Essential Radiology Review

Introduction.- SECTION I: Imaging Modalities.- Radiography.- Computed Tomography.- Ultrasonography.- Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- Fluoroscopy.- Nuclear Medicine.- SECTION II: Chest.- Technical adequacy of chest radiograph.- The Normal Frontal Chest Radiograph.- Normal Pulmonary Vasculature.- The Normal Lateral Chest Radiograph.- Normal CT Anatomy of the Chest.- Normal CT Anatomy of the Lungs.- The Fissures.- Classifying Parenchymal Lung Disease.- Characteristics of Airspace Disease.- Some Causes of Airspace Disease.- Characteristics of Interstitial Lung Disease.- Some Causes of Interstitial Lung Disease.- Atelectasis of the Entire Lung.- Massive Pleural Effusion.- Pneumonia of an Entire Lung.- Post-pneumonectomy.- What is Atelectasis?.- Types of Atelectasis.- Patterns of Collapse in Lobar Atelectasis.- How Atelectasis Resolves.- Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Pleural Space.- Modalities for Detecting Pleural Effusions.- Causes of Pleural Effusions.- Types of Pleural Effusions.- Side-Specificity of Pleural Effusions.- General Characteristics of Pneumonia.- Patterns of Pneumonia.- Lobar Pneumonia.- Segmental Pneumonia (Bronchopneumonia).- Interstitial Pneumonia.- Round Pneumonia.- Cavitary Pneumonia.- Aspiration.- Localizing Pneumonia.- How Pneumonia Resolves.- Pneumothorax.- Pneumomediastinum.- Pneumopericardium.- Subcutaneous Emphysema.- Endotracheal and Tracheostomy Tubes.- Intravascular Catheters.- Cardiac Devices-Pacemaker, AICD, IABP.- GI Tubes and Lines-Nasogastric Tubes, Feeding Tubes.- Esophagus.- Mediastinal Masses.- Anterior Mediastinum.- Middle Mediastinal Masses.- Posterior Mediastinal Masses.- Solitary Nodule/Mass in the Lung.- Bronchogenic Carcinoma.- Metastatic Neoplasms in the Lung.- Pulmonary Thromboembolic Disease.- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.- Blebs and Bullae, Cysts and Cavities.- Bronchiectasis.- Normal Cardiac CT Anatomy.- Uses of Cardiac CT.- Cardiac MRI.- Enlarged Cardiac Silhouette.- Pericardial Effusion.- Extra-cardiac Causesof Apparent Cardiac Enlargement.- Identifying Cardiac Enlargement on an AP Chest Radiograph.- Cardiomegaly on the Lateral Chest Radiograph.- Non-cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema-General Considerations.- Non-cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema-Imaging Findings.- Differentiating Cardiac from Non-cardiac Pulmonary Edema.- Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease.- Mitral Stenosis.- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.- Aortic Stenosis.- Cardiomyopathy.- Aortic Aneurysms-General Considerations.- Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm.- Thoracic Aortic Dissection.- Coronary Artery Disease.- SECTION III: Abdomen.- Conventional Radiography.- What to Look For.- Normal Bowel Gas Pattern.- Normal Fluid Levels.- Differentiating Large from Small Bowel.- Acute Abdominal Series: the Views and What They Show.- Calcifications.- Organomegaly.- Abdominal CT: General Considerations.- Abnormal Gas Patterns.- Laws of the Gut.- Functional Ileus: Localized Sentinel Loops.- Functional Ileus: Generalized Adynamic Ileus.- Mechanical Obstruction:Small Bowel Obstruction.- Mechanical Obstruction: Large Bowel Obstruction (LBO).- Volvulus of the Colon.- Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie Syndrome).- Signs of Free Intraperitoneal Air.- Air Beneath the Diaphragm.- Visualization of Both Sides of the Bowel Wall.- Visualization of the Falciform Ligament.- Causes of Free Air.- Signs of Extra-peritoneal Air (Retroperitoneal Air).- Causes of Extra-peritoneal Air.- Signs of Air in the Bowel Wall.- Causes and Significance of Air in the Bowel Wall.- Signs of Air in the Biliary System.- Causes of Air in the Biliary System.- Stomach and Duodenum.- Duodenal Ulcer.- Small and Large Bowel.- Large Bowel.- Pancreas.- Hepatobiliary Abnormalities.- Space-Occupying Lesions of the Liver.- Biliary System.- Urinary Tract.- Pelvis.- Urinary Bladder.- Adenopathy.- SECTION IV: Calcifications.- Patterns of Calcification.- Rim-like Calcification.- Linear or Track-like Calcification.- Lamellar or Laminar Calcification.- Cloudlike, Amorphous, or Popcorn Calcification.- Location of Calcification.- SECTION V: Trauma.- Chest Trauma.- Rib Fractures.- Pulmonary Contusions.- Pulmonary Lacerations (Hematoma or Traumatic Pneumatocele).- Aortic Trauma.- Abdominal Trauma.- Pelvic Trauma.- SECTION VI: Musculoskeletal.- Abnormalities of Bone Density.- Normal Bone Anatomy.- The Effect of Bone Physiology on Bone Anatomy.- Generalized Increase in Bone Density.- Focal Increase in Bone Density.- Generalized Decrease in Bone Density.- Focal Decrease in Bone Density.- Pathologic Fractures.- Acute Fracture.- Dislocations and Subluxations.- How Fractures are Described-by the Number of Fracture Fragments.- How Fractures are Described-by the Direction of the Fracture Line.- How Fractures are Described-by the Relationship of One Fracture Fragment to Another.- How Fractures are Described-by the Relationship of the Fracture to the Atmosphere.- Avulsion Fractures.- Stress Fractures.- Common Fracture Eponyms.- Some Easily Missed Fractures or Dislocations.- Fracture Healing.- Anatomy of a Joint.- Classification of Arthritis.- Hypertrophic Arthritis.- Erosive Arthritis.- Infectious Arthritis.- SECTION VII: Neuro.- The Normal Spine.- Back Pain.- Malignancy Involving the Spine.- MRI in Metastatic Spine Disease.- Spinal Trauma.- Normal Brain Anatomy.- MRI and the Brain.- Head Trauma.- Intracranial Hemorrhage.- Diffuse Axonal Injury.- Increased Intracranial Pressure.- Stroke.- Ruptured Aneurysms.- Hydrocephalus.- Cerebral Atrophy.- Brain Tumors.- Other Diseases.- Neuroimaging Terminology.- SECTION VIII: Pediatrics.- Newborn Respiratory Distress.- Childhood Lung Disease.- Soft Tissues of the Neck.- Ingested Foreign Bodies.- Other Diseases.- SECTION IX: Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- How US Works.- Doppler Ultrasonography.- Adverse Effects or Safety Issues.- Medical Uses of Ultrasonography.- How Magnetic Resonance Imaging Works.- Hardware That Makes Up an MRI Scanner.- What Happens Once Scanning Begins.- How Can You Identify a T1-Weighted or T2-Weighted Image?.- MRI Contrast Agents: General Considerations.- MRI Safety Issues.- Diagnostic Applications of MRI