Integrated Experimental Ecology

Introductory Survey.- I. Ecology and the International Biological Program.- 1. The Biological Basis of Productivity.- 2. Research in Terrestrial Biological Communities.- II. Structure and Functioning of Ecosystems.- 1. General Scope.- 2. Primary Producers.- 3. Secondary Producers: Consumers and Predators.- 4. Decomposers.- 5. Mineral Cycling.- 6. Water Cycling.- 7. Energy Flow.- III. Organization of the Integrated Research.- 1. Cooperative Work.- 2. Synthesis of Results.- IV. The Research Area and the Experimental Plots.- 1. The Solling Region.- 2. The Individual Sample Areas.- a) Beech Forest Plots (B1, B3 and 4).- b) Spruce Forest Plots (F1-3).- c) Grassland Areas (W1 and 2).- d) Arable Fields (A1 and 2).- References.- 1: Primary Production.- A. Measurement of CO2 Gas-Exchange and Transpiration in the Beech (Fagus silvatica L.).- I. Introduction.- II. Measuring Techniques.- 1. Measurement of CO2 Gas-Exchange and Transpiration.- a) Plant Chamber and Transpiration Measurement.- b) CO2 Gas-Exchange.- c) Discussion of the Gas-Exchange Measurements.- 2. Measurement of Leaf Temperature and Meteorological Data.- a) Air Temperature.- b) Air Humidity.- c) Absolute Light Intensity.- d) Leaf Temperature.- e) Water Vapour Gradient and Total Diffusion Resistance.- III. Analysis of the Measurements.- References.- B. Estimation of Photosynthetically Active Leaf Area in Forests.- I. Methods for Beech Leaves.- II. Preliminary Results.- III. Methods for Spruce Needles.- References.- C. Phenological Observations on Beech and Spruce as a Function of Climate.- I. Methods.- II. Phenological Phases Observed in 1967.- III. Phenological Behaviour as a Function of Temperature and Rainfall.- D. Structure and Timber Production of the Forest Stands. - Report on the Methods Used and Some Results.- I. Introduction.- II. Standing Crop and Yield.- 1. Selection of Sample Plots.- 2. Stand Inventory.- 3. Computation of the Results.- 4. Comparison of Yield Values with Yield Table.- 5. Results of the First Forest Inventory in Spring 1967.- III. Structure and Quality of the Stands.- 1. Method.- 2. Result of the Survey of the Beech Stand B 1.- 3. Stem and Crown Distribution.- a) Special Method.- b) Stem and Crown Distribution of Plot B 1.- IV. Timber Increment.- 1. Method of Increment Research.- 2. Stand Increment of the Larger Experimental Plots.- References.- E. Estimation of Biomass of Forests.- I. Introduction.- II. Leaves etc.- III. Stem and Branches.- IV. Roots.- References.- F. Distribution of Root Tips and Tender Roots of Beech.- I. Methods.- II. Results and Discussion.- 1. Number of Root Tips per 100 ml of Soil.- 2. Biomass of Finest, Fine and Small Roots.- References.- G. The Primary Production of the Ground Vegetation of the Luzulo-Fagetum.- I. Introduction.- II. Method.- III. Some Results.- Reference.- H. Chemical Composition of Plants of the Field Layer. - Preliminary Report.- I. Introduction.- II. Plant Composition.- 1. Methods.- 2. Some Results and Discussion.- III. Biomass and Chemical Compounds per Area.- 1. Methods.- 2. Some Results and Discussion.- References.- I. Primary Production of a Meadow (Trisetetum flavescentis hercynicum) with Different Fertilizer Treatments. -3).- c) Grassland Areas (W1 and 2).- d) Arable Fields (A1 and 2).- References.- 1: Primary Production.- A. Measurement of CO2 Gas-Exchange and Transpiration in the Beech (Fagus silvatica L.).- I. Introduction.- II. Measuring Techniques.- 1. Measurement of CO2 Gas-Exchange and Transpiration.- a) Plant Chamber and Transpiration Measurement.- b) CO2 Gas-Exchange.- c) Discussion of the Gas-Exchange Measurements.- 2. Measurement of Leaf Temperature and Meteorological Data.- a) Air Temperature.- b) Air Humidity.- c) Absolute Light Intensity.- d) Leaf Temperature.- e) Water Vapour Gradient and Total Diffusion Resistance.- III. Analysis of the Measurements.- References.- B. Estimation of Photosynthetically Active Leaf Area in Forests.- I. Methods for Beech Leaves.- II. Preliminary Results.- III. Methods for Spruce Needles.- References.- C. Phenological Observations on Beech and Spruce as a Function of Climate.- I. Methods.- II. Phenological Phases Observed in 1967.- III. Phenological Behaviour as a Function of Temperature and Rainfall.- D. Structure and Timber Production of the Forest Stands. - Report on the Methods Used and Some Results.- I. Introduction.- II. Standing Crop and Yield.- 1. Selection of Sample Plots.- 2. Stand Inventory.- 3. Computation of the Results.- 4. Comparison of Yield Values with Yield Table.- 5. Results of the First Forest Inventory in Spring 1967.- III. Structure and Quality of the Stands.- 1. Method.- 2. Result of the Survey of the Beech Stand B 1.- 3. Stem and Crown Distribution.- a) Special Method.- b) Stem and Crown Distribution of Plot B 1.- IV. Timber Increment.- 1. Method of Increment Research.- 2. Stand Increment of the Larger Experimental Plots.- References.- E. Estimation of Biomass of Forests.- I. Introduction.- II. Leaves etc.- III. Stem and Branches.- IV. Roots.- References.- F. Distribution of Root Tips and Tender Roots of Beech.- I. Methods.- II. Results and Discussion.- 1. Number of Root Tips per 100 ml of Soil.- 2. Biomass of Finest, Fine and Small Roots.- References.- G. The Primary Production of the Ground Vegetation of the Luzulo-Fagetum.- I. Introduction.- II. Method.- III. Some Results.- Reference.- H. Chemical Composition of Plants of the Field Layer. - Preliminary Report.- I. Introduction.- II. Plant Composition.- 1. Methods.- 2. Some Results and Discussion.- III. Biomass and Chemical Compounds per Area.- 1. Methods.- 2. Some Results and Discussion.- References.- I. Primary Production of a Meadow (Trisetetum flavescentis hercynicum) with Different Fertilizer Treatments. - Preliminary Report.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- 1. Determination of the Changes in the Composition of Species Caused by Fertilizing.- 2. Measurement of the Agriculturally Utilisable Production.- 3. Investigation of the Dynamics of Increment and Losses.- 4. Above-Ground Matter.- 5. Underground Matter.- 6. Determination of the Constituent Substances.- 7. Investigation of the Root Activity.- 8. Observation of the Root Systems.- III. Some Results.- 1. Changes in the Species Composition Caused by Fertilizing.- 2. The Utilizable Production.- 3. The Dynamics of Increment and Losses.- a) Above-Ground Matter.- b) Organic Matter Below Ground.- 4. The Constituent Substances.- 5. Root Activity.- IV. Further Investigations Proposed.- References.- J. Green Area Indices of Grassland Communities and Agricultural Crops under Different Fertilizing Conditions.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- III. Some Results.- 1. Grassland Communities.- 2. Agricultural Crops.- IV. Weight/Surface Ratio.- V. Comparison and Discussion of the Reported Data.- Reference.- K. Methodological Studies to Distinguish Functional from Non-functional Roots of Grassland Plants.- I. Introduction.- II. Material and Methods.- 1. Partial Chemical Characterisation of Cell-Wall Substances.- 2. Quantitative Determination of the Dehydrogenase Activity of Roots at Different Stages of Growth.- 3. Labelling with Carbon-14.- III. Some Results and Discussion.- References.- L. Determination of Energy Values.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- 1. Preparation of the Samples.- 2. Determination of Energy Value.- III. Some Results.- 1. Energy Values of Different Plants.- 2. Seasonal Variations.- 3. Influence of Different Fertilizer Treatment.- IV. Discussion.- References.- 2: Secondary Production.- M. Food and Energy Turnover of Leaf-eating Insects and their Influence on Primary Production.- I. Introduction.- II. Food and Energy Turnover.- III. Species Used for Productivity Studies.- IV. Methods of Measuring Population Density.- 1. Evaluation of Number of Viable Eggs Laid.- 2. Sampling from a Unit of Soil.- 3. Sampling Animals during Emergence.- a) Photo-Eclector of the Usual Shape and Function.- b) The Extraordinary Significance of Photo-Eclectors.- c) Photo-Eclectors for Larger Areas.- d) The Significance of Arboreal Photo-Eclectors in Population and Community Studies.- 4. Sampling in the Canopy Area in Respect of Fluctuations between Canopy and Ground Levels.- a) Census of Animals on Foliage Samples.- b) Census of Animals in Shaking Samples.- c) Calculation of Population Density in Old Beech Stands.- V. Preliminary Results in the Study of Production and Energy Turnover.- 1. Production of Imagines.- 2. Cost of Maintenance in Imagines.- VI. The Influence of Leaf-eating Insects on Primary Production.- References.- N. Studies in the Productivity of Lepidoptera Populations.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- 1. Population Dynamics.- a) Abundance of Eggs.- b) Abundance of Caterpillars.- c) Abundance of Pupae.- d) Abundance of Imagines.- 2. Food and Energy Turnover.- a) Determination of Production.- b) Determination of Respiration.- c) Determination of Assimilation.- III. Some Results.- References.- O. Food and Energy Turnover of Phytophagous and Predatory Arthropods - Methods Used to Study Energy Flow.- I. Introduction.- II. Production.- III. Respiration.- 1. Phytophagous Insects (Funke).- a) Animals Used for Measurements.- b) Respiratory Flasks.- c) Experimental Conditions.- d) Duration of Measurements.- e) Repetition of Measurements.- f) Determination of Respiratory Loss in Leaf Miners.- 2. Zoophagous Arthropods on the Ground Layer (Weidemann).- a) Animals Used for the Measurements.- b) Experimental Temperature and Humidity.- c) Duration of Measurements.- d) Repetition of Measurements.- 3. Calculation of Population Oxygen Consumption.- 4. Computation of Population Energy Loss Due to Respiration.- IV. Assimilation.- 1. Phytophagous Insects (Funke).- 2. Predatory Arthropods of the Ground Layer (Weidemann).- a) Food.- b) Determination of Assimilated Food.- c) Determination of Food Quantity.- d) Evaluation of Assimilation (also for Phytophagous Insects).- References.- P. Food and Energy Turnover of Predatory Arthropods of the Soil Surface. -3).- c) Grassland Areas (W1 and 2).- d) Arable Fields (A1 and 2).- References.- 1: Primary Production.- A. Measurement of CO2 Gas-Exchange and Transpiration in the Beech (Fagus silvatica L.).- I. Introduction.- II. Measuring Techniques.- 1. Measurement of CO2 Gas-Exchange and Transpiration.- a) Plant Chamber and Transpiration Measurement.- b) CO2 Gas-Exchange.- c) Discussion of the Gas-Exchange Measurements.- 2. Measurement of Leaf Temperature and Meteorological Data.- a) Air Temperature.- b) Air Humidity.- c) Absolute Light Intensity.- d) Leaf Temperature.- e) Water Vapour Gradient and Total Diffusion Resistance.- III. Analysis of the Measurements.- References.- B. Estimation of Photosynthetically Active Leaf Area in Forests.- I. Methods for Beech Leaves.- II. Preliminary Results.- III. Methods for Spruce Needles.- References.- C. Phenological Observations on Beech and Spruce as a Function of Climate.- I. Methods.- II. Phenological Phases Observed in 1967.- III. Phenological Behaviour as a Function of Temperature and Rainfall.- D. Structure and Timber Production of the Forest Stands. - Report on the Methods Used and Some Results.- I. Introduction.- II. Standing Crop and Yield.- 1. Selection of Sample Plots.- 2. Stand Inventory.- 3. Computation of the Results.- 4. Comparison of Yield Values with Yield Table.- 5. Results of the First Forest Inventory in Spring 1967.- III. Structure and Quality of the Stands.- 1. Method.- 2. Result of the Survey of the Beech Stand B 1.- 3. Stem and Crown Distribution.- a) Special Method.- b) Stem and Crown Distribution of Plot B 1.- IV. Timber Increment.- 1. Method of Increment Research.- 2. Stand Increment of the Larger Experimental Plots.- References.- E. Estimation of Biomass of Forests.- I. Introduction.- II. Leaves etc.- III. Stem and Branches.- IV. Roots.- References.- F. Distribution of Root Tips and Tender Roots of Beech.- I. Methods.- II. Results and Discussion.- 1. Number of Root Tips per 100 ml of Soil.- 2. Biomass of Finest, Fine and Small Roots.- References.- G. The Primary Production of the Ground Vegetation of the Luzulo-Fagetum.- I. Introduction.- II. Method.- III. Some Results.- Reference.- H. Chemical Composition of Plants of the Field Layer. - Preliminary Report.- I. Introduction.- II. Plant Composition.- 1. Methods.- 2. Some Results and Discussion.- III. Biomass and Chemical Compounds per Area.- 1. Methods.- 2. Some Results and Discussion.- References.- I. Primary Production of a Meadow (Trisetetum flavescentis hercynicum) with Different Fertilizer Treatments. - Preliminary Report.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- 1. Determination of the Changes in the Composition of Species Caused by Fertilizing.- 2. Measurement of the Agriculturally Utilisable Production.- 3. Investigation of the Dynamics of Increment and Losses.- 4. Above-Ground Matter.- 5. Underground Matter.- 6. Determination of the Constituent Substances.- 7. Investigation of the Root Activity.- 8. Observation of the Root Systems.- III. Some Results.- 1. Changes in the Species Composition Caused by Fertilizing.- 2. The Utilizable Production.- 3. The Dynamics of Increment and Losses.- a) Above-Ground Matter.- b) Organic Matter Below Ground.- 4. The Constituent Substances.- 5. Root Activity.- IV. Further Investigations Proposed.- References.- J. Green Area Indices of Grassland Communities and Agricultural Crops under Different Fertilizing Conditions.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- III. Some Results.- 1. Grassland Communities.- 2. Agricultural Crops.- IV. Weight/Surface Ratio.- V. Comparison and Discussion of the Reported Data.- Reference.- K. Methodological Studies to Distinguish Functional from Non-functional Roots of Grassland Plants.- I. Introduction.- II. Material and Methods.- 1. Partial Chemical Characterisation of Cell-Wall Substances.- 2. Quantitative Determination of the Dehydrogenase Activity of Roots at Different Stages of Growth.- 3. Labelling with Carbon-14.- III. Some Results and Discussion.- References.- L. Determination of Energy Values.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- 1. Preparation of the Samples.- 2. Determination of Energy Value.- III. Some Results.- 1. Energy Values of Different Plants.- 2. Seasonal Variations.- 3. Influence of Different Fertilizer Treatment.- IV. Discussion.- References.- 2: Secondary Production.- M. Food and Energy Turnover of Leaf-eating Insects and their Influence on Primary Production.- I. Introduction.- II. Food and Energy Turnover.- III. Species Used for Productivity Studies.- IV. Methods of Measuring Population Density.- 1. Evaluation of Number of Viable Eggs Laid.- 2. Sampling from a Unit of Soil.- 3. Sampling Animals during Emergence.- a) Photo-Eclector of the Usual Shape and Function.- b) The Extraordinary Significance of Photo-Eclectors.- c) Photo-Eclectors for Larger Areas.- d) The Significance of Arboreal Photo-Eclectors in Population and Community Studies.- 4. Sampling in the Canopy Area in Respect of Fluctuations between Canopy and Ground Levels.- a) Census of Animals on Foliage Samples.- b) Census of Animals in Shaking Samples.- c) Calculation of Population Density in Old Beech Stands.- V. Preliminary Results in the Study of Production and Energy Turnover.- 1. Production of Imagines.- 2. Cost of Maintenance in Imagines.- VI. The Influence of Leaf-eating Insects on Primary Production.- References.- N. Studies in the Productivity of Lepidoptera Populations.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- 1. Population Dynamics.- a) Abundance of Eggs.- b) Abundance of Caterpillars.- c) Abundance of Pupae.- d) Abundance of Imagines.- 2. Food and Energy Turnover.- a) Determination of Production.- b) Determination of Respiration.- c) Determination of Assimilation.- III. Some Results.- References.- O. Food and Energy Turnover of Phytophagous and Predatory Arthropods - Methods Used to Study Energy Flow.- I. Introduction.- II. Production.- III. Respiration.- 1. Phytophagous Insects (Funke).- a) Animals Used for Measurements.- b) Respiratory Flasks.- c) Experimental Conditions.- d) Duration of Measurements.- e) Repetition of Measurements.- f) Determination of Respiratory Loss in Leaf Miners.- 2. Zoophagous Arthropods on the Ground Layer (Weidemann).- a) Animals Used for the Measurements.- b) Experimental Temperature and Humidity.- c) Duration of Measurements.- d) Repetition of Measurements.- 3. Calculation of Population Oxygen Consumption.- 4. Computation of Population Energy Loss Due to Respiration.- IV. Assimilation.- 1. Phytophagous Insects (Funke).- 2. Predatory Arthropods of the Ground Layer (Weidemann).- a) Food.- b) Determination of Assimilated Food.- c) Determination of Food Quantity.- d) Evaluation of Assimilation (also for Phytophagous Insects).- References.- P. Food and Energy Turnover of Predatory Arthropods of the Soil Surface. - Preliminary Report.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- 1. Determination of the Changes in the Composition of Species Caused by Fertilizing.- 2. Measurement of the Agriculturally Utilisable Production.- 3. Investigation of the Dynamics of Increment and Losses.- 4. Above-Ground Matter.- 5. Underground Matter.- 6. Determination of the Constituent Substances.- 7. Investigation of the Root Activity.- 8. Observation of the Root Systems.- III. Some Results.- 1. Changes in the Species Composition Caused by Fertilizing.- 2. The Utilizable Production.- 3. The Dynamics of Increment and Losses.- a) Above-Ground Matter.- b) Organic Matter Below Ground.- 4. The Constituent Substances.- 5. Root Activity.- IV. Further Investigations Proposed.- References.- J. Green Area Indices of Grassland Communities and Agricultural Crops under Different Fertilizing Conditions.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- III. Some Results.- 1. Grassland Communities.- 2. Agricultural Crops.- IV. Weight/Surface Ratio.- V. Comparison and Discussion of the Reported Data.- Reference.- K. Methodological Studies to Distinguish Functional from Non-functional Roots of Grassland Plants.- I. Introduction.- II. Material and Methods.- 1. Partial Chemical Characterisation of Cell-Wall Substances.- 2. Quantitative Determination of the Dehydrogenase Activity of Roots at Different Stages of Growth.- 3. Labelling with Carbon-14.- III. Some Results and Discussion.- References.- L. Determination of Energy Values.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- 1. Preparation of the Samples.- 2. Determination of Energy Value.- III. Some Results.- 1. Energy Values of Different Plants.- 2. Seasonal Variations.- 3. Influence of Different Fertilizer Treatment.- IV. Discussion.- References.- 2: Secondary Production.- M. Food and Energy Turnover of Leaf-eating Insects and their Influence on Primary Production.- I. Introduction.- II. Food and Energy Turnover.- III. Species Used for Productivity Studies.- IV. Methods of Measuring Population Density.- 1. Evaluation of Number of Viable Eggs Laid.- 2. Sampling from a Unit of Soil.- 3. Sampling Animals during Emergence.- a) Photo-Eclector of the Usual Shape and Function.- b) The Extraordinary Significance of Photo-Eclectors.- c) Photo-Eclectors for Larger Areas.- d) The Significance of Arboreal Photo-Eclectors in Population and Community Studies.- 4. Sampling in the Canopy Area in Respect of Fluctuations between Canopy and Ground Levels.- a) Census of Animals on Foliage Samples.- b) Census of Animals in Shaking Samples.- c) Calculation of Population Density in Old Beech Stands.- V. Preliminary Results in the Study of Production and Energy Turnover.- 1. Production of Imagines.- 2. Cost of Maintenance in Imagines.- VI. The Influence of Leaf-eating Insects on Primary Production.- References.- N. Studies in the Productivity of Lepidoptera Populations.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- 1. Population Dynamics.- a) Abundance of Eggs.- b) Abundance of Caterpillars.- c) Abundance of Pupae.- d) Abundance of Imagines.- 2. Food and Energy Turnover.- a) Determination of Production.- b) Determination of Respiration.- c) Determination of Assimilation.- III. Some Results.- References.- O. Food and Energy Turnover of Phytophagous and Predatory Arthropods - Methods Used to Study Energy Flow.- I. Introduction.- II. Production.- III. Respiration.- 1. Phytophagous Insects (Funke).- a) Animals Used for Measurements.- b) Respiratory Flasks.- c) Experimental Conditions.- d) Duration of Measurements.- e) Repetition of Measurements.- f) Determination of Respiratory Loss in Leaf Miners.- 2. Zoophagous Arthropods on the Ground Layer (Weidemann).- a) Animals Used for the Measurements.- b) Experimental Temperature and Humidity.- c) Duration of Measurements.- d) Repetition of Measurements.- 3. Calculation of Population Oxygen Consumption.- 4. Computation of Population Energy Loss Due to Respiration.- IV. Assimilation.- 1. Phytophagous Insects (Funke).- 2. Predatory Arthropods of the Ground Layer (Weidemann).- a) Food.- b) Determination of Assimilated Food.- c) Determination of Food Quantity.- d) Evaluation of Assimilation (also for Phytophagous Insects).- References.- P. Food and Energy Turnover of Predatory Arthropods of the Soil Surface. - Methods Used to Study Population Dynamics Standing Crop and Production.- I. Introduction.- II. Determination of Important Species in Relation to Productivity and Energy Flow.- III. Life Cycle and Population Dynamics.- 1. Phenology.- 2. Life Cycle.- 3. Population Dynamics.- a) Abundance of Eggs.- b) Abundance of Developmental Stages (Larvae) and Adults.- c) Abundance of Large Carabidae.- 4. Life Tables.- IV. Standing Crop.- V. Production.- 1. Total Production.- a) Production from Reproduction.- b) Production from Individual Growth.- 2. Minimum Production.- VI. Preliminary Results.- References.- Q. On the Abundance of Bacteria and Other Microorganisms.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods and Material.- 1. Sampling of the Soil.- 2. Preparing the Soil Suspensions for the Plate Counts.- 3. Solid Media Used for the Plate Counts.- a) Soil Extract Glucose Agar.- b) Malt Extract Agar.- c) Rose Bengal Malt Extract Agar.- 4. Liquid Media Used for Tube Counts.- a) Nitrite-and Nitrate-forming Bacteria.- b) N2-fixing Anaerobic Spore-forming Bacteria (Clostridia).- III. Preliminary Results.- References.- R. Microbial Transformation of Organic Material in the Soil.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods and Some Results.- 1. Cellulose.- 2. Lignin.- 3. Amino Acids.- 4. Enzymes.- 5. Tannins.- 6. Chlorophyll Content.- References.- 3: Environmental Conditions.- S. The Measurement of Climatic Elements which Determine Production in Various Plant Stands. - Methods and Preliminary Results.- I. The Task.- II. The Measuring Stations.- 1. The Measuring Field on W 1.- 2. The Measuring Field on B 1.- 3. Other Measuring Fields.- III. Recording the Data.- IV. Type of Sensors.- V. Disposition of the Sensors.- VI. Methods of Determining the Components of the Heat Balance.- 1. The Sverdrup (Bowen) Method.- 2. Determination of Evapotranspiration by Brogmus' Formula.- VII. Preliminary Results.- References.- T. The Characterization of the Woodland Light Climate.- I. Introduction.- II. Light Measurements.- 1. Integrating Measurements.- 2. Instantaneous Measurements.- 3. Mapping the Spatial Distribution of Diffuse Light.- III. Some Results.- 1. Instantaneous Measurements.- 2. Integrating Measurements.- 3. Maps of the Distribution of Diffuse Light.- IV. Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- U. Aspects of Soil Water Behavior as Related to Beech and Spruce Stands. - Some Results of the Water Balance Investigations.- I. Introduction.- II. Climate, Geology and Soil.- III. Experimental Layout.- IV. Soil Water Tension.- 1. Changes in Tension with Time.- 2. Comment on Statistical Methods Used.- 3. Typical Tension Profiles.- V. Flow Rates - a First Approximation.- References.- Va. Methods of Investigating Micromorphology of Humus.- I. Introduction.- II. Description in the Field.- III. Investigations by Stereomicroscope.- IV. Technique of Investigating Ground Thin Sections.- 1. Sampling and Preparation.- 2. Microscopic Techniques.- a) Morphometry.- b) Chemical Techniques.- c) Optical Techniques.- V. Cut Thin Section Study and Debris Preparation.- 1. Sampling and Preparation.- 2. Microscopic Techniques.- VI. Particle and Fabric Analysis.- 1. Particle Analysis.- 2. Fabric Analysis.- VII. Application of Humus Micromorphology.- References.- Vb. Methods Used in Micromorphological and Micromorphometric Soil Studies.- I. Introduction.- II. Freeze-Drying Methods.- References.- W. Soil Chemical Differences between Beech and Spruce Sites - an Example of the Methods Used.- I. Introduction.- 1. General Framework.- 2. Research Area.- II. Soil Chemical Methods Used.- 1. Bioelement Stores.- a) Carbon and Nitrogen.- b) Phosphorus.- c) Cations.- d) Total Cation Exchange Capacity.- 2. Equilibrium Soil Solution and Schofield's Potentials.- 3. Exchange and Solubility Equilibria.- III. Sampling Procedures and Statistical Treatment of Data.- IV. Analytical Errors and Sampling Effects for Bioelement Content in Mineral Soil.- V. Carbon and Nitrogen Stores and pH.- VI. Phosphate Stores.- VII. Mobilizable Cation Stores.- VIII. Equivalent Fractions of Exchangeable Cations.- IX. Cation Equivalent Fractions in Equilibrium Soil Solution.- X. Schofield' Methods and Preliminary Results.- I. The Task.- II. The Measuring Stations.- 1. The Measuring Field on W 1.- 2. The Measuring Field on B 1.- 3. Other Measuring Fields.- III. Recording the Data.- IV. Type of Sensors.- V. Disposition of the Sensors.- VI. Methods of Determining the Components of the Heat Balance.- 1. The Sverdrup (Bowen) Method.- 2. Determination of Evapotranspiration by Brogmus' Formula.- VII. Preliminary Results.- References.- T. The Characterization of the Woodland Light Climate.- I. Introduction.- II. Light Measurements.- 1. Integrating Measurements.- 2. Instantaneous Measurements.- 3. Mapping the Spatial Distribution of Diffuse Light.- III. Some Results.- 1. Instantaneous Measurements.- 2. Integrating Measurements.- 3. Maps of the Distribution of Diffuse Light.- IV. Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- U. Aspects of Soil Water Behavior as Related to Beech and Spruce Stands. - Some Results of the Water Balance Investigations.- I. Introduction.- II. Climate, Geology and Soil.- III. Experimental Layout.- IV. Soil Water Tension.- 1. Changes in Tension with Time.- 2. Comment on Statistical Methods Used.- 3. Typical Tension Profiles.- V. Flow Rates - a First Approximation.- References.- Va. Methods of Investigating Micromorphology of Humus.- I. Introduction.- II. Description in the Field.- III. Investigations by Stereomicroscope.- IV. Technique of Investigating Ground Thin Sections.- 1. Sampling and Preparation.- 2. Microscopic Techniques.- a) Morphometry.- b) Chemical Techniques.- c) Optical Techniques.- V. Cut Thin Section Study and Debris Preparation.- 1. Sampling and Preparation.- 2. Microscopic Techniques.- VI. Particle and Fabric Analysis.- 1. Particle Analysis.- 2. Fabric Analysis.- VII. Application of Humus Micromorphology.- References.- Vb. Methods Used in Micromorphological and Micromorphometric Soil Studies.- I. Introduction.- II. Freeze-Drying Methods.- References.- W. Soil Chemical Differences between Beech and Spruce Sites - an Example of the Methods Used.- I. Introduction.- 1. General Framework.- 2. Research Area.- II. Soil Chemical Methods Used.- 1. Bioelement Stores.- a) Carbon and Nitrogen.- b) Phosphorus.- c) Cations.- d) Total Cation Exchange Capacity.- 2. Equilibrium Soil Solution and Schofield's Potentials.- 3. Exchange and Solubility Equilibria.- III. Sampling Procedures and Statistical Treatment of Data.- IV. Analytical Errors and Sampling Effects for Bioelement Content in Mineral Soil.- V. Carbon and Nitrogen Stores and pH.- VI. Phosphate Stores.- VII. Mobilizable Cation Stores.- VIII. Equivalent Fractions of Exchangeable Cations.- IX. Cation Equivalent Fractions in Equilibrium Soil Solution.- X. Schofield' Preliminary Report.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- 1. Determination of the Changes in the Composition of Species Caused by Fertilizing.- 2. Measurement of the Agriculturally Utilisable Production.- 3. Investigation of the Dynamics of Increment and Losses.- 4. Above-Ground Matter.- 5. Underground Matter.- 6. Determination of the Constituent Substances.- 7. Investigation of the Root Activity.- 8. Observation of the Root Systems.- III. Some Results.- 1. Changes in the Species Composition Caused by Fertilizing.- 2. The Utilizable Production.- 3. The Dynamics of Increment and Losses.- a) Above-Ground Matter.- b) Organic Matter Below Ground.- 4. The Constituent Substances.- 5. Root Activity.- IV. Further Investigations Proposed.- References.- J. Green Area Indices of Grassland Communities and Agricultural Crops under Different Fertilizing Conditions.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- III. Some Results.- 1. Grassland Communities.- 2. Agricultural Crops.- IV. Weight/Surface Ratio.- V. Comparison and Discussion of the Reported Data.- Reference.- K. Methodological Studies to Distinguish Functional from Non-functional Roots of Grassland Plants.- I. Introduction.- II. Material and Methods.- 1. Partial Chemical Characterisation of Cell-Wall Substances.- 2. Quantitative Determination of the Dehydrogenase Activity of Roots at Different Stages of Growth.- 3. Labelling with Carbon-14.- III. Some Results and Discussion.- References.- L. Determination of Energy Values.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- 1. Preparation of the Samples.- 2. Determination of Energy Value.- III. Some Results.- 1. Energy Values of Different Plants.- 2. Seasonal Variations.- 3. Influence of Different Fertilizer Treatment.- IV. Discussion.- References.- 2: Secondary Production.- M. Food and Energy Turnover of Leaf-eating Insects and their Influence on Primary Production.- I. Introduction.- II. Food and Energy Turnover.- III. Species Used for Productivity Studies.- IV. Methods of Measuring Population Density.- 1. Evaluation of Number of Viable Eggs Laid.- 2. Sampling from a Unit of Soil.- 3. Sampling Animals during Emergence.- a) Photo-Eclector of the Usual Shape and Function.- b) The Extraordinary Significance of Photo-Eclectors.- c) Photo-Eclectors for Larger Areas.- d) The Significance of Arboreal Photo-Eclectors in Population and Community Studies.- 4. Sampling in the Canopy Area in Respect of Fluctuations between Canopy and Ground Levels.- a) Census of Animals on Foliage Samples.- b) Census of Animals in Shaking Samples.- c) Calculation of Population Density in Old Beech Stands.- V. Preliminary Results in the Study of Production and Energy Turnover.- 1. Production of Imagines.- 2. Cost of Maintenance in Imagines.- VI. The Influence of Leaf-eating Insects on Primary Production.- References.- N. Studies in the Productivity of Lepidoptera Populations.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- 1. Population Dynamics.- a) Abundance of Eggs.- b) Abundance of Caterpillars.- c) Abundance of Pupae.- d) Abundance of Imagines.- 2. Food and Energy Turnover.- a) Determination of Production.- b) Determination of Respiration.- c) Determination of Assimilation.- III. Some Results.- References.- O. Food and Energy Turnover of Phytophagous and Predatory Arthropods - Methods Used to Study Energy Flow.- I. Introduction.- II. Production.- III. Respiration.- 1. Phytophagous Insects (Funke).- a) Animals Used for Measurements.- b) Respiratory Flasks.- c) Experimental Conditions.- d) Duration of Measurements.- e) Repetition of Measurements.- f) Determination of Respiratory Loss in Leaf Miners.- 2. Zoophagous Arthropods on the Ground Layer (Weidemann).- a) Animals Used for the Measurements.- b) Experimental Temperature and Humidity.- c) Duration of Measurements.- d) Repetition of Measurements.- 3. Calculation of Population Oxygen Consumption.- 4. Computation of Population Energy Loss Due to Respiration.- IV. Assimilation.- 1. Phytophagous Insects (Funke).- 2. Predatory Arthropods of the Ground Layer (Weidemann).- a) Food.- b) Determination of Assimilated Food.- c) Determination of Food Quantity.- d) Evaluation of Assimilation (also for Phytophagous Insects).- References.- P. Food and Energy Turnover of Predatory Arthropods of the Soil Surface. - Methods Used to Study Population Dynamics Standing Crop and Production.- I. Introduction.- II. Determination of Important Species in Relation to Productivity and Energy Flow.- III. Life Cycle and Population Dynamics.- 1. Phenology.- 2. Life Cycle.- 3. Population Dynamics.- a) Abundance of Eggs.- b) Abundance of Developmental Stages (Larvae) and Adults.- c) Abundance of Large Carabidae.- 4. Life Tables.- IV. Standing Crop.- V. Production.- 1. Total Production.- a) Production from Reproduction.- b) Production from Individual Growth.- 2. Minimum Production.- VI. Preliminary Results.- References.- Q. On the Abundance of Bacteria and Other Microorganisms.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods and Material.- 1. Sampling of the Soil.- 2. Preparing the Soil Suspensions for the Plate Counts.- 3. Solid Media Used for the Plate Counts.- a) Soil Extract Glucose Agar.- b) Malt Extract Agar.- c) Rose Bengal Malt Extract Agar.- 4. Liquid Media Used for Tube Counts.- a) Nitrite-and Nitrate-forming Bacteria.- b) N2-fixing Anaerobic Spore-forming Bacteria (Clostridia).- III. Preliminary Results.- References.- R. Microbial Transformation of Organic Material in the Soil.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods and Some Results.- 1. Cellulose.- 2. Lignin.- 3. Amino Acids.- 4. Enzymes.- 5. Tannins.- 6. Chlorophyll Content.- References.- 3: Environmental Conditions.- S. The Measurement of Climatic Elements which Determine Production in Various Plant Stands. - Methods and Preliminary Results.- I. The Task.- II. The Measuring Stations.- 1. The Measuring Field on W 1.- 2. The Measuring Field on B 1.- 3. Other Measuring Fields.- III. Recording the Data.- IV. Type of Sensors.- V. Disposition of the Sensors.- VI. Methods of Determining the Components of the Heat Balance.- 1. The Sverdrup (Bowen) Method.- 2. Determination of Evapotranspiration by Brogmus' Formula.- VII. Preliminary Results.- References.- T. The Characterization of the Woodland Light Climate.- I. Introduction.- II. Light Measurements.- 1. Integrating Measurements.- 2. Instantaneous Measurements.- 3. Mapping the Spatial Distribution of Diffuse Light.- III. Some Results.- 1. Instantaneous Measurements.- 2. Integrating Measurements.- 3. Maps of the Distribution of Diffuse Light.- IV. Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- U. Aspects of Soil Water Behavior as Related to Beech and Spruce Stands. - Some Results of the Water Balance Investigations.- I. Introduction.- II. Climate, Geology and Soil.- III. Experimental Layout.- IV. Soil Water Tension.- 1. Changes in Tension with Time.- 2. Comment on Statistical Methods Used.- 3. Typical Tension Profiles.- V. Flow Rates - a First Approximation.- References.- Va. Methods of Investigating Micromorphology of Humus.- I. Introduction.- II. Description in the Field.- III. Investigations by Stereomicroscope.- IV. Technique of Investigating Ground Thin Sections.- 1. Sampling and Preparation.- 2. Microscopic Techniques.- a) Morphometry.- b) Chemical Techniques.- c) Optical Techniques.- V. Cut Thin Section Study and Debris Preparation.- 1. Sampling and Preparation.- 2. Microscopic Techniques.- VI. Particle and Fabric Analysis.- 1. Particle Analysis.- 2. Fabric Analysis.- VII. Application of Humus Micromorphology.- References.- Vb. Methods Used in Micromorphological and Micromorphometric Soil Studies.- I. Introduction.- II. Freeze-Drying Methods.- References.- W. Soil Chemical Differences between Beech and Spruce Sites - an Example of the Methods Used.- I. Introduction.- 1. General Framework.- 2. Research Area.- II. Soil Chemical Methods Used.- 1. Bioelement Stores.- a) Carbon and Nitrogen.- b) Phosphorus.- c) Cations.- d) Total Cation Exchange Capacity.- 2. Equilibrium Soil Solution and Schofield's Potentials.- 3. Exchange and Solubility Equilibria.- III. Sampling Procedures and Statistical Treatment of Data.- IV. Analytical Errors and Sampling Effects for Bioelement Content in Mineral Soil.- V. Carbon and Nitrogen Stores and pH.- VI. Phosphate Stores.- VII. Mobilizable Cation Stores.- VIII. Equivalent Fractions of Exchangeable Cations.- IX. Cation Equivalent Fractions in Equilibrium Soil Solution.- X. Schofield's Potentials in Equilibrium Soil Solution.- XL Gapon Coefficients.- XII. Discussion.- References.- X. Investigations of the Content and the Production of Mineral Nitrogen in Soils.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- 1. Determination of Net Mineralization.- 2. Treatment of Samples.- 3. Analysis.- 4. Determination of Water Content and Volume-Weight, or "Area-Weight".- 5. Calculation of Nmin Content.- III. Some Results.- 1. Nmin Content of the Soil under Field Conditions.- a) Horizontal Distribution.- b) Vertical Distribution.- 2. Net Mineralization.- a) Significance of Differences between the Nmin Contents before and after 6 Weeks of Storage.- b) Vertical Distribution.- IV. Discussion.- 1. Methodological Consequences.- 2. Field Nmin Content.- 3. Net Mineralization.- V. Review of Further Results.- 1. Meadow Soils.- 2. Forest Soils.- References.- 4: Range of Validity of the Results.- Y. Phenological Comparisons of the Forest Research Area in the Soiling with Similar Forests in Other Mountain Ranges.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- 1. Interpretation of the Vegetative Phases in Spring and Early Summer.- a) General.- b) The Development Phases of Deciduous Trees.- c) Conifers.- d) Herbs and Grasses.- 2. Interpretation of the Generative Phases for All Categories of Plants.- 3. Observation of the Autumn Aspect.- III. Phenological Comparison of Solling with Other Regions.- IV. Comparison of Phenological Development with Photosynthetic Activity 207 References.- Z. Results of a Grassland Mapping in the High Soiling.- I. Grassland Communities Mapped.- II. Applicability Range of the Production Studies.- References.