IP Routing on Cisco IOS, IOS XE, and IOS XR

Name: IP Routing on Cisco IOS, IOS XE, and IOS XR | An Essential Guide to Understanding and Implementing IP Routing Protocols
Brand: Cisco Press
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An Essential Guide to Understanding and Implementing IP Routing Protocols

Bradley Edgeworth Aaron Foss Ramiro Garza Rios(Author)

Cisco Press

Published on 24. December 2014

Book

Paperback/Softback

1152 pages

978-1-58714-423-3 (ISBN)

€93.64incl. 7% vat

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Description

An Essential Guide to Understanding and Implementing IP Routing Protocols

Cisco's authoritative single-source guide to IP routing protocols for enterprise and service provider environments

Service providers and large enterprises are converging on a common IP infrastructure that supports rapid deployment of high-value services. Demand is soaring for highly skilled IP network engineers who can implement and run these infrastructures. Now, one source combines reliable knowledge about contemporary IP routing protocols and expert hands-on guidance for using them with Cisco IOS, IOS XE, and IOS XR operating systems.

After concisely reviewing the basics, three Cisco experts fully explain static routing, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP routing protocols. Next, they introduce advanced routing with policies and redistribution, sophisticated BGP-based traffic engineering, and multicast. They present comprehensive coverage of IPv6, from its multicast implementation to its completely revamped address structure. Finally, they discuss advanced high availability techniques, including fast routing convergence.

IP Routing on Cisco IOS, IOS XE, and IOS XR presents each protocol conceptually, with intuitive illustrations, realistic configurations, and appropriate output. To help IOS users master IOS XE and IOS XR, differences in operating systems are explicitly
identified, and side-by-side feature command references are presented.

All content fully aligns with Learning@Cisco, providing efficient self-study for multiple Cisco Career Certifications, including CCNA (R)/CCNP (R)/CCIE (R) Service Provider, CCIE Routing & Switching, Cisco IOS XR Specialist Certification, and the routing components of several additional Cisco Certifications.

Brad Edgeworth, CCIE No. 31574 (R&S & SP) has been with Cisco since 2011 as Systems Engineer and Technical Leader. Formerly a network architect and consultant for various Fortune (R) 500 companies, his 18 years of IT experience includes extensive architectural and operational work in enterprise and service provider environments. He is a Cisco Live distinguished speaker presenting on IOS XR.

Aaron Foss, CCIE No. 18761 (R&S & SP), a High Touch Engineer with the Cisco Focused Technical Support (FTS) organization, works with large service providers to troubleshoot MPLS, QoS, and IP routing issues. He has more than 15 years of experience designing, deploying, and troubleshooting IP networks.

Ramiro Garza Rios, CCIE No. 15469 (R&S, SP, and Security), Senior Network Consulting Engineer with Cisco Advanced Services, plans, designs, implements, and optimizes next-generation service provider networks. Before joining Cisco in 2005, he was Network Consulting and Presales Engineer for a Cisco Gold Partner in Mexico, where he planned and deployed both enterprise and service provider networks.

Foreword by Norm Dunn, Senior Product Manager, Learning@Cisco Global Product Management, Service Provider Portfolio

Understand how IOS (R), IOS XE, and IOS XR operating systems compare
Master IPv4 concepts, addressing structure, and subnetting
Learn how routers and routing protocols work, and how connected networks and static routes behave from the router's perspective
Work with EIGRP and distance vector routing
Deploy basic and advanced OSPF, including powerful techniques for organizing routing domains, path selection, and optimization
Compare IS-IS with OSPF, and implement advanced IS-IS multilevel routing, optimization, and path selection
Make the most of BGP and route manipulation, including IOS/IOS XE route maps and IOS XR's highly scalable Route Policy Language
Use advanced policy-based route manipulation and filtering
Implement route redistribution: rules, potential problems, and solutions
Leverage BGP communities, summaries, and other router conservation techniques
Discover how IPv6 changes IP address and command structure
Establish highly efficient multicast routing in IPv4 and IPv6 environments
Systematically improve network availability and operational uptime through event driven detection and fast routing convergence

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Persons

Brad Edgeworth, CCIE No. 31574 (R&S & SP), has been with Cisco since 2011, working as a Systems Engineer and a Technical Leader. Brad is a distinguished speaker at Cisco Live, where he has presented on IOS XR. Before joining Cisco, Brad worked as a network architect and consultant for various Fortune 500 companies. Brad's other certifications include Cisco Certified Design Professional (CCDP) and Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE). Brad has been working in the IT field for the past 18 years, with an emphasis on enterprise and service provider environments from an architectural and operational perspective. Brad holds a bachelor of arts degree in computer systems management from St. Edward's University in Austin, Texas.

Aaron Foss, CCIE No. 18761 (R&S & SP), is a High Touch Engineer with Cisco's Focused Technical Support (FTS) organization. He works with large service providers to troubleshoot issues relating to Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), quality of service (QoS), and IP routing protocols. Aaron has more than 15 years of experience designing, deploying, and troubleshooting IP networks. He holds a bachelor of science degree in management information systems from Rochester Institute of Technology.

Ramiro Garza Rios, CCIE No. 15469 (R&S, SP, and Security), is a Senior Network Consulting Engineer with Cisco Advanced Services. His current role consists of planning, designing, implementing, and optimizing next-generation (NGN) service provider networks in the United States. He has been with Cisco for more than 8 years and has 14 years of networking industry experience. Before joining Cisco, Ramiro was a Network Consulting and Presales Engineer for a Cisco Gold Partner in Mexico, where he was involved in the planning, design, and implementation of many enterprise and service provider networks. He holds a bachelor of science degree in electronic engineering from the Instituto Tecnologico de Reynosa and lives with his wife and four children in Cary, North Carolina.

Content

Contents

Foreword

Introduction

Part I Network Fundamentals

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Operating Systems 1

IOS, IOS XE, and IOS XR Software Architecture 1

 IOS 1

  Kernel and OS Scheduling 2

  Memory Management 2

  Software Packaging 2

 IOS XE 4

  Kernel and OS Scheduling 4

  Memory Management 4

 IOS XR 5

  Kernel and OS Scheduling 5

  Memory Management 5

 Software Packaging 6

 Debugging 8

CLI and Configuration 8

 IOS 9

  User Mode 9

  Privileged Mode 10

  Global Configuration Mode 10

  Configuration Archiving 11

  Configuration Replace 13

 IOS XR 14

  Viewing Changes in the SysDB 17

  Commit Label 18

  Commit Replace 19

  Failed Commits 20

  Configuration Rollback 21

  Commit Confirmed 22

  Multiple Commit Options 23

  Loading Files for Changes 24

  Hierarchical Configuration 24

  PWD 26

  Root 26

Summary 27

References in This Chapter 27

Chapter 2 IPv4 Addressing 29

IP Fundamentals 29

Understanding Binary 31

Address Classes 34

Subnet Masks and Subnetting 35

 Subnet Mask Purpose 36

 Calculating Usable IP Addresses 37

 Network Prefix Notation 38

 Subnetting 38

  Subnet Field 39

  Subnet Math 41

 Subnet Design 46

Classless Interdomain Routing 49

 Classful Versus Classless Routing 50

  Classful Routing 50

  Classless Routing 53

 Variable-Length Subnet Masks 55

 Summarization 56

Private IP Addressing 58

Special IP Addresses 59

IPv4 Address Configuration 60

Wildcard Subnet Masks 62

Summary 64

References in This Chapter 65

Chapter 3 How a Router Works 67

IP Routing 67

 Distance Vector Algorithms 69

 Enhanced Distance Vector Algorithm 70

 Link-State Algorithms 70

 Path Vector Algorithm 71

 Routing Table 72

  Prefix Length 73

  Administrative Distance 73

  Metrics 75

 Virtual Routing and Forwarding 76

IP Packet Switching 83

 Process Switching 84

 Cisco Express Forwarding 85

  Software CEF 87

  Hardware CEF 88

Planes of Operation 89

References in This Chapter 90

Part II Routing Protocols

Chapter 4 Static Routing 91

Connected Networks 91

Secondary Connected Networks 94

Static Routing Fundamentals 94

 Point-to-Point Interfaces 96

 Broadcast Interfaces 98

 Default Route 99

 Floating Static Routing 103

 Recursive Lookup 105

 Multihop Routing 108

  Single Recursive Lookup 108

  Multiple Recursive Lookups 109

 Problems with Static Route Recursion 112

Null Interface 116

Static VRF Routes 121

References in This Chapter 124

Chapter 5 EIGRP 125

EIGRP Fundamentals 125

EIGRP Neighbors 126

 Inter-Router Communication 126

 Forming EIGRP Neighbors 128

Classic EIGRP Autonomous System Configuration 131

 IOS network Statement 132

 IOS XR 134

 Passive Interfaces 134

 Sample Topology and Configuration 134

 Confirmation of Interfaces 136

 Verification of EIGRP Neighbor Adjacencies 139

 Display of Installed EIGRP Routes 140

Router ID 141

EIGRP Terminology 142

Topology Table 143

Path Metric Calculation 145

 Custom K Values 148

 Interface Delay Settings 149

 Load Balancing 151

 EIGRP Wide Metrics 153

Failure Detection and Timers 155

 Convergence 156

 Stuck in Active 159

Stub 160

 Design Considerations with EIGRP Stubs 164

Summarization 166

 Interface-Specific Summarization 166

 Summarization Metrics 171

 Advertising a Default Route 172

 Automatic Summarization 172

Authentication 174

 Enabling Authentication on the interface 174

 Key Chain Configuration 174

 WAN Considerations 177

  IP Bandwidth Percent 177

 Split Horizon 179

 Next-Hop Self 182

EIGRP Named Configuration 184

 Address Family Instance Configuration 185

 Address Family Interface Configuration 186

 Address Family Topology Configuration 188

Summary 189

References in This Chapter 189

Chapter 6 OSPF 191

OSPF Fundamentals 191

 Inter-Router Communication 193

 OSPF Hello Packets 194

 Router ID 195

 Neighbors 196

 Forming OSPF Neighbor Adjacencies 197

 Basic OSPF Configuration 202

  IOS network Statement 202

  IOS Interface Specific 204

  IOS XR 205

 Passive Interfaces 205

 Sample Topology and Configuration 206

 Confirmation of Interfaces 208

 Verification of OSPF Neighbor Adjacencies 209

 Verification of OSPF Routes 211

Designated Router and Backup Designated Router 212

 Designated Router Elections 214

 DR and BDR Placement 216

Failure Detection 219

 Hello Timer 219

 Dead Interval Timer 219

 Verifying OSPF Timers 220

 OSPF Fast Packet Hellos 220

OSPF Network Types 221

 Broadcast 221

 Non-Broadcast 222

 Point-to-Point Networks 224

 Point-to-Multipoint Networks 225

 Loopback Networks 229

 Review of OSPF Network Types 231

 OSPF Adjacency with Different OSPF Network Types 231

Link Costs 235

Authentication 236

 IOS Support for OSPF Authentication 236

 IOS XR Support for OSPF Authentication 236

Summary 239

References in This Chapter 240

Chapter 7 Advanced OSPF 241

Areas 241

 Area ID 245

 OSPF Route Types 246

  External OSPF Routes 247

Link-State Announcements 249

 LSA Age and Flooding 251

 LSA Types 251

  LSA Type 1: Router Link 252

  LSA Type 2: Network Link 257

  LSA Type 3: Summary Link 259

  LSA Type 5: External Routes 263

  LSA Type 4: ASBR Summary 265

  LSA Type 7: NSSA External Summary 268

  LSA Type Summary 270

OSPF Path Selection 270

 Intra-Area Routes 271

 Interarea Routes 272

 External Route Selection 272

 E1 and N1 External Routes 273

 E2 and N2 External Routes 273

 Equal Cost Multi-Path 274

Summarization of Routes 274

 Interarea Summarization 276

 External Summarization 280

 Default Route 283

OSPF Stubby Areas 286

 Stub Areas 286

 Totally Stubby Areas 289

 Not-So-Stubby Areas 292

 Totally NSSA Areas 295

Virtual Links 298

Discontiguous Network 301

Multi-Area Adjacency 304

Prefix Suppression 308

Summary 313

References in This Chapter 314

Chapter 8 IS-IS 315

IS-IS Fundamentals 315

 Areas 318

 OSI Addressing 319

  Inter-Domain Part 320

  Domain Specific Part 321

  NET Addressing 322

Inter-Router Communication 323

 IS Protocol Header 325

 TLVs 326

 IS PDU Addressing 326

 Hello Packets 327

 Link-State Packets 329

  LSP Lifetime 329

  LSP ID 330

  LSP Sequence 331

  Attribute Fields 331

  LSP Packet and TLVs 332

 IS-IS Neighbor 333

  Ethernet 333

  Point-to-Point 338

Basic IS-IS Configuration 340

 IOS 340

 IOS XR 340

 Sample Topology and Configuration 341

 Confirmation of IS-IS Interfaces 343

 Verification of IS-IS Neighbor Adjacencies 346

 Verification of IS-IS Routes 347

Designated Intermediate System 348

 DIS Elections 351

 DIS Placement 352

Point-to-Point Adjacency on Broadcast Media 353

Link State Packet Database 355

 Viewing the LSPDB 356

  Non-Pseudonode LSPs 357

  Pseudonode LSPs 358

 Building the Topology 359

 Viewing the Topology 360

 SPF Calculations 361

Passive Interfaces 362

Removal of Hello Padding 364

Failure Detection 366

 Hello Timer 366

 Hello Multiplier and Holding Timer 367

Authentication 367

 IS-IS Hello Authentication 367

 IS-IS LSP Authentication 368

Summary 371

References in This Chapter 372

Chapter 9 Advanced IS-IS 373

Advanced IS-IS Routing 373

 Route Leaking 377

 Backbone Continuity 380

 Loop Prevention 382

 Router-Specific IS-IS Levels 384

 Interface Specific IS-IS Levels 385

Path Selection 386

 Equal Cost Multi-Path 387

 Interface Metrics 387

 Overload Bit 394

Summarization 396

Default Routes 400

Prefix Suppression 401

Summary 405

References in This Chapter 406

Chapter 10 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 407

BGP Fundamentals 408

 Autonomous System Numbers 408

 Path Attributes 409

 Loop Prevention 409

 Address Families 410

Inter-Router Communication 410

 Open Messages 412

  Hold Time 412

  BGP Identifier 413

 Keepalive Messages 413

 Update Messages 413

 Notification Messages 414

 BGP Sessions 415

BGP Neighbor States 415

 Idle State 415

 Connect State 415

 Active State 416

 OpenSent State 416

 OpenConfirm State 417

 Established State 417

Basic BGP Configuration 418

 IOS 419

 IOS XR 420

 Verification of BGP Sessions 421

 Prefix Advertisement 425

 Receiving and Viewing Routes 427

iBGP 431

 iBGP Full-Mesh Requirement 432

 Peering via Loopback Addresses 433

eBGP 438

 eBGP and iBGP Topologies 442

 Next-Hop Manipulation 444

iBGP Scalability 446

 Route Reflectors 446

  Loop Prevention in Route Reflectors 451

  Out-of-Band Route Reflectors 453

 Confederations 453

Failure Detection 459

Security 459

 eBGP Multihop 459

 TTL Security 461

Summary 463

References in This Chapter 465

Part III Advanced Routing Techniques

Chapter 11 Route Maps and Route Policy 467

Access Control Lists 467

 Standard ACLs 468

 Extended ACLs 469

  IGP Network Selection 469

  BGP Network Selection 470

Prefix Matching 471

 Prefix Lists 473

 Prefix Sets 474

 Regular Expressions 475

  _ (Underscore) 477

  ^ (Caret) 478

$ (Dollar Sign) 478

[ ] (Brackets) 479

 - (Hyphen) 479

[^] (Caret in Brackets) 480

 ( ) (Parentheses and | Pipe) 480

 . (Period) 481

 + (Plus Sign) 481

 ? (Question Mark) 481

 * (Asterisk) 482

 Looking Glass and Route Servers 483

AS_Path Access List 484

IOS XR AS_Path Selection Options 484

 is-local 485

 length 485

 unique-length 486

 passes-through 486

 neighbor-is 487

 originates-from 487

 AS Path Set 488

Route Maps 488

 Conditional Matching 490

  Multiple Conditional Match Conditions 491

  Complex Matching 491

 Optional Actions 492

 Continue 493

 Route Map Examples 494

Routing Policy Language 496

 Route Policy Structure 496

 Match Statements 497

 Attribute Modification 498

 Common Route Policy Structure 499

 Boolean Operators 504

  Negation 504

  Conjunction 504

  Disjunction 505

  Order of Processing 505

 Comparing Prefix Sets to Prefix Lists 506

 Parameterization 507

 Route Policy Nesting 510

 Original Value 511

 Editors 512

 RPL Examples 513

 RPL Verification 515

  Redistribution RPL Verification 516

  BGP RPL Verification 517

References in This Chapter 519

Chapter 12 Advanced Route Manipulation 521

Conditional Routing of Packets 521

 Policy-Based Routing Configuration 522

 Access-List-Based Forwarding Configuration 523

 Local PBR 525

Administrative Distance 526

 Modifying EIGRP AD 528

 Modifying OSPF AD 529

 Modifying IS-IS AD 531

 Modifying BGP AD 532

Route Filtering and Manipulation 534

 EIGRP Filtering by Prefix 534

 EIGRP Filtering by Hop Count 538

 EIGRP Offset Lists 538

 OSPF Filtering (Local) 541

 OSPF Filtering (Area) 543

 IS-IS Filtering (Local) 546

 BGP Filtering 546

 Clearing BGP Connections 549

Summary 550

References in This Chapter 550

Chapter 13 Route Redistribution 551

Redistribution Basics 553

 Redistribution Is Not Transitive 553

 Sequential Protocol Redistribution 555

 Routes Must Exist in the RIB 555

 Metrics 558

Protocol-Specific Configuration 558

 Source-Specific Behaviors 560

  Connected Networks 561

  IS-IS 561

 BGP 562

 Destination-Specific Behaviors 563

 EIGRP 563

 OSPF 568

 IS-IS 576

 BGP 580

Challenges with Redistribution 582

 Route Feedback 583

 Suboptimal Routing 584

 Invalid Routing Tables 589

 Routing Loops 590

 Methods to Avoid Routing Loops 593

  Prefix Filtering 593

  Tagging 595

  Increase Seed Metrics 598

  Administrative Distance 601

  Summarization on Redistributing Router 603

 Solutions to Redistribution Challenges 606

Summary 606

References in This Chapter 607

Part IV Advanced BGP

Chapter 14 Advanced BGP 609

BGP Communities 609

 Enabling BGP Community Support 610

 Well-Known Communities 611

  Internet 611

  No_Export 611

  No_Advertise 614

  No_Export_SubConfed 617

 Conditionally Matching BGP Communities 620

  Community Set 621

  Inline 622

  Setting Private BGP Communities 625

Route Summarization 628

 Aggregate Address 629

 Flexible Route Suppression 632

  Selective Prefix Suppression 632

  Leaking Suppressed Routes 634

 Atomic Aggregate 637

 Route Aggregation with AS_SET 639

 Route Aggregation with Selective Advertisement of AS_Set 641

Default Route Advertisement 643

Default Route Advertisement Per Neighbor 644

Conditional Route Advertisement 645

Outbound Route Filtering 647

Backdoor Networks 649

Maximum Autonomous System 652

Maximum Prefix 654

Remove Private Autonomous System 656

Allow Autonomous System 658

Local Autonomous System 660

Configuration Scalability 664

 IOS Peer Groups 664

 IOS Peer Templates 665

 IOS XR Configuration Templates 667

Summary 668

References in This Chapter 669

Chapter 15 BGP Best Path Selection 671

BGP Best Path Overview 672

 Weight 673

 Local Preference 679

 Locally Originated via Network or Aggregate Advertisement 684

 Accumulated Interior Gateway Protocol 686

 Shortest AS_Path 694

 Origin Type 700

 Multi-Exit Discriminator 704

  Missing MED behavior 709

  Always Compare Med 711

  BGP Deterministic MED 713

 eBGP over iBGP 714

 Lowest IGP Metric 718

 Prefer the Oldest EBGP Path 720

 Router ID 720

 Minimum Cluster List Length 721

 Lowest Neighbor Address 722

BGP ECMP 723

 eBGP and iBGP Multipath 723

 eiBGP Multipath 726

  R1 729

  R2 730

  XR3 730

  XR4 730

  XR5 731

 AS_Path Relax 731

Suboptimal Routing with Route Reflectors 733

 Additional Route Reflector 734

 Shadow Route Reflector 735

 Shadow Session Route Reflector 738

 BGP Add-Path 739

Summary 742

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