A Guide to Drawing

Part I: INTRODUCTION. 1. The Nature and Purpose of Drawing. Developing Our Sight Skills. The Legacy of Seeing. What Is Drawing? What Should It Do? First Glimpses--Types of Drawings. Informative Drawings of Specific Purpose. The Expressive Nature of Drawing. The Expressive Mysteries of Drawing. Part II: FIRST ENCOUNTERS WITH DRAWING. 2. Initial Experiences: Looking, Seeing, and Drawing. Getting Started--Making the First Drawings. Looking at Other Drawings. Beginner's Media. Charcoal. Graphite Pencil. Ballpoint and Felt-Tip Pens. Brush and Ink Drawing. Ink Wash Techniques and Effects. 3. Learning to See Deeply. Coordinating Seeing and Thinking Skills. Atmospheric Seeing--Understanding Forms in Space. Perspective and Foreshortening. Mechanical Aids to Perception. Visualization with Vertical and Horizontal Alignments. Putting Visualization Skills into Practice. Proportional Relationships. Defining Forms with Negative Space. Modular Analysis--A Refined Approach. Seeing, Imagining--More than Physical Sight. The Inner Eye Overtaking Physical Sight. Part III: THE ART ELEMENTS. 4. Line: The Purest Power of Expression. Line Qualities. Gesture Line--Describing Motion. Contour and Blind Contour Line. Making Contour Drawings. Expressive Contour Line and Line Variation. Line--Lost and Found Edges. Searching and Cross-Contour Lines. The Tonal Line--Shading and Modeling. Hatching, Cross-Hatching, Scribbling, and Stippling. 5. Texture: Expression, Perception, Sensual Response. The Textures of Familiar Surfaces. Drawing Textures and Their Likenesses. Inherent Textures of Drawing Media. Textured Line and Stippling. Actual and Simulated Textures. Uniform Texture. Invented or Synthetic Textures. 6. Color: Value Delineation and Expressive Function. The Value Scale. Form Defined by Light and Shadow. Chiaroscuro--The Expressive Use of Value. Qualities of Light and Shadow. The Expressive Range of Value. High Key, Middle Key, Low Key. Full-Range Value Drawings. Value Contrasts for Emphasis. Color and Its Dimensions. Hue and the Value Scale. The Value Scale and Intensity. Color Schemes. Warm and Cool Colors. Mixing Colors. 7. Composition: The Art Elements. Form and Shape--Mass and Volume. Positive Shape and Negative Space. Size and Scale Relationships. Open and Closed Composition. Balance--Harmony--Rhythm. Dominance--Subordination. Eye Movement--Spatial Dynamics. Pattern--Repetition; Rhythm--Unity. 8. Linear Perspective: Drawing Forms in Space. Fixed Viewpoint and Cone of Vision. Picture Plane. Horizon Line and Ground Plane. Central Line of Vision--Central Vanishing Point. One-Point Perspective. Establishing a Grid. Two-Point Perspective. Inclined Planes. Uphill and Downhill Streets. Three-Point Perspective. Circles in Perspective--Ellipses. Ellipses in Varying Perspectives. Drawing Circular Objects. Part IV: THE MULTIPLICITIES OF DRAWING MEDIA. 9. Dry Media Expression. The Family of Dry Drawing Materials. Charcoal--Carbonized Wood. Types of Charcoal and Charcoal Techniques. Charcoal Papers of Varying Tooth and Weights. The Nature of Chalk. The Expressive Qualities of Pastels. Conte Crayon. Wax Crayons--Their Capabilities. Lithographic Crayon. Graphite--Pencil, Powdered, Stick Forms. Soft Graphite, Hard Graphite, and Graphite Powder. Drawing Methods for Color Pencils. Burnishing and Wax Bloom. Water Soluble Color Pencils. 10. Wet Media Expression. Pen and Ink. Types of Pens. Types of Paper for Wet Media. Value, Texture, Pattern with Wet Media. Stippling Effects of Wet Media. Brush and Ink. Drawing with Ink Wash. Modulating with Wash Drawing and Other Media. Monotype Methods and Drawing. Part V: SYNTHESIS IN TRADITIONAL AND CONTEMPORARY DRAWING. 11. The Still Life: Our Love of Objects. Advantages of Still Life Drawing. Still Life Forms and Value Studies. Reducing Objects to Schematic Forms. Still Life Composition and Treatments. The Unmannered Still Life--Avoiding Cliche. Pushing the Still Life Envelope. Transparent and Reflective Surfaces. Expanded Still Life Subjects. 12. Landscape Spaces, Skies, and Atmospheres. Landscapes--Varieties of Expression. The Deeper, Darker Moods of Landscape. Needs of the Landscape Artist. Selecting Landscape Imagery. Texture and Pattern in the Landscape. Spatial Relationships in Nature. Selecting Sky and Landscape Relationships. Rural Villages--Actual and Fantasized. Seascapes. 13. The Human Figure. Drawing the Human Anatomy. Design Elements within Human Anatomy. Preparing to Draw the Live Model. Gesture Drawing and the Human Figure. The Extended Pose. The Human Figure and the Picture Plane. Hands, Feet, Limbs, Foreshortening. Deeper Explorations of Gesture Drawing. Drawing Human Figures in Action. The Clothed Figure in Action and Repose. Bodily Structures Supporting Drapery. 14. Drawing the Human Portrait. The Human Head--Form and Proportion. The Facial Features. Drawing the Self-Portrait. The Objective Portrait. The Idealized Portrait. The Psychological Portrait. Capturing and Drawing a Caricature. 15. Expressive Drawing. Forms of Expression. Empathy in Drawing. Memory and Emotion in Drawing. Imagination and Expression. Metaphor, Imagination, and Expression. Responding Subjectively--Making Media Choices. Perspective Thrusts and Expression. Representation and Abstraction. Expressive Style--More than Talent and Technique.