Progress in Botany

A. Structural Botany.- I. General and Molecular Cytology: The Cytoskeleton: Microtubules.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Organization.- 3. Assembly.- 4. Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOC's).- 5. Methods of Microtubule Visualization.- 6. Establishment and Maintenance of Cell Shape.- 7. Microtubules and Intracellular Transport.- a) Spindle Formation and Chromosomal Movements During Mitotic Prophase and Metaphase.- b) Sister-Chromosome Separation and Movement During Anaphase.- c) Role of Microtubules in Organelle Movement and Positioning.- 8. Microtubules in the Flagellar Apparatus.- a) Structural and Molecular Properties.- b) Sliding Mechanism.- 9. Antimicrotubular Agents.- References.- II. Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Prokaryotic Cell.- 1. Cell Shape, Cell Differentiation.- a) Myxobacterial Fruiting Bodies.- b) Cell Shape.- 2. Cell Envelope.- a) Surface Layers.- b) Cell Wall of Cyanobacteria.- c) Cell Wall of Eubacteria.- d) Cell Wall Growth.- 3. Cytoplasmic and Intracytoplasmic Membranes.- a) Membranes of Photosynthetic Bacteria.- b) Membranes of Other Bacteria.- c) Bacterial Flagellum.- References.- III. Cytosymbiosis.- 1. Introductory Remarks.- 2. Prokaryotes as Cytosymbionts.- a) Agrobacterium and Rhizobium.- b) Other Eubacteria, and Archaebacteria as Cytosymbionts.- c) Endocyanomes.- 3. Eukaryotic Endocytosymbionts.- a) Eukaryotic Phototrophic Cytosymbionts.- b) Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Cytosymbionts.- 4. Special Forms of Cytosymbiosis.- a) Transfer of Nuclei by Parasitic Red Algae.- b) Chloroplast Cytosymbiosis.- 5. The Endosymbiont Hypothesis: Present State.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Plant Water Relations.- 1. Water Relations of Cells and Tissues.- 2. Root Water Uptake and Water Movement Through the Plant.- 3. Stomatal Behavior and Transpirational Water Loss.- 4. Effects of Water Relations on Germination and Growth.- 5. Implications of Water Stress.- a) Drought Effects on Metabolism.- ?) Carbon Metabolism.- ß) Nitrogen Metabolism.- ?) Phytohormones.- b) Drought Resistance.- 6. Implications of Waterlogged Conditions.- 7. Aspects of Applied Water Biology.- 8. Habitat Water Relations and Plant Performance.- 9. Water Relations of Poikilohydric Plants.- a) Cyanobacteria and Algae.- b) Mycophyta, Including Lichens.- c) Bryophyta and Cormophyta.- References.- II. Mineral Nutrition: Sources of Nutrients for Land Plants from Outside the Pedosphere.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Atmosphere as a Source of Plant Nutrients.- a) Rainfall and Canopy Throughfall.- b) Distinction Between Wet and Dry Deposition and Canopy Exchange.- c) Occult Precipitation.- d) Pollutant Gases as Sources of Plant Nutrients.- ?) SO2 and H2S.- ß) Oxides of Nitrogen.- ?) NH3.- 3. Salt Spray by Sea Wind and Mineral Nutrition of Plants.- 4. Epiphytes.- 5. Dinitrogen Fixation in the Phyllosphere.- 6. Animals as Sources of Nutrients.- a) Ant Gardens.- b) The Carnivorous Habit.- References.- III. Photosynthesis. Carbon Metabolism: By Day and by Night.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Inorganic Carbon Uptake.- 3. A Pot-Pourri of Observations with Isolated Intact Chloroplasts.- 4. RuBP Carboxylase.- 5. Enzymes by Day and by Night.- 6. Respiration by Night and by Day.- 7. Fructose-2,6-P2 Regulation of Cytosolic Carbohydrate Metabolism.- 8. Starch Metabolism.- 9. Lipid Biosynthesis.- 10. Nitrogen Assimilation.- 11. C4 Pathway.- a) PEP Carboxylase.- b) Pyruvate Orthophosphate Dikinase.- c) Other Enzymes.- d) Inter- and Intracellular Distinctions.- 12. C3-C4 Intermediates.- 13. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM).- a) PEP Carboxylase.- b) Malate Fluctuations.- c) Other Enzymes.- d) Phases and Rhythms.- e) CAM in Rainforests, Bogs and Under Water.- References.- IV. Metabolism of Organic N-Compounds.- 1. Photorespiratory Nitrogen Metabolism.- 2. Asparagine.- a) Biosynthesis.- b) Metabolism.- 3. Ureides.- a) Biosynthesis.- b) Breakdown.- 4. Amino Acids.- a) Methionine.- b) Aromatic Amino Acids.- c) Branched Chain Amino Acids.- d) D-Amino Acids.- References.- V. Regulation of Sulfur Metabolism in Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Regulation of Sulfate Uptake.- 3. Regulation of Enzymes Involved in Sulfate Assimilation.- a) ATP-Sulfurylase.- b) APS-Sulfotransferase.- c) APS-Kinase.- d) PAPS-Sulfotransferases.- e) Sulfonucleotide Degradation.- f) Reduction of Carrier-Bound Sulfide.- g) Sulfite Reductase.- h) Cysteine Synthase.- i) Serine Transacetylase.- 4. Localization of Enzymes for Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction.- 5. Regulation of Enzymes Involved in Cysteine Metabolism.- a) Methionine Formation.- b) Cysteine Oxidation to Cystine.- c) Reduction of Cystine to Cysteine.- d) Cystine Lyase.- e) L-Cysteine Lyases.- f) D-Cysteine Desulfhydrase Activity.- g) ß-Cyanoalanin Synthetase.- h) ß-Mercaptopyruvate-Sulfotransferase.- i) Thiosulfate Reductase Activity.- j) Cysteine-Activated Proteinases.- 6. Glutathione Metabolism.- 7. Metabolism of Methionine.- 8. Emission of Reduced Sulfur Compounds.- 9. Oxidation of Reduced Sulfur Compounds.- 10. Sulfolipid Formation and Metabolism.- 11. Generalized Scheme for a Dual Regulation of Sulfur Metabolism.- References.- VI. Secondary Plant Substances: Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Production of Indole Alkaloids by Cell Cultures.- 3. Compartmentation and Accumulation of Indole Alkaloids.- 4. Biosynthesis of the Terpenoid Precursor Portion.- 5. Biosynthesis of Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids.- 6. Bisindole Alkaloids.- 7. Quinine and Related Bases.- References.- VII. Growth.- 1. Auxins.- a) Reviews.- b) Methods of Determination, Occurrence.- c) Biosynthesis.- d) Catabolism.- e) Transport.- f) Mode of Action.- ?) Acid Growth Hypothesis.- ß) RNA- and Protein Synthesis.- ?) Binding Sites.- 2. Ethylene.- a) Reviews.- b) Biosynthesis and Its Regulation.- c) Molecular and Physiological Aspects.- References.- VIII. Developmental Physiology.- 1. Phytochrome.- a) Molecular Properties.- b) Phototransformation.- c) Primary Reactions.- d) Phytochrome Synthesis.- e) Gene Expression.- f) Interactions Between Phytochrome and Phytohormones.- 2. Blue Light Photoreceptor.- a) Higher Plants.- b) Fungi.- c) Primary Action.- ?) Activation of a Mixed-Function Oxidase.- ß) Proton Extrusion.- ?) E/Z Hypothesis.- d) Gene Expression.- e) Co-Action of Blue Light Receptor and Phytochrome.- 3. UV-B Photoreceptor.- 4. Calcium, Calmodulin.- a) Change of Cytosolic Ca2+ Concentrations by Environmental Stimuli.- b) Calmodulin.- c) Calmodulin-Regulated Proteins.- d) Calmodulin-Mediated Physiological Responses.- e) Conclusion.- 5. Oligosaccharins.- References.- IX. Gravi- and Phototropism of Higher Plants.- 1. Gravitropism.- a) Roots.- ?) Structural Aspects.- ß) Susception, Perception and Transmission.- ?) Graviresponse.- b) Shoots.- ?) Graviperception.- ß) Graviresponse.- 2. Phototropism.- a) Site of Perception.- b) Blue Light (BL) Perception and Response.- c) Red Light (RL) Effects and Interactions with BL Responses.- d) Growth Regulation During Phototropic Response.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Regulation of the Initiation of DNA Replication.- 3. Partitioning of Genomes.- 4. Plasmid Incompatibility.- 5. Coordination of Replication and Cell Division.- 6. Outlook.- References.- II. Recombination: Recombination in Cyanobacteria and Lower Plants After Vector-Mediated DNA Transfer.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Vectors for DNA Transformation.- 3. Transformation Systems.- a) Cyanobacteria.- b) Algae.- c) Fungi.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- III. Function of the Genetic Material: Structure and Function of Elements Controlling Transcription in Lower Eukaryotes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. DNA Segments Controlling Transcription Initiation.- 3. Promoter Elements Regulating Transcription.- 4. Negative Control of Transcription.- 5. Transcriptional Control by Insertion of Repetitive Elements in Yeast.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- IV. Extrakaryotic Inheritance: Mitochondrial Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cytoplasmic Male Sterility.- 3. Mitochondrial Plasmids.- References.- V. Phytopathology.- a) Host-Parasite Interactions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definition of Terms.- 3. Genetics of Phythogenicity.- a) Gene-for-Gene Concept.- b) Molecular Genetics.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Systematics and Evolution of the Algae.- 1. General Aspects.- 2. Cyanobacteria.- a) Reviews.- b) Molecular Evolution.- c) Taxonomy 2.- d) Prochloron.- 3. Rhodophyceae.- a) Books, Reviews.- b) Taxonomy.- c) Life History.- d) Cellular Organization.- 4. Dinophyceae.- a) Books, Reviews.- b) Cellular Organization.- c) Life History.- d) Taxonomy.- 5. Cryptophyceae.- 6. Prymnesiophyceae.- 7. Eustigmatophyceae.- 8. Tribophyceae.- 9. Raphidophyceae.- 10. Chrysophyceae.- 11. Diatomophyceae.- a) Books, Reviews.- b) Cellular Organization and Life Histories.- c) Taxonomy.- 12. Fucophyceae.- 13. Chlorarachniophyceae.- 14. Euglenophyceae.- 15. Glaucocystophyceae.- 16. Green Algae.- a) Books, Reviews.- b) "Prasinophyceae".- c) "Charophyceae".- d) "Ulvophyceae".- e) "Chlorophyceae".- f) Taxa of Uncertain Affinities.- References.- II. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Fungi.- 1. General Considerations, Phylogeny and Ecology.- a) Development of Fruit-bodies.- b) Chemotaxonomy.- c) Fossil Fungi.- Fungis-Like Protoctista.- 2. Myxomycota.- 3. Oomycota.- 4. Chytridiomycota.- Fungi sensa stricto.- 5. Zygomycota.- a) Zygomycetes.- b) Trichomycetes.- 6. Ascomycota.- a) Hemiascomycetes.- b) Euascomycetes.- 7. Fungi Imperfecti (Deuteromycota).- a) Coelomycetes.- b) Hyphomycetes.- 8. Basidiomycota.- a) General Aspects.- b) Phragmobasidiomycotina (Heterobasidiomycetes).- c) Holobasidiomycetes.- References.- III. Systematics of Lichenized Fungi.- 1. Morphology of the Mycobiont.- 2. Morphology of the Phycobiont.- 3. Ontogenetic Studies.- 4. Chemistry.- 5. Taxonomy.- 6. Floristics.- 7. Phytosociology and Ecology.- 8. Chorology.- 9. Herbaria and Bibliographies.- References.- IV. Systematics of the Pteridophytes.- 1. Systematics.- 2. Bibliography, Collections, Nomenclature.- 3. Floristics.- 4. Geography and Ecology.- 5. Morphology and Anatomy.- 6. Chemotaxonomy.- 7. Cytotaxonomy, Biosystematics, Hybridization.- 8. Folklore, Uses.- 9. Fern Allies.- References.- E. Geobotany.- I. The History of Flora and Vegetation During the Quaternary.- 1. Paleoclimatology.- 2. History of Distribution Areas.- 3. Formation and Development of Peat Bogs.- 4. Paleoecology.- a) General Problems.- b) River Activity.- c) The Impact of Man.- 5. Paleoethnobotany.- References.- II. Vegetation Science (Sociobiological Geobotany).- 1. General Trends.- 2. Monographs and Bibliographies...- 3. General Results and Methods.- a) Vegetation Dynamics.- b) Vegetation Mapping.- c) Numerical Methods.- 4. Application for Nature Protection, Nature Conservation, and Landscape Ecology.- 5. Vegetation of the Boreal Zone.- 6. Vegetation of the Temperature and Adjacent Regions..- a) Generalia.- b) Temperate European Forests.- c) Aquatic and Littoral Vegetation, Mires.- d) Coastal Vegetation in Europe and North America..- e) Semi-Natural Grasslands and Dwarf Shrub Heaths..- f) Ruderal and Urban Vegetation.- 7. Vegetation of the Meridional Zone and Adjacent Regions.- a) Forest Vegetation in Europe and Eastern Asia.- b) Steppe and Garigues Vegetation in Europe and Asia.- 8. Vegetation of Subtropical and Tropical Areas.- a) Semi-Arid Areas in Arabia and Africa.- References.- III. Ecological Geobotany/Autecology.- 1. General.- 2. Relations to Environmental Factors.- a) Climate.- b) Temperature.- c) Light (Radiation).- d) Carbon Dioxide.- e) Water.- f) Soil (Mainly Mineral Nutrients).- g) Other Chemical Factors and Factor Combinations..- ?) Gaseous Pollutants, Wet and Dry Depositions..- ß) Heavy Metals.- ?) Salinity.- ?) Mechanical Factors.- References.- F. Special Topics.- I. Xylem: Structure and Function.- 1. General.- 2. Structure and Differentiation.- a) Tracheary Element Differentiation.- ?) Cell Wall Formation, Pits.- ß) Cell Wall Enzymes and Lignin Biosynthesis..- ?) Hormonal Control.- b) Xylem Formation in the Plant.- c) Vascularization of Various Organs.- d) Variations in Xylem Anatomy.- ?) Systematic Anatomy.- ß) Ecological Anatomy.- ?) Variations Within Species.- ?) Length of Vessels.- ?) Anomalous Structures, Vestures, Trabeculae.- 3. Functional Aspects.- a) Xylem Structure in Relation to Water Conduction.- ?) Hydraulic Conductivity, Leaf Specific Conductivity (=LSC).- ß) Embolism of Tracheary Elements.- b) Xylem Sap Pressure and Spring Sap Flow.- c) Translocation in Tracheary Elements.- References.- II. Symbiosen: Mykorrhiza.- a) Ektomykorrhiza.- 1. Symbiosepartner.- 2. Anatomie.- 3. Physiologie.- 4. Ökologie.- 5. Ektomykorrhiza und Waldschäden.- Literatur.- b) Endomycorrhizae.- 1. VA-Mycorrhizae.- a) Taxonomy of Endophytes.- b) Histology.- c) Physiology and Effects on Plants.- d) Ecology.- e) Use in Plant Production.- 2. Ericales - Mycorrhizae.- 3. Orchidaceae - Mycorrhizae.- References.- Plant Name Index.