People of the Earth
An Introduction to World Prehistory
14th Edition
Published on 21. November 2013
Book
Paperback/Softback
560 pages
978-0-205-96655-4 (ISBN)
Description
Understand major developments of human prehistory
People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory 14/e, provides an exciting journey though the 7-million-year-old panorama of humankind's past. Giving equal treatment to both well-trodden and more obscure parts of the world, People of the Earth shows how today's diverse humanity developed biologically and culturally over millions of years against a background of constant climatic change.
MySearchLab is a part of the Fagan/Durrani program. Research and writing tools help students master basic writing skills. With MySearchLab, students can access academic journals and census data and receive aid throughout the writing process.
This title is available in a variety of formats - digital and print. Pearson offers its titles on the devices students love through Pearson's MyLab products, CourseSmart, Amazon, and more. To learn more about our programs, pricing options and customization, click the Choices tab.
0205968023 / 9780205968022 People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory Plus MySearchLab with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package
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0205239927 / 9780205239924 MySearchLab with Pearson eText -- Valuepack Access Card
0205966551 / 9780205966554 People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory
People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory 14/e, provides an exciting journey though the 7-million-year-old panorama of humankind's past. Giving equal treatment to both well-trodden and more obscure parts of the world, People of the Earth shows how today's diverse humanity developed biologically and culturally over millions of years against a background of constant climatic change.
MySearchLab is a part of the Fagan/Durrani program. Research and writing tools help students master basic writing skills. With MySearchLab, students can access academic journals and census data and receive aid throughout the writing process.
This title is available in a variety of formats - digital and print. Pearson offers its titles on the devices students love through Pearson's MyLab products, CourseSmart, Amazon, and more. To learn more about our programs, pricing options and customization, click the Choices tab.
0205968023 / 9780205968022 People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory Plus MySearchLab with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package
Package consists of:
0205239927 / 9780205239924 MySearchLab with Pearson eText -- Valuepack Access Card
0205966551 / 9780205966554 People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory
Reviews / Votes
"Engaging, easy to read, and the supplements help the education process. . . it is a perfect tool for teachers to send students off to read before lectures. "- Stephen Brighton, University of Maryland
"I've always appreciated the coverage of South and Southeast Asia. Also the different theoretical perspectives and debates."
- Jaida Samudra, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay
"I don't think there is a better way to arrange the book. The text and material are teachable and easily translatable to lectures and presentations."
- Steve Corbett, Johnson County Community College
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Persons
Brian Fagan is one of the world's leading archaeological writers and an internationally recognized authority on human prehistory. He studied archaeology and anthropology at Pembroke College, Cambridge University, and then spent seven years in sub-Saharan Africa working in museums and in monuments conservation and excavating early farming sites in Zambia and East Africa. He was one of the pioneers of multidisciplinary African history in the 1960s. From 1967 to 2003, he was professor of anthropology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he specialized in lecturing and writing about archaeology to wide audiences. He is now Emeritus Professor of Anthropology.
Brian Fagan has written several best-selling textbooks and has published several scholarly monographs on African archaeology and numerous specialized articles in national and international journals. An expert on multimedia teaching, he has received the Society for American Archaeology's first Public Education Award for his tireless efforts on behalf of archaeology and education
Brian Fagan's other interests include bicycling, sailing, kayaking, and good food. He is married and lives in Santa Barbara with his wife and daughter, three cats (who supervise his writing), and last but not least, a minimum of seven rabbits.
Nadia Durrani is an archaeologist and writer. For much of the past decade she was the editor of Britain's best-selling archaeology magazine, Current World Archaeology, becoming an independent editor after the arrival of her son in 2010. She has authored and edited many hundreds of articles on archaeology from every corner of the globe, contributed to dozens of books, and written two.
Throughout her career she has travelled widely --from Peru to Pakistan--to report on the latest archaeological discoveries; worked as a specialist lecturer on archaeological tours to countries including Yemen and Jordan; and contributed to a range of television documentaries.
Her specialist area is Arabian archaeology and, following a degree in archaeology and anthropology from Cambridge University, she took a PhD in South West Arabian archaeology from University College, London (2001). Other research interests include the archaeology of the First World War and she is a founding member of the Great War Archaeology Group. A fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, she lives in London with her husband, Matthew, and son Jacob 'Caractacus' Hillier.
Brian Fagan has written several best-selling textbooks and has published several scholarly monographs on African archaeology and numerous specialized articles in national and international journals. An expert on multimedia teaching, he has received the Society for American Archaeology's first Public Education Award for his tireless efforts on behalf of archaeology and education
Brian Fagan's other interests include bicycling, sailing, kayaking, and good food. He is married and lives in Santa Barbara with his wife and daughter, three cats (who supervise his writing), and last but not least, a minimum of seven rabbits.
Nadia Durrani is an archaeologist and writer. For much of the past decade she was the editor of Britain's best-selling archaeology magazine, Current World Archaeology, becoming an independent editor after the arrival of her son in 2010. She has authored and edited many hundreds of articles on archaeology from every corner of the globe, contributed to dozens of books, and written two.
Throughout her career she has travelled widely --from Peru to Pakistan--to report on the latest archaeological discoveries; worked as a specialist lecturer on archaeological tours to countries including Yemen and Jordan; and contributed to a range of television documentaries.
Her specialist area is Arabian archaeology and, following a degree in archaeology and anthropology from Cambridge University, she took a PhD in South West Arabian archaeology from University College, London (2001). Other research interests include the archaeology of the First World War and she is a founding member of the Great War Archaeology Group. A fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, she lives in London with her husband, Matthew, and son Jacob 'Caractacus' Hillier.
Content
In This section:
1) Brief Table of Contents
2) Detailed Table of Contents
Brief Table of Contents:
1. Introducing World Prehistory
PART I. BEGINNINGS - 7 Million to 200,000 Years Ago
2. Human Origins: 7 Million to 1.9 Million Years Ago
3. Archaic Humans: Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens: 1.9 Million to 150,000 Years Ago
PART II. THE GREAT DIASPORA: THE ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS: c. 200,000 Years Ago to Modern Times
4. Origins and the Diaspora Begins c. 200,000 Years Ago and Later
5. Europe and Eurasia: c. 48,000 Years Ago to 8000 B.C.
6. The First Americans: Around 14000 B.C. to Modern Times
7. After the Ice: Before 10000 B.C. to Modern Times
PART III. FIRST FARMERS: c. 10000 B.C. to Modern Times
8. Agriculture and Animal Domestication
9. The Origins of Food Production in Southwest Asia
10. The First European Farmers
11. First Farmers in Egypt and Tropical Africa
12. Asia and the Pacific: Rice, Roots, and Ocean Voyages
13. The Story of Maize: Early Farmers in the Americas
PART IV. OLD WORLD CIVILIZATIONS: c. 3000 B.C. to Modern Times
14. The Development of Civilization
15. Early Civilizations in Southwest Asia
16. Egypt, Nubia, and Tropical Africa
17. Early States in South and Southeast Asia
18. Early Chinese Civilization
19. Hittites, Minoans, and Mycenaeans
20. Europe Before the Romans
PART V. NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS: Before 2000 B.C. to A.D. 1534
21. Mesoamerican Civilizations
22. Andean Civilizations
Detailed Table of Contents:
1. Introducing World Prehistory
Archaeology and Prehistory
The Beginnings of World Prehistory
Who Needs the Past?
Studying Culture and Culture Change
Primary Cultural Processes
Theoretical Approaches: Culture as Adaptation
Theoretical Approaches: Evolutionary Ecology and Hunter-Gatherers
Theoretical Approaches: People as Agents of Change
PART I. BEGINNINGS - 7 Million to 200,000 Years Ago
2. Human Origins: 7 Million to 1.9 Million Years Ago
The Great Ice Age
The Origins of the Human Line
Molecular Biology and Human Evolution
The Ecological Problems Faced by Early Hominins
Fossil Evidence: 7 to 4 mya
The First Australopithecines: c. 4 to 3 mya
Fossil Evidence: 3 to 2.5 mya
Early Homo: 2.5 to 2.0 mya
Who Was the First Human?
Archaeological Evidence for Early Human Behavior
Plant Foraging and "Grandmothering"
Toolmaking
The Mind of the Earliest Humans
The Development of Language
Social Organization
3. Archaic Humans: Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens: 1.9 Million to 150,000 Years Ago
Pleistocene Background
Homo ergaster in Africa
The Radiation of Homo ergaster
Out of Africa: Homo erectus in Asia
Moving to the North: The Settlement of Temperate Latitudes
Archaic Human Technology
Evidence for Behavior: Boxgrove, Schoeningen, and Torralba
Language
The Neanderthals
A More Complex Technology
The Origins of Burial and Religious Belief
Neanderthal Speech?
The Denisovans
PART II. THE GREAT DIASPORA: THE ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS: c. 200,000 Years Ago to Modern Times
4. Origins and the Diaspora Begins c. 200,000 Years Ago and Later
Origins
Out of Africa
When did Modern Cognitive Skills appear?
First AMH Settlement in East and Southeast Asia
New Guinea and Adjacent Islands
Australia
African Hunter-Gatherers
5. Europe and Eurasia: c. 48,000 Years Ago to 8000 B.C.
Unsuccessful Colonization
Successful Colonization
The Upper Pleistocene (c. 126,000 Years Ago to 8000 B.C.)
Aurignacians and Their Successors (39,000 years ago to 8000 B.C.)
Settling Eurasia (39,000to 15,000Years Ago)
Siberia (33,000to 13,000Years Ago)
Bifaces, Microblades, and the First Americans
6. The First Americans: Around 14000 B.C. to Modern Times
The First Settlement of the Americas
Ice Sheets and the Bering Land Bridge
The First Settlement of Alaska
Biological and Linguistic Evidence for the First Americans
Settlement Routes: Ice-Free Corridors and Seacoasts
The Paleo-Indians: Clovis and Others
Big-Game Extinctions
Later Hunters and Gatherers
Plains Hunters
The Desert West
Eastern North America
Specialized Foraging Societies in Central and South America
Aleuts and Inuit (Eskimo)
7. After the Ice: Before 10000 B.C. to Modern Times
The Holocene (After 10000 B.C.)
Coping with Environmental Variation
Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in Europe
Mesolithic Complexity in Scandinavia
Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
Hunter-Gatherer Societies in Southwest Asia
PART III. FIRST FARMERS: c. 10000 B.C. to Modern Times
8. Agriculture and Animal Domestication
Theories About the Origins of Food Production
Differing Dates for Food Production
Studying Early Food Production
Why Did Food Production Take Hold So Late?
Consequences of Food Production
Nutrition and Early Food Production
Herding: Domestication of Animals
Plant Cultivation
Technology and Domestication
9. The Origins of Food Production in Southwest Asia
Climate Change and Adaptation
The First Farmers
The Zagros and Mesopotamia
Early Farmers in Anatolia
Two Stages of Farming Development
10. The First European Farmers
Mesolithic Prelude
The Transition to Farming in Europe
Farming in Greece and Southern Europe
The Spread of Agriculture into Temperate Europe
Frontiers and Transitions
Social Changes, Lineages, and the Individual
The Introduction of the Plow
Plains Farmers: Tripolye
Mediterranean and Western Europe
The Megaliths
11. First Farmers in Egypt and Tropical Africa
Hunter-Gatherers on the Nile
Agricultural Origins Along the Nile
Saharan Pastoralists
Early Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa
12. Asia and the Pacific: Rice, Roots, and Ocean Voyages
The Origins of Rice Cultivation
Early Farming in China
Jomon and Early Agriculture in Japan
Early Agriculture in Southeast Asia
Rice and Root Cultivation in Island Southeast Asia
Agriculture in the Pacific Islands
The Lapita Cultural Complex and the Settlement of Melanesia and Western Polynesia
Long-Distance Voyaging in the Pacific
13. The Story of Maize: Early Farmers in the Americas
The First Plant Domestication
Early Food Production in the Andes
Early Farmers in Southwestern North America
Preagricultural and Agricultural Societies in Eastern North America
Moundbuilder Cultures
Human Settlement in the Caribbean
PART IV. OLD WORLD CIVILIZATIONS: c. 3000 B.C. to Modern Times
14. The Development of Civilization
Civilization
Cities
Six Classic Theories of the Emergence of States
Social Theories
Imploding Civilizations
15. Early Civilizations in Southwest Asia
Upland Villages
Settlement of the Lowlands
Uruk: The Mesopotamian City
Sumerian Civilization
Exchange on the Iranian Plateau
The Widening of Political Authority
The Akkadians
Babylon
The Assyrians
16. Egypt, Nubia, and Tropical Africa
The Origins of the Egyptian State
Archaic Egypt and the Creation of the Great Culture (2920 to 2575 B.C.)
The Old Kingdom and the Pyramids (c. 2575 to 2180 B.C.)
The Egyptian State
The First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom (2180 to 1640 B.C.)
The Second Intermediate Period (1640 to 1530 B.C.)
The New Kingdom (1530 to 1070 B.C.)
The Late Period (1070 to 332 B.C.)
Egypt and Africa
Nubia: The Land of Kush
Meroe and Aksum
North Africa
Jenne-jeno and the Rise of West African States
Farmers and Traders in Eastern and Southern Africa
Europe and Africa
17. Early States in South and Southeast Asia
The Roots of South Asian Civilization
Highlands and Lowlands: The Kulli Complex
A Rapid Transition
Mature Harappan Civilization
South Asia After the Harappans
Southeast Asian States
The Angkor State (A.D. 802 to 1430)
18. Early Chinese Civilization
The Origins of Chinese Civilization
Erlitou: Xia and Shang
The Warlords
19. Hittites, Minoans, and Mycenaeans
Early Towns in Anatolia
Balance of Power: The Hittites
The Sea Peoples and the Rise of Israel
The Phoenicians
The Aegean and Greece
The Minoans
The Mycenaeans
Greek City-States After Mycenae
The Etruscans and the Romans
20. Europe Before the Romans
Early Copper Working
Battle Axes and Beakers
The European Bronze Age
Bronze Age Warriors
The Scythians and Other Steppe Peoples
The First Ironworking
The Hallstatt Culture
La Tene Culture
PART V. NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS: Before 2000 B.C. to A.D. 1534
21. Mesoamerican Civilizations
Village Farming
Preclassic Peoples in Mesoamerica
The Rise of Complex Society in Oaxaca
Monte Alban
Teotihuacan
Maya Civilization
The Ninth-Century Collapse
The Toltecs
Aztec Civilization and the Spanish Conquest
22. Andean Civilizations
The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization
Coastal Foundations: The Initial Period
Chavin de Huantar
Paracas: Textiles and Coastal Prehistory
Complex Society in the Southern Highlands: Chiripa and Pukara
The Early Intermediate Period
The Moche State
The Middle Horizon: Tiwanaku and Wari
The Late Intermediate Period: Sican and Chimor
The Late Horizon: The Inca State
Amazonia
The Spanish Conquest (1532 to 1534)
1) Brief Table of Contents
2) Detailed Table of Contents
Brief Table of Contents:
1. Introducing World Prehistory
PART I. BEGINNINGS - 7 Million to 200,000 Years Ago
2. Human Origins: 7 Million to 1.9 Million Years Ago
3. Archaic Humans: Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens: 1.9 Million to 150,000 Years Ago
PART II. THE GREAT DIASPORA: THE ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS: c. 200,000 Years Ago to Modern Times
4. Origins and the Diaspora Begins c. 200,000 Years Ago and Later
5. Europe and Eurasia: c. 48,000 Years Ago to 8000 B.C.
6. The First Americans: Around 14000 B.C. to Modern Times
7. After the Ice: Before 10000 B.C. to Modern Times
PART III. FIRST FARMERS: c. 10000 B.C. to Modern Times
8. Agriculture and Animal Domestication
9. The Origins of Food Production in Southwest Asia
10. The First European Farmers
11. First Farmers in Egypt and Tropical Africa
12. Asia and the Pacific: Rice, Roots, and Ocean Voyages
13. The Story of Maize: Early Farmers in the Americas
PART IV. OLD WORLD CIVILIZATIONS: c. 3000 B.C. to Modern Times
14. The Development of Civilization
15. Early Civilizations in Southwest Asia
16. Egypt, Nubia, and Tropical Africa
17. Early States in South and Southeast Asia
18. Early Chinese Civilization
19. Hittites, Minoans, and Mycenaeans
20. Europe Before the Romans
PART V. NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS: Before 2000 B.C. to A.D. 1534
21. Mesoamerican Civilizations
22. Andean Civilizations
Detailed Table of Contents:
1. Introducing World Prehistory
Archaeology and Prehistory
The Beginnings of World Prehistory
Who Needs the Past?
Studying Culture and Culture Change
Primary Cultural Processes
Theoretical Approaches: Culture as Adaptation
Theoretical Approaches: Evolutionary Ecology and Hunter-Gatherers
Theoretical Approaches: People as Agents of Change
PART I. BEGINNINGS - 7 Million to 200,000 Years Ago
2. Human Origins: 7 Million to 1.9 Million Years Ago
The Great Ice Age
The Origins of the Human Line
Molecular Biology and Human Evolution
The Ecological Problems Faced by Early Hominins
Fossil Evidence: 7 to 4 mya
The First Australopithecines: c. 4 to 3 mya
Fossil Evidence: 3 to 2.5 mya
Early Homo: 2.5 to 2.0 mya
Who Was the First Human?
Archaeological Evidence for Early Human Behavior
Plant Foraging and "Grandmothering"
Toolmaking
The Mind of the Earliest Humans
The Development of Language
Social Organization
3. Archaic Humans: Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens: 1.9 Million to 150,000 Years Ago
Pleistocene Background
Homo ergaster in Africa
The Radiation of Homo ergaster
Out of Africa: Homo erectus in Asia
Moving to the North: The Settlement of Temperate Latitudes
Archaic Human Technology
Evidence for Behavior: Boxgrove, Schoeningen, and Torralba
Language
The Neanderthals
A More Complex Technology
The Origins of Burial and Religious Belief
Neanderthal Speech?
The Denisovans
PART II. THE GREAT DIASPORA: THE ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS: c. 200,000 Years Ago to Modern Times
4. Origins and the Diaspora Begins c. 200,000 Years Ago and Later
Origins
Out of Africa
When did Modern Cognitive Skills appear?
First AMH Settlement in East and Southeast Asia
New Guinea and Adjacent Islands
Australia
African Hunter-Gatherers
5. Europe and Eurasia: c. 48,000 Years Ago to 8000 B.C.
Unsuccessful Colonization
Successful Colonization
The Upper Pleistocene (c. 126,000 Years Ago to 8000 B.C.)
Aurignacians and Their Successors (39,000 years ago to 8000 B.C.)
Settling Eurasia (39,000to 15,000Years Ago)
Siberia (33,000to 13,000Years Ago)
Bifaces, Microblades, and the First Americans
6. The First Americans: Around 14000 B.C. to Modern Times
The First Settlement of the Americas
Ice Sheets and the Bering Land Bridge
The First Settlement of Alaska
Biological and Linguistic Evidence for the First Americans
Settlement Routes: Ice-Free Corridors and Seacoasts
The Paleo-Indians: Clovis and Others
Big-Game Extinctions
Later Hunters and Gatherers
Plains Hunters
The Desert West
Eastern North America
Specialized Foraging Societies in Central and South America
Aleuts and Inuit (Eskimo)
7. After the Ice: Before 10000 B.C. to Modern Times
The Holocene (After 10000 B.C.)
Coping with Environmental Variation
Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in Europe
Mesolithic Complexity in Scandinavia
Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
Hunter-Gatherer Societies in Southwest Asia
PART III. FIRST FARMERS: c. 10000 B.C. to Modern Times
8. Agriculture and Animal Domestication
Theories About the Origins of Food Production
Differing Dates for Food Production
Studying Early Food Production
Why Did Food Production Take Hold So Late?
Consequences of Food Production
Nutrition and Early Food Production
Herding: Domestication of Animals
Plant Cultivation
Technology and Domestication
9. The Origins of Food Production in Southwest Asia
Climate Change and Adaptation
The First Farmers
The Zagros and Mesopotamia
Early Farmers in Anatolia
Two Stages of Farming Development
10. The First European Farmers
Mesolithic Prelude
The Transition to Farming in Europe
Farming in Greece and Southern Europe
The Spread of Agriculture into Temperate Europe
Frontiers and Transitions
Social Changes, Lineages, and the Individual
The Introduction of the Plow
Plains Farmers: Tripolye
Mediterranean and Western Europe
The Megaliths
11. First Farmers in Egypt and Tropical Africa
Hunter-Gatherers on the Nile
Agricultural Origins Along the Nile
Saharan Pastoralists
Early Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa
12. Asia and the Pacific: Rice, Roots, and Ocean Voyages
The Origins of Rice Cultivation
Early Farming in China
Jomon and Early Agriculture in Japan
Early Agriculture in Southeast Asia
Rice and Root Cultivation in Island Southeast Asia
Agriculture in the Pacific Islands
The Lapita Cultural Complex and the Settlement of Melanesia and Western Polynesia
Long-Distance Voyaging in the Pacific
13. The Story of Maize: Early Farmers in the Americas
The First Plant Domestication
Early Food Production in the Andes
Early Farmers in Southwestern North America
Preagricultural and Agricultural Societies in Eastern North America
Moundbuilder Cultures
Human Settlement in the Caribbean
PART IV. OLD WORLD CIVILIZATIONS: c. 3000 B.C. to Modern Times
14. The Development of Civilization
Civilization
Cities
Six Classic Theories of the Emergence of States
Social Theories
Imploding Civilizations
15. Early Civilizations in Southwest Asia
Upland Villages
Settlement of the Lowlands
Uruk: The Mesopotamian City
Sumerian Civilization
Exchange on the Iranian Plateau
The Widening of Political Authority
The Akkadians
Babylon
The Assyrians
16. Egypt, Nubia, and Tropical Africa
The Origins of the Egyptian State
Archaic Egypt and the Creation of the Great Culture (2920 to 2575 B.C.)
The Old Kingdom and the Pyramids (c. 2575 to 2180 B.C.)
The Egyptian State
The First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom (2180 to 1640 B.C.)
The Second Intermediate Period (1640 to 1530 B.C.)
The New Kingdom (1530 to 1070 B.C.)
The Late Period (1070 to 332 B.C.)
Egypt and Africa
Nubia: The Land of Kush
Meroe and Aksum
North Africa
Jenne-jeno and the Rise of West African States
Farmers and Traders in Eastern and Southern Africa
Europe and Africa
17. Early States in South and Southeast Asia
The Roots of South Asian Civilization
Highlands and Lowlands: The Kulli Complex
A Rapid Transition
Mature Harappan Civilization
South Asia After the Harappans
Southeast Asian States
The Angkor State (A.D. 802 to 1430)
18. Early Chinese Civilization
The Origins of Chinese Civilization
Erlitou: Xia and Shang
The Warlords
19. Hittites, Minoans, and Mycenaeans
Early Towns in Anatolia
Balance of Power: The Hittites
The Sea Peoples and the Rise of Israel
The Phoenicians
The Aegean and Greece
The Minoans
The Mycenaeans
Greek City-States After Mycenae
The Etruscans and the Romans
20. Europe Before the Romans
Early Copper Working
Battle Axes and Beakers
The European Bronze Age
Bronze Age Warriors
The Scythians and Other Steppe Peoples
The First Ironworking
The Hallstatt Culture
La Tene Culture
PART V. NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS: Before 2000 B.C. to A.D. 1534
21. Mesoamerican Civilizations
Village Farming
Preclassic Peoples in Mesoamerica
The Rise of Complex Society in Oaxaca
Monte Alban
Teotihuacan
Maya Civilization
The Ninth-Century Collapse
The Toltecs
Aztec Civilization and the Spanish Conquest
22. Andean Civilizations
The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization
Coastal Foundations: The Initial Period
Chavin de Huantar
Paracas: Textiles and Coastal Prehistory
Complex Society in the Southern Highlands: Chiripa and Pukara
The Early Intermediate Period
The Moche State
The Middle Horizon: Tiwanaku and Wari
The Late Intermediate Period: Sican and Chimor
The Late Horizon: The Inca State
Amazonia
The Spanish Conquest (1532 to 1534)