Handbook of Electrical Power System Dynamics

Foreword xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Contributors xxvii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Mircea Eremia and Mohammad Shahidehpour PART I POWER SYSTEM MODELING AND CONTROL 7 2. SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR AND INDUCTION MOTOR 9 Mircea Eremia and Constantin Bulac 2.1. Theory and Modeling of Synchronous Generator 9 2.2. Theory and Modeling of the Induction Motor 114 3. MODELING THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE CLASSICAL POWER PLANTS 137 Mohammad Shahidehpour, Mircea Eremia, and Lucian Toma 3.1. Introduction 137 3.2. Types of Turbines 138 3.3. Thermal Power Plants 143 3.4. Combined-Cycle Power Plants 158 3.5. Nuclear Power Plants 167 3.6. Hydraulic Power Plants 169 4. WIND POWER GENERATION 179 Mohammad Shahidehpour and Mircea Eremia 4.1. Introduction 179 4.2. Some Characteristics of Wind Power Generation 181 4.3. State of the Art Technologies 184 4.4. Modeling the Wind Turbine Generators 200 4.5. Fault Ride-Through Capability 223 5. SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS CALCULATION 229 Nouredine Hadjsaid, Ion TriSstiu, and Lucian Toma 5.1. Introduction 229 5.2. Characteristics of Short-Circuit Currents 232 5.3. Methods of Short-Circuit Currents Calculation 236 5.4. Calculation of Short-Circuit Current Components 264 6. ACTIVE POWER AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 291 Les Pereira 6.1. Introduction 291 6.2. Frequency Deviations in Practice 293 6.3. Typical Standards and Policies for "Active Power and Frequency Control" or "Load Frequency Control" 294 6.4. System Modeling, Inertia, Droop, Regulation, and Dynamic Frequency Response 297 6.5. Governor Modeling 302 6.6. AGC Principles and Modeling 328 6.7. Other Topics of Interest Related to Load Frequency Control 336 7. VOLTAGE AND REACTIVE POWER CONTROL 340 Sandro Corsi and Mircea Eremia 7.1. Relationship Between Active and Reactive Powers and Voltage 342 7.2. Equipments for Voltage and Reactive Power Control 347 7.3. Grid Voltage and Reactive Power Control Methods 374 7.4. Grid Hierarchical Voltage Regulation 399 7.5. Implementation Study of the Secondary Voltage Regulation in Romania 423 7.6. Examples of Hierarchical Voltage Control in the World 429 PART II POWER SYSTEM STABILITY AND PROTECTION 451 8. BACKGROUND OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY 453 S.S. (Mani) Venkata, Mircea Eremia, and Lucian Toma 8.1. Introduction 453 8.2. Classification of Power Systems Stability 453 8.3. Parallelism Between Voltage Stability and Angular Stability 469 8.4. Importance of Security for Power System Stability 469 9. SMALL-DISTURBANCE ANGLE STABILITY AND ELECTROMECHANICAL OSCILLATION DAMPING 477 Roberto Marconato and Alberto Berizzi 9.1. Introduction 477 9.2. The Dynamic Matrix 478 9.3. A General Simplified Approach 482 9.4. Major Factors Affecting the Damping of Electromechanical Oscillations 501 9.5. Damping Improvement 546 9.6. Typical Cases of Interarea Or Low-Frequency Electromechanical Oscillations 564 10. TRANSIENT STABILITY 570 Nikolai Voropai and Constantin Bulac 10.1. General Aspects 570 10.2. Direct Methods for Transient Stability Assessment 572 10.3. Integration Methods for Transient Stability Assessment 603 10.4. Dynamic Equivalents 614 10.5. Transient Stability Assessment of Large Electric Power Systems 638 10.6. Application 645 11. VOLTAGE STABILITY 657 Mircea Eremia and Constantin Bulac 11.1. Introduction 657 11.2. System Characteristics and Load Modeling 658 11.3. Static Aspects of Voltage Stability 667 11.4. Voltage Instability Mechanisms: Interaction Between Electrical Network, Loads, and Control Devices 674 11.5. Voltage Stability Assessment Methods 688 11.6. Voltage Instability Countermeasures 716 11.7. Application 724 12. POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION 737 Klaus-Peter Brand and Ivan De Mesmaeker 12.1. Introduction 737 12.2. Summary of IEC 61850 744 12.3. The Protection Chain in Details 746 12.4. Transmission and Distribution Power System Structures 753 12.5. Properties of the Three-Phase Systems Relevant for Protection 755 12.6. Protection Functions Sorted According to the Objects Protected 759 12.7. From Single Protection Functions to System Protection 773 12.8. Conclusions 780 PART III GRID BLACKOUTS AND RESTORATION PROCESS 787 13. MAJOR GRID BLACKOUTS: ANALYSIS, CLASSIFICATION, AND PREVENTION 789 Yvon Besanger, Mircea Eremia, and Nikolai Voropai 13.1. Introduction 789 13.2. Description of Some Previous Blackouts 792 13.3. Analysis of Blackouts 835 13.4. Economical and Social Effects 847 13.5. Recommendations for Preventing Blackouts 849 13.6. On Some Defense and Restoration Actions 850 13.7. Survivability/vulnerability of Electric Power Systems 856 13.8. Conclusions 860 14. RESTORATION PROCESSES AFTER BLACKOUTS 864 Alberto Borghetti, Carlo Alberto Nucci, and Mario Paolone 14.1. Introduction 864 14.2. Overview of The Restoration Process 865 14.3. Black-Start-Up Capabilities of Thermal Power Plant: Modeling and Computer Simulations 869 14.4. Description of Computer Simulators 888 14.5. Concluding Remarks 896 15. COMPUTER SIMULATION OF SCALE-BRIDGING TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS 900 Kai Strunz and Feng Gao 15.1. Bridging of Instantaneous and Phasor Signals 901 15.2. Network Modeling 903 15.3. Modeling of Power System Components 909 15.4. Application: Simulation of Blackout 923 References 926 Index 929