Clinical Anatomy

Preface to the Thirteenth Edition, xiii Preface to the First Edition, xv Acknowledgements to the Thirteenth Edition, xvii Acknowledgements to the First Edition, xix About the Companion Website, xxi Part 1: The Thorax Introduction, 3 Surface anatomy and surface markings, 3 The trachea, 4 The pleura, 4 The lungs, 6 The heart, 6 The thoracic cage, 7 The thoracic vertebrae, 7 The ribs, 8 The costal cartilages, 11 The sternum, 11 The intercostal spaces, 12 The diaphragm, 14 The pleurae, 19 The lower respiratory tract, 20 The trachea, 20 The bronchi, 25 The lungs, 25 The mediastinum, 30 The pericardium, 30 The heart, 31 The superior mediastinum, 46 The thymus, 46 The oesophagus, 47 The thoracic duct, 50 The thoracic sympathetic trunk, 52 On the examination of a chest radiograph, 55 Radiographic appearance of the heart, 56 Part 2: The Abdomen and Pelvis Surface anatomy and surface markings, 61 Vertebral levels, 61 Surface markings of individual viscera, 63 The fasciae and muscles of the abdominal wall, 64 Fasciae of the abdominal wall, 64 The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall, 65 The anatomy of abdominal incisions, 67 The inguinal canal, 70 Peritoneal cavity, 72 Intraperitoneal fossae, 76 The subphrenic spaces, 76 The gastrointestinal tract, 77 The stomach, 77 The duodenum, 82 Small intestine, 85 Large intestine, 86 The appendix, 87 The rectum, 89 Arterial supply of the intestine, 94 The portal system of veins, 95 Lymph drainage of the intestine, 96 The structure of the alimentary canal, 97 The development of the intestine and its congenital abnormalities, 98 The gastrointestinal adnexae: liver, gall bladder and its ducts, pancreas and spleen, 101 The liver, 101 The biliary system, 106 The gall bladder, 107 The pancreas, 110 The spleen, 112 The urinary tract, 114 The kidneys, 114 The ureter, 118 The embryology and congenital abnormalities of the kidney and ureter, 119 The bladder, 121 The urethra, 124 The male genital organs, 125 The prostate, 125 The scrotum, 128 Testis and epididymis, 129 Vas deferens (ductus deferens), 133 The seminal vesicles, 134 The bony and ligamentous pelvis, 134 The os innominatum, 134 The sacrum, 135 The coccyx, 136 The functions of the pelvis, 136 Joints and ligamentous connections of the pelvis, 137 Differences between the male and female pelvis, 137 Obstetrical pelvic measurements, 138 Variations of the pelvic shape, 139 Sacral (caudal) anaesthesia, 142 The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum, 143 The anterior (urogenital) perineum, 144 The posterior (anal) perineum, 146 The female genital organs, 147 The vulva, 147 The vagina, 148 The uterus, 150 The Fallopian tubes, 154 The ovary, 156 The endopelvic fascia and the pelvic ligaments, 157 Vaginal examination, 158 Embryology of the Fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina, 159 The posterior abdominal wall, 161 The suprarenal glands, 162 Abdominal aorta, 163 Inferior vena cava, 164 Lumbar sympathetic chain, 166 Computed axial tomography, 167 Part 3: The Upper Limb Surface anatomy and surface markings of the upper limb, 171 Bones and joints, 171 Muscles and tendons, 172 Vessels, 172 Nerves, 176 The bones and joints of the upper limb, 177 The scapula, 177 The clavicle, 177 The humerus, 179 The radius and ulna, 180 The bones of the hand, 183 The shoulder joint, 185 The elbow joint, 190 The wrist joint, 193 The joints of the hand, 194 Three important zones of the upper limb: the axilla, the cubital fossa and the carpal tunnel, 197 The axilla, 197 The cubital fossa, 197 The carpal tunnel, 199 The arteries of the upper limb, 199 The axillary artery, 199 The brachial artery, 200 The radial artery, 200 The ulnar artery, 201 The brachial plexus, 201 The segmental cutaneous supply of the upper limb, 203 The course and distribution of the principal nerves of the upper limb, 205 The axillary nerve, 205 The radial nerve, 205 The musculocutaneous nerve, 206 The ulnar nerve, 207 The median nerve, 208 Compartments of the upper limb, 209 Compartments in the segments of the upper limb, 209 Compartment syndrome, 210 The female breast, 210 Structure, 210 Blood supply, 211 Lymphatic drainage, 211 Development, 213 The anatomy of upper limb deformities, 214 The spaces of the hand, 218 The superficial pulp space of the fingers, 218 The ulnar and radial bursae and the synovial tendon sheaths of the fingers, 219 Part 4: The Lower Limb The surface anatomy and surface markings of the lower limb, 225 Bones and joints, 225 Bursae of the lower limb, 226 Mensuration in the lower limb, 226 Muscles and tendons, 229 Vessels, 230 Nerves, 233 The bones and joints of the lower limb, 235 The os innominatum, 235 The femur, 235 The patella, 240 The tibia, 242 The fibula, 244 A note on growing ends and nutrient foramina in the long bones, 244 The bones of the foot, 245 The hip joint, 245 The knee joint, 250 The tibiofibular joints, 253 The ankle joint, 253 The joints of the foot, 256 The arches of the foot, 256 The anatomy of walking, 258 Three important zones of the lower limb: the femoral triangle, adductor canal and popliteal fossa, 259 The femoral triangle, 259 The adductor canal (of Hunter) or subsartorial canal, 263 The popliteal fossa, 264 The arteries of the lower limb, 266 Femoral artery, 266 Popliteal artery, 267 Posterior tibial artery, 268 Anterior tibial artery, 269 The veins of the lower limb, 269 The course and distribution of the principal nerves of the lower limb, 272 The lumbar plexus, 272 The sacral plexus, 273 The sciatic nerve, 276 The tibial nerve, 277 The common peroneal (fi bular) nerve, 278 Segmental cutaneous supply of the lower limb, 279 Compartments of the lower limb, 279 Compartments in the segments of the lower limb, 281 Compartment syndrome, 282 Part 5: The Head and Neck The surface anatomy of the neck, 285 Introduction, 285 The fascial compartments of the neck, 287 Tissue planes and fascial layers in the anterior part of neck, 287 The thyroid gland, 290 The parathyroid glands, 294 The palate, 296 The development of the face, lips and palate with special reference to their congenital deformities, 297 The tongue and floor of the mouth, 299 The tongue, 299 The floor of the mouth, 303 The pharynx, 304 The nasopharynx, 304 The oropharynx, 306 The palatine tonsils, 306 The laryngopharynx, 308 The mechanism of deglutition, 310 The larynx, 312 The salivary glands, 318 The parotid gland, 318 The submandibular gland, 320 The sublingual gland, 321 The major arteries of the head and neck, 322 The common carotid arteries, 322 The external carotid artery, 322 The internal carotid artery, 324 The subclavian arteries, 327 The veins of the head and neck, 329 The cerebral venous system, 329 The venous sinuses of the dura, 329 The internal jugular vein, 332 The subclavian vein, 333 The lymph nodes of the neck, 335 The cervical sympathetic trunk, 337 The branchial system and its derivatives, 339 Branchial cyst and fistula, 339 The surface anatomy and surface markings of the head, 341 The scalp, 342 The skull, 343 Floor of the cranial cavity, 346 Development, 347 The paranasal sinuses (accessory nasal sinuses), 349 The frontal sinuses, 350 The maxillary sinus (antrum of Highmore), 350 The ethmoid sinuses, 352 The sphenoidal sinuses, 353 The mandible, 353 The temporomandibular joint, 354 The teeth, 355 The vertebral column, 356 The cervical vertebrae, 357 The thoracic vertebrae, 359 The lumbar vertebrae, 359 The sacrum, 360 The coccyx, 360 The intervertebral joints, 360 Part 6: The Nervous System Introduction, 365 The brain, 365 The brainstem, 365 The cerebellum, 368 The diencephalon, 370 The pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri), 372 The cerebral hemispheres, 374 The membranes of the brain and spinal cord (the meninges), 385 The ventricular system and the cerebrospinal fl uid circulation, 386 The spinal cord, 390 Age differences, 393 The membranes of the cord (the meninges), 394 The cranial nerves, 397 The olfactory nerve (I), 398 The optic nerve (II) and the visual pathway, 398 The oculomotor nerve (III), 401 The trochlear nerve (IV), 403 The trigeminal nerves (V), 403 The abducent nerve (VI), 409 The facial nerve (VII), 409 The auditory (vestibulocochlear) nerve (VIII), 412 The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), 412 The vagus nerve (X), 413 The accessory nerve (XI), 415 The hypoglossal nerve (XII), 416 The special senses, 417 The nose, 417 The ear, 419 The eye and associated structures, 423 The autonomic nervous system, 428 The sympathetic system, 431 The sympathetic trunk, 432 The parasympathetic system, 436 Glossary of eponyms, 439 Index, 445