Uncertainty and Optimization in Structural Mechanics

PREFACE ix CHAPTER 1. UNCERTAINTY 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The optimization problem 3 1.3. Sources of uncertainty 4 1.4. Dealing with uncertainty 6 1.4.1. Reliability optimization 11 1.4.2. Robust optimization 12 1.4.3. Multi-object optimization 13 1.4.4. Stochastic optimization 14 1.4.5. Worst-case scenario based optimization 14 1.4.6. Non-probabilistic optimization 15 1.4.7. Interval modeling 15 1.4.8. Fuzzy sets 15 1.5. Analyzing sensitivity 16 1.5.1. Local sensitivity analysis 16 1.5.2. Global sensitivity analysis 16 CHAPTER 2. RELIABILITY IN MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 17 2.1. Introduction 17 2.2. A structure reliability problem 18 2.3. Modeling a structure reliability problem 18 2.3.1. A deterministic mechanical model 18 2.3.2. Risks and probabilistic modeling 18 2.3.3. Types of failure in a structure 19 2.3.4. Probability of failure in a structure 19 2.4. Calculating the probability of failure in a structure 20 2.4.1. Calculating the probability of failure using the Monte Carlo method 20 2.4.2. Calculating the probability of failure using a reliability index 21 2.5. Reliability indices 21 2.5.1. The Rjanitzyne-Cornell index 21 2.5.2. The Hasofer-Lind index 22 2.5.3. The FORM method 23 2.5.4. The SORM method 25 2.6. Overview of the resistance-sollicitation problem 26 2.6.1. Probability of failure 27 2.6.2. Reliability indices 28 2.7. System reliability in mechanics 33 2.7.1. Combinations of types of failure 34 2.7.2. Assessment of the failure probability of a system 35 2.8. The finite element method and structural reliability 36 2.8.1. Context and objectives of the problem 36 2.8.2. Discretization and modeling random fields 36 2.8.3. Mechano-reliability coupling 37 2.8.4. Surface response coupling 41 CHAPTER 3. OPTIMAL STRUCTURAL DESIGN 43 3.1. Introduction 43 3.2. Historical development of structural optimization 44 3.3. Classifying structural optimization problems 44 3.3.1. Dimensional optimization 45 3.3.2. Topological optimization 45 3.3.3. Shape optimization 47 CHAPTER 4. MULTI-OBJECT OPTIMIZATION WITH UNCERTAINTY 51 4.1. Introduction 51 4.1.1. Choice of an optimization method 52 4.1.2. Classifying optimization methods 52 4.2. User classification 53 4.3. Design classification 54 4.4. Multi-objective genetic algorithms 54 4.5. Robust multi-objective optimization 56 4.5.1. Robustness criteria in multi-objective optimization 56 4.6. Normal boundary intersection method 57 4.6.1. Description of the NBI method 58 4.7. Multi-objective structural optimization problem 66 CHAPTER 5. ROBUST OPTIMIZATION 69 5.1. Introduction 69 5.2. Modeling uncertainty 69 5.2.1. Parametric methods 70 5.2.2. Non-parametric methods 71 5.3. Accounting for robustness in optimum research 73 5.4. Robustness criteria 74 5.4.1. Defining uncertainty in design parameters 74 5.4.2. Robustness criteria in multi-objective optimization 75 5.5. Resolution method 76 5.6. Examples of mono-objective optimization 77 CHAPTER 6. RELIABILITY OPTIMIZATION 79 6.1. Introduction 79 6.2. Overview of reliability optimization 80 6.3. Reliability optimization methods 81 6.4. The reliability indicator approach 81 6.5. The single-loop approach 82 6.6. The sequential optimization and reliability assessment approach 87 CHAPTER 7. OPTIMAL SECURITY FACTORS APPROACH 93 7.1. Introduction 93 7.2. Standard method 93 7.3. The optimal security factors (OSFs) method 95 7.4. Extension of the OSF method to multiple failure scenarios 99 CHAPTER 8. RELIABILITY-BASED TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION 113 8.1. Introduction 113 8.2. Definitions in topology optimization 114 8.3. Topology optimization methods 115 8.4. Reliability coupling and topology optimization 118 8.5. Illustration and validation of the RBTO model 120 8.6. Application of the RBTO model to mechanics 122 8.6.1. Static analysis 122 8.6.2. Modal analysis 123 BIBLIOGRAPHY 125 INDEX 131