Progress in Botany/Fortschritte Der Botanik

A. Morphology.- I. Cytology.- a) General and Molecular Cytology.- 1. Ontogeny and Development of Plastids.- 2. The Structure of Plastids.- a) Proplastids.- b) Eoplasts.- c) Amyloplasts.- d) Amoeboid Plastids.- e) Pregranal Plastids.- f) Etioplasts.- g) Mature Chloroplasts.- h) Senescing Chloroplasts.- i) Chromoplasts.- j) Elaioplasts.- k) Proteoplasts.- l) Sieve Element Plastids.- 3. Mitochondria.- References.- b) Special Cytology: Differentiated Cells and Cell Development in Higher Plants.- 1. Secretory Cells.- a) Mucilage-Secreting Cells.- b) Nectaries.- c) Salt Glands and Hydathodes.- d) Glands of Carnivorous Plants.- e) Glands with Terpenoid, Flavonoid and Phenolic Secretions.- 2. Idioblasts.- a) Oil Idioblasts.- b) Oxalate Crystal Idioblasts.- 3. Epidermis.- a) Guard Cell Structure.- b) Guard Cell Development.- c) Cuticle.- 4. Aleurone Cells, Endosperm.- 5. Motor Cells for Leaf Movement, Gravity Sensitive Cells.- 6. Animal Food Tissue, Galls.- a) Cells of Ant and Beetle Food Tissue.- b) Galls.- 7. Seasonal Variations in Cell Structure.- 8. Cell Development.- a) General Considerations, Models.- b) Spore Germination.- c) Tip Growth.- d) The Plane of Division.- e) Senescence, Abscission, Formation of Intercellular Spaces.- References.- c) Oberflachenskulpturen bei hoheren Pflanzen.- 1. Allgemeines und Methodik.- 2. Epidermale Oberflachen.- a) Mikromorphologische Aspekte.- b) Taxonomische Aspekte.- c) Funktionell-okologische Aspekte.- 3. Pollen.- Literatur.- II. Reproductive Structures of the Flowering Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Inflorescences.- 3. Flowers.- a) Systematic and Evolutionary Aspects.- b) Flower Ontogeny and Phyllotaxis of Floral Organs.- c) Perianth.- d) Androecium.- e) Gynoecium.- 4. Fruits and Seeds.- 5. Historical Surveys.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Photosynthesis. The Photosynthetic Reaction Center.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Photosystem 2 Electron Transport.- 3. Delayed Fluorescence of Chlorophyll.- a) Emission Spectra.- b) Decay Kinetics and Temperature Dependence.- c) Stimulation by an Electric Field.- d) Thermolinescence.- 4. The Reaction Center of Green Photosynthetic Bateria.- References.- II. Metabolism of Organic Acids.- Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM).- 1. Current Review on CAM.- 2. Taxonomic Distribution of CAM.- 3. Carbon Flow in CAM.- a) ?-Carboxylation as Initial Step of CAM.- b) Intracellular Localization of PEP-C and Other CAM Enzymes.- c) Nocturnal Storage of Malic Acid.- d) Malic Acid Consumption in CAM.- e) Studies of Carbon Isotope Composition in Context with CAM Carbon Flow.- The Role of Malate and PEP-Carboxylase-Mediated CO2 Fixation in Nitrogen Metabolism.- References.- III. Metabolism of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds.- 1. Dinitrogen Reduction.- a) Dinitrogen Reduction by Free-Living Organisms.- b) Symbiotic Dinitrogen Reduction.- 2. Nitrate Reduction.- a) Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- b) Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- 3. Nitrification.- References.- IV. Secondary Plant Substances. Some Tyrosine- and Phenylalanine-Derived Alkaloids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reticuline and Other Benzylisoquinolines.- 3. Bisbenzylisoquinolines.- 4. Aporphine Alkaloids.- 5. Sebiferine.- 6. Erythrina Alkaloids.- 7. Cephalotaxus and Homoerythrina Alkaloids.- References.- V. Growth.- 1. Gibberellins.- a) Chemistry.- b) Methods of Isolation and Determination.- c) Occurrence.- d) Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- e) Action.- 2. Brassinolide.- 3. Cytokinins.- a) Analytical Methods.- b) Occurrence.- c) Biogenesis and Metabolism.- d) Action.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication.- 1. Reviews and Methods.- 2. Regulation of Initiation of DNA Synthesis.- 3. Rate and Fidelity of Elongation.- 4. Pattern and Termination of Replication.- 5. Enzymes Involved in Replication.- 6. Endoreplication, Meiotic, and Differential DNA Replication.- References.- II. Recombination -A. Morphology.- I. Cytology.- a) General and Molecular Cytology.- 1. Ontogeny and Development of Plastids.- 2. The Structure of Plastids.- a) Proplastids.- b) Eoplasts.- c) Amyloplasts.- d) Amoeboid Plastids.- e) Pregranal Plastids.- f) Etioplasts.- g) Mature Chloroplasts.- h) Senescing Chloroplasts.- i) Chromoplasts.- j) Elaioplasts.- k) Proteoplasts.- l) Sieve Element Plastids.- 3. Mitochondria.- References.- b) Special Cytology: Differentiated Cells and Cell Development in Higher Plants.- 1. Secretory Cells.- a) Mucilage-Secreting Cells.- b) Nectaries.- c) Salt Glands and Hydathodes.- d) Glands of Carnivorous Plants.- e) Glands with Terpenoid, Flavonoid and Phenolic Secretions.- 2. Idioblasts.- a) Oil Idioblasts.- b) Oxalate Crystal Idioblasts.- 3. Epidermis.- a) Guard Cell Structure.- b) Guard Cell Development.- c) Cuticle.- 4. Aleurone Cells, Endosperm.- 5. Motor Cells for Leaf Movement, Gravity Sensitive Cells.- 6. Animal Food Tissue, Galls.- a) Cells of Ant and Beetle Food Tissue.- b) Galls.- 7. Seasonal Variations in Cell Structure.- 8. Cell Development.- a) General Considerations, Models.- b) Spore Germination.- c) Tip Growth.- d) The Plane of Division.- e) Senescence, Abscission, Formation of Intercellular Spaces.- References.- c) Oberflachenskulpturen bei hoheren Pflanzen.- 1. Allgemeines und Methodik.- 2. Epidermale Oberflachen.- a) Mikromorphologische Aspekte.- b) Taxonomische Aspekte.- c) Funktionell-okologische Aspekte.- 3. Pollen.- Literatur.- II. Reproductive Structures of the Flowering Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Inflorescences.- 3. Flowers.- a) Systematic and Evolutionary Aspects.- b) Flower Ontogeny and Phyllotaxis of Floral Organs.- c) Perianth.- d) Androecium.- e) Gynoecium.- 4. Fruits and Seeds.- 5. Historical Surveys.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Photosynthesis. The Photosynthetic Reaction Center.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Photosystem 2 Electron Transport.- 3. Delayed Fluorescence of Chlorophyll.- a) Emission Spectra.- b) Decay Kinetics and Temperature Dependence.- c) Stimulation by an Electric Field.- d) Thermolinescence.- 4. The Reaction Center of Green Photosynthetic Bateria.- References.- II. Metabolism of Organic Acids.- Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM).- 1. Current Review on CAM.- 2. Taxonomic Distribution of CAM.- 3. Carbon Flow in CAM.- a) ?-Carboxylation as Initial Step of CAM.- b) Intracellular Localization of PEP-C and Other CAM Enzymes.- c) Nocturnal Storage of Malic Acid.- d) Malic Acid Consumption in CAM.- e) Studies of Carbon Isotope Composition in Context with CAM Carbon Flow.- The Role of Malate and PEP-Carboxylase-Mediated CO2 Fixation in Nitrogen Metabolism.- References.- III. Metabolism of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds.- 1. Dinitrogen Reduction.- a) Dinitrogen Reduction by Free-Living Organisms.- b) Symbiotic Dinitrogen Reduction.- 2. Nitrate Reduction.- a) Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- b) Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- 3. Nitrification.- References.- IV. Secondary Plant Substances. Some Tyrosine- and Phenylalanine-Derived Alkaloids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reticuline and Other Benzylisoquinolines.- 3. Bisbenzylisoquinolines.- 4. Aporphine Alkaloids.- 5. Sebiferine.- 6. Erythrina Alkaloids.- 7. Cephalotaxus and Homoerythrina Alkaloids.- References.- V. Growth.- 1. Gibberellins.- a) Chemistry.- b) Methods of Isolation and Determination.- c) Occurrence.- d) Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- e) Action.- 2. Brassinolide.- 3. Cytokinins.- a) Analytical Methods.- b) Occurrence.- c) Biogenesis and Metabolism.- d) Action.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication.- 1. Reviews and Methods.- 2. Regulation of Initiation of DNA Synthesis.- 3. Rate and Fidelity of Elongation.- 4. Pattern and Termination of Replication.- 5. Enzymes Involved in Replication.- 6. Endoreplication, Meiotic, and Differential DNA Replication.- References.- II. Recombination - Recombination in Higher Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sexual Recombination.- a) Structural Control of Meiotic Processes.- b) Physiological Processes in Chiasma Formation.- c) Genetic Control of Meiotic Processes.- d) Analyses of Linkage Groups.- 3. Asexual Recombination.- a) Somatic Crossing-Over.- b) Sister Chromatid Exchange.- c) Protoplast Fusion Techniques.- d) Markers in Protoplast Fusion Experiments.- e) Regeneration of Plants from Fusion Bodies.- f) Chromosomal Behavior in Hybrid Cell Lines and Plants.- g) Fates of Extrakaryotic Genophores.- h) Asexual Recombination in Plant Breeding.- References.- III. Mutation: Higher Plants.- 1. Methods for Inducing Gene and Chromosome Mutations.- a) Physical Mutagens.- b) Chemical Mutagens.- c) Protection Against Genetic Damage and Repair of Breaks.- 2. Gene Mutations.- a) Genes Controlling Meiosis and Mitosis.- b) Mutant Genes of Interest in Applied Genetics.- 3. Genome Mutations.- a) Natural and Experimental Possibilities for Obtaining Polyploid Plants.- b) Autopolyploids.- c) Experimentally Produced Allopolyploid Plants.- d) The Genomic Constitution of Natural Polyploid Species.- e) Aneuploids.- f) Haploids and Polyhaploids.- 4. Chromosome Mutations.- References.- IV. Function of Genetic Material. Genetics of Storage Proteins and Gene-Enzymes Relationships in Higher Plants.- 1. Genetics of Storage Proteins.- a) The Zein-Biosynthesis in Maize.- b) Structural Genes Coding for Zein.- c) Genes Influencing Zein Synthesis.- 2. Regulation of Gene Expression.- a) Gene Number Estimates.- b) Transcription.- c) Double-Stranded RNA in a Higher Plant.- 3. Genetics and Enzymes.- References.- V. Extranuclear Inheritance: Plastid Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Replication of Plastid DNA Molecules.- 3. The Number of Plastid DNA Molecules per Plastid.- 4. Repair of Damage of Plastid DNA.- 5. Transcription of Plastid DNA and Its Regulation.- 6. The Localization of Plastid Genes.- a) Restriction Maps and Physical Maps of the Plastid Chromosome.- b) Organization of Ribosomal DNA.- c) Transfer RNA Genes and Transfer RNA Sequences.- d) The Gene for the Large Subunit of RuBP-Carboxylase.- e) Genes for Thylakoid Polypeptides.- References.- VI. Population Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theoretical Approach.- a) The Origin of Genetic Variability.- b) Multilocus Systems.- c) Sexuality.- d) Environment and Polymorphism.- e) Frequency and Density-Dependent Selection.- f) Random Drift and Neutrality of Mutations.- g) The Unit of Selection.- 3. Investigations on Natural Populations.- a) Enzyme Polymorphism.- b) Quantitative Traits.- c) Breeding Systems and Polymorphism.- d) Selection Experiments.- e) Geographic Differentiation and Adaptation.- f) Genetic Diversity and Relationship.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Systematics and Evolution of Seed Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Problems of Classification.- a) The Art of Phylogenetic Reconstruction.- b) Identification of Primitive Character States.- c) Handling Diversity.- 3. Morphology.- a) Anatomy and Micromorphology.- b) Vegetative Structures.- c) Floral Structure.- d) Palynology and Embryology.- 4. Karyology and Cytogenetics.- a) Karyotypes and DNA Content.- b) Cytogenetics.- c) Variation of Chromosome Numbers.- 5. Chemical Systematics.- a) Origin of Secondary Compounds as Allelochemicals.- b) Ecogeographical Differentiation and Community Relationships of Secondary Metabolites.- c) Chemosystematic Principles and Practice.- 6. Reproductive Biology.- a) Costs and Benefits of Reproduction.- b) Sex Distribution and Related Topics.- c) Dispersal.- 7. Evolution.- a) General Considerations.- b) Populations and Species.- c) Geographical and Ecological Aspects.- 8. Plants and Man.- 9. Evolution and Classification of Higher Taxa.- a) Early Angiosperms.- b) "Living Fossils".- c) Angiosperm Systematics.- 10. Seed Plant Systematics on the Family Level and Below.- References.- II. PalaA. Morphology.- I. Cytology.- a) General and Molecular Cytology.- 1. Ontogeny and Development of Plastids.- 2. The Structure of Plastids.- a) Proplastids.- b) Eoplasts.- c) Amyloplasts.- d) Amoeboid Plastids.- e) Pregranal Plastids.- f) Etioplasts.- g) Mature Chloroplasts.- h) Senescing Chloroplasts.- i) Chromoplasts.- j) Elaioplasts.- k) Proteoplasts.- l) Sieve Element Plastids.- 3. Mitochondria.- References.- b) Special Cytology: Differentiated Cells and Cell Development in Higher Plants.- 1. Secretory Cells.- a) Mucilage-Secreting Cells.- b) Nectaries.- c) Salt Glands and Hydathodes.- d) Glands of Carnivorous Plants.- e) Glands with Terpenoid, Flavonoid and Phenolic Secretions.- 2. Idioblasts.- a) Oil Idioblasts.- b) Oxalate Crystal Idioblasts.- 3. Epidermis.- a) Guard Cell Structure.- b) Guard Cell Development.- c) Cuticle.- 4. Aleurone Cells, Endosperm.- 5. Motor Cells for Leaf Movement, Gravity Sensitive Cells.- 6. Animal Food Tissue, Galls.- a) Cells of Ant and Beetle Food Tissue.- b) Galls.- 7. Seasonal Variations in Cell Structure.- 8. Cell Development.- a) General Considerations, Models.- b) Spore Germination.- c) Tip Growth.- d) The Plane of Division.- e) Senescence, Abscission, Formation of Intercellular Spaces.- References.- c) Oberflachenskulpturen bei hoheren Pflanzen.- 1. Allgemeines und Methodik.- 2. Epidermale Oberflachen.- a) Mikromorphologische Aspekte.- b) Taxonomische Aspekte.- c) Funktionell-okologische Aspekte.- 3. Pollen.- Literatur.- II. Reproductive Structures of the Flowering Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Inflorescences.- 3. Flowers.- a) Systematic and Evolutionary Aspects.- b) Flower Ontogeny and Phyllotaxis of Floral Organs.- c) Perianth.- d) Androecium.- e) Gynoecium.- 4. Fruits and Seeds.- 5. Historical Surveys.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Photosynthesis. The Photosynthetic Reaction Center.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Photosystem 2 Electron Transport.- 3. Delayed Fluorescence of Chlorophyll.- a) Emission Spectra.- b) Decay Kinetics and Temperature Dependence.- c) Stimulation by an Electric Field.- d) Thermolinescence.- 4. The Reaction Center of Green Photosynthetic Bateria.- References.- II. Metabolism of Organic Acids.- Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM).- 1. Current Review on CAM.- 2. Taxonomic Distribution of CAM.- 3. Carbon Flow in CAM.- a) ?-Carboxylation as Initial Step of CAM.- b) Intracellular Localization of PEP-C and Other CAM Enzymes.- c) Nocturnal Storage of Malic Acid.- d) Malic Acid Consumption in CAM.- e) Studies of Carbon Isotope Composition in Context with CAM Carbon Flow.- The Role of Malate and PEP-Carboxylase-Mediated CO2 Fixation in Nitrogen Metabolism.- References.- III. Metabolism of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds.- 1. Dinitrogen Reduction.- a) Dinitrogen Reduction by Free-Living Organisms.- b) Symbiotic Dinitrogen Reduction.- 2. Nitrate Reduction.- a) Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- b) Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- 3. Nitrification.- References.- IV. Secondary Plant Substances. Some Tyrosine- and Phenylalanine-Derived Alkaloids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reticuline and Other Benzylisoquinolines.- 3. Bisbenzylisoquinolines.- 4. Aporphine Alkaloids.- 5. Sebiferine.- 6. Erythrina Alkaloids.- 7. Cephalotaxus and Homoerythrina Alkaloids.- References.- V. Growth.- 1. Gibberellins.- a) Chemistry.- b) Methods of Isolation and Determination.- c) Occurrence.- d) Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- e) Action.- 2. Brassinolide.- 3. Cytokinins.- a) Analytical Methods.- b) Occurrence.- c) Biogenesis and Metabolism.- d) Action.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication.- 1. Reviews and Methods.- 2. Regulation of Initiation of DNA Synthesis.- 3. Rate and Fidelity of Elongation.- 4. Pattern and Termination of Replication.- 5. Enzymes Involved in Replication.- 6. Endoreplication, Meiotic, and Differential DNA Replication.- References.- II. Recombination - Recombination in Higher Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sexual Recombination.- a) Structural Control of Meiotic Processes.- b) Physiological Processes in Chiasma Formation.- c) Genetic Control of Meiotic Processes.- d) Analyses of Linkage Groups.- 3. Asexual Recombination.- a) Somatic Crossing-Over.- b) Sister Chromatid Exchange.- c) Protoplast Fusion Techniques.- d) Markers in Protoplast Fusion Experiments.- e) Regeneration of Plants from Fusion Bodies.- f) Chromosomal Behavior in Hybrid Cell Lines and Plants.- g) Fates of Extrakaryotic Genophores.- h) Asexual Recombination in Plant Breeding.- References.- III. Mutation: Higher Plants.- 1. Methods for Inducing Gene and Chromosome Mutations.- a) Physical Mutagens.- b) Chemical Mutagens.- c) Protection Against Genetic Damage and Repair of Breaks.- 2. Gene Mutations.- a) Genes Controlling Meiosis and Mitosis.- b) Mutant Genes of Interest in Applied Genetics.- 3. Genome Mutations.- a) Natural and Experimental Possibilities for Obtaining Polyploid Plants.- b) Autopolyploids.- c) Experimentally Produced Allopolyploid Plants.- d) The Genomic Constitution of Natural Polyploid Species.- e) Aneuploids.- f) Haploids and Polyhaploids.- 4. Chromosome Mutations.- References.- IV. Function of Genetic Material. Genetics of Storage Proteins and Gene-Enzymes Relationships in Higher Plants.- 1. Genetics of Storage Proteins.- a) The Zein-Biosynthesis in Maize.- b) Structural Genes Coding for Zein.- c) Genes Influencing Zein Synthesis.- 2. Regulation of Gene Expression.- a) Gene Number Estimates.- b) Transcription.- c) Double-Stranded RNA in a Higher Plant.- 3. Genetics and Enzymes.- References.- V. Extranuclear Inheritance: Plastid Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Replication of Plastid DNA Molecules.- 3. The Number of Plastid DNA Molecules per Plastid.- 4. Repair of Damage of Plastid DNA.- 5. Transcription of Plastid DNA and Its Regulation.- 6. The Localization of Plastid Genes.- a) Restriction Maps and Physical Maps of the Plastid Chromosome.- b) Organization of Ribosomal DNA.- c) Transfer RNA Genes and Transfer RNA Sequences.- d) The Gene for the Large Subunit of RuBP-Carboxylase.- e) Genes for Thylakoid Polypeptides.- References.- VI. Population Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theoretical Approach.- a) The Origin of Genetic Variability.- b) Multilocus Systems.- c) Sexuality.- d) Environment and Polymorphism.- e) Frequency and Density-Dependent Selection.- f) Random Drift and Neutrality of Mutations.- g) The Unit of Selection.- 3. Investigations on Natural Populations.- a) Enzyme Polymorphism.- b) Quantitative Traits.- c) Breeding Systems and Polymorphism.- d) Selection Experiments.- e) Geographic Differentiation and Adaptation.- f) Genetic Diversity and Relationship.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Systematics and Evolution of Seed Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Problems of Classification.- a) The Art of Phylogenetic Reconstruction.- b) Identification of Primitive Character States.- c) Handling Diversity.- 3. Morphology.- a) Anatomy and Micromorphology.- b) Vegetative Structures.- c) Floral Structure.- d) Palynology and Embryology.- 4. Karyology and Cytogenetics.- a) Karyotypes and DNA Content.- b) Cytogenetics.- c) Variation of Chromosome Numbers.- 5. Chemical Systematics.- a) Origin of Secondary Compounds as Allelochemicals.- b) Ecogeographical Differentiation and Community Relationships of Secondary Metabolites.- c) Chemosystematic Principles and Practice.- 6. Reproductive Biology.- a) Costs and Benefits of Reproduction.- b) Sex Distribution and Related Topics.- c) Dispersal.- 7. Evolution.- a) General Considerations.- b) Populations and Species.- c) Geographical and Ecological Aspects.- 8. Plants and Man.- 9. Evolution and Classification of Higher Taxa.- a) Early Angiosperms.- b) "Living Fossils".- c) Angiosperm Systematics.- 10. Seed Plant Systematics on the Family Level and Below.- References.- II. Palaobotanik.- 1. Allgemeines.- 2. Thallophyta.- 3. Psilophyta.- 4. Lycophyta.- 5. Spenophyta.- 6. Filicophyta.- 7. Pteridospermae.- 8. Coniferophyta.- 9. Angiospermae.- Literatur.- E. Geobotany.- I. The History of Flora and Vegetation During the Quaternary.- 1. Pleistocene Stratigraphy.- 2. Vegetation History.- a) Caucasia.- b) The Black Sea.- c) The Caspian Sea.- d) The European Part of the USSR.- e) Northeastern Europe.- f) Northeastern Siberia.- g) The Soviet Far East.- h) Central Asia.- References.- II. Vegetation Science (Sociological Geobotany).- 1. Fundamental Perspectives, Comprehensive Volumes, Bibliographies.- 2. General Results and Methods.- a) Niche Concepts in Vegetation.- b) Biomathematic Approaches in Vegetation Dynamics.- c) Actual Aspects of Syntaxonomy.- d) Integrated Multi-Regional Vegetation Maps.- 3. Boreal and Subarctic Vegetation.- a) Boreal and Subarctic Vegetation in Highly Oceanic Climates.- b) Mire Vegetation in Northern Europe.- 4. Temperate, Meridional, and Subtropical Vegetation.- a) Forest and Shrub Vegetation in East Asia.- b) Vegetation of South-Eastern North America.- 5. Tropical Vegetation.- a) Vegetation of Monsoonal South East Asia.- b) Central Polynesian and Micronesian Vegetation.- c) Vegetation of the Antilles, of the Bahamas, and of the Bermudas.- 6. Vegetation of the Extra-Tropical Southern Hemisphere.- a) Vegetation of Extra-Tropical South America.- b) Antarctic Vegetation.- References.- III. Experimental Ecology (Ecological Geobotany).- 1. General.- 2. Productivity and Ecosystem Research.- a) Photosynthesis, Respiration and Carbon Cycle.- b) Biomass and Productivity.- c) Litter Fall, Decomposition, and Nutrient Cycle.- References.- F. Special Topics.- I. Floral Ecology. Report on the Years 1978(76) to 1981.- 1. General.- 2. Metabolism and Movements.- 3. Means of Attraction.- a) Production of Scents and Resin.- b) Visual Patterns and Pigmentation.- c) Nectaries; Nectar and Oil Secretion.- d) Pollen and Its Imitation; Pollen Attachment.- 4. Foraging Strategies of Pollinators.- 5. Flower Classes and Their Evolution.- a) Zoophily.- b) Anemophily and Hydrogamy.- 6. Pollination of Particular Groups.- a) Various Angiosperms.- b) Orchids.- c) Ficus.- 7. Community Structure and Pollination.- a) Distribution of Flower Types.- b) Pollinator Competition.- c) Flower Competition and Seasonality.- d) Floral Synergism on Community Level.- e) Pollination of Sympatric Congeners.- 8. Populational Aspects and Compatibility.- a) Pollen Flow.- b) Autogamy and Cleistogamy; Apomixis.- c) Stigmatic Secretions and Pollen Germination.- d) Incompatibility.- 9. Dioecism, Monoecism, Sex Distribution.- 10. Heterostyly.- Conclusion.- References.- II. Proteins in Plant Evolution and Systematics.- 1. Systematical Significance.- 2. Cytochrome c-Type Proteins.- 3. Ferredoxin.- 4. Plastocyanin.- 5. Fraction-I-Protein ("Rubisco").- 6. Isozymes.- a) Isozyme Banding Comparison.- b) Allozyme Comparison.- c) Genetic Polymorphism.- d) Additivity of Bands in Hybrids.- e) Systematically Relevant Results.- f) Limitations of Taxonomic Interpretation.- 7. Pollen and Spore Proteins.- 8. Other Nonstorage Proteins.- 9. Crude Tuber Proteins (Potato).- 10. Seed Storage Proteins.- a) Purified Proteins or Defined Fractions.- b) Crude Seed Extracts.- 11. Conclusion.- References.