sensors 185
12.7 Pseudo-Satellites 186
Part Five Data Links
13 Data-Link Functions and Attributes 191
13.1 Overview 191
13.2 Background 191
13.3 Data-Link Functions 193
13.4 Desirable Data-Link Attributes 194
13.4.1 Worldwide Availability 195
13.4.2 Resistance to Unintentional Interference 196
13.4.3 Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) 196
13.4.4 Security 197
13.4.5 Resistance to Deception 197
13.4.6 Anti-ARM 197
13.4.7 Anti-Jam 198
13.4.8 Digital Data Links 199
13.5 System Interface Issues 199
13.5.1 Mechanical and Electrical 199
13.5.2 Data-Rate Restrictions 200
13.5.3 Control-Loop Delays 201
13.5.4 Interoperability, Interchangeability, and Commonality 202
Reference 204
14 Data-Link Margin 205
14.1 Overview 205
14.2 Sources of Data-Link Margin 205
14.2.1 Transmitter Power 206
14.2.2 Antenna Gain 206
14.2.3 Processing Gain 213
14.3 Definition of AJ Margin 217
14.3.1 Jammer Geometry 218
14.3.2 System Implications of AJ Capability 222
14.3.3 Anti-Jam Uplinks 224
14.4 Propagation 225
14.4.1 Obstruction of the Propagation Path 225
14.4.2 Atmospheric Absorption 226
14.4.3 Precipitation Losses 227
14.5 Data-Link Signal-to-Noise Budget 227
References 229
15 Data-Rate Reduction 231
15.1 Overview 231
15.2 Compression Versus Truncation 231
15.3 Video Data 232
15.4 Non-Video Data 239
15.5 Location of the Data-Rate Reduction Function 240
References 241
16 Data-Link Tradeoffs 243
16.1 Overview 243
16.2 Basic Tradeoffs 243
16.3 Pitfalls of "Putting Off" Data-Link Issues 245
16.4 Future Technology 246
Part Six Launch and Recovery
17 Launch Systems 249
17.1 Overview 249
17.2 Basic Considerations 249
17.3 UAV Launch Methods for Fixed-Wing Vehicles 253
17.3.1 Rail Launchers 254
17.3.2 Pneumatic Launchers 255
17.3.3 Hydraulic/Pneumatic Launchers 256
17.3.4 Zero Length RATO Launch of UAVs 257
17.4 Vertical Takeoff and Landing UAV Launch 260
18 Recovery Systems 261
18.1 Overview 261
18.2 Conventional Landings 261
18.3 Vertical Net Systems 262
18.4 Parachute Recovery 263
18.5 VTOL UAVs 265
18.6 Mid-Air Retrieval 267
18.7 Shipboard Recovery 269
19 Launch and Recovery Tradeoffs 271
19.1 UAV Launch Method Tradeoffs 271
19.2 Recovery Method Tradeoffs 274
19.3 Overall Conclusions 276
Index 277