Ecosystems and Human Activity

Ecosystems, management and policies: systems; trophic levels; gross and net primary productivity. Tropical rainforests - ecology: the Gola Forest. Tropical rainforests - management: the Gola Forest; the greenhouse effect and albedo; island biogeography and nature reserves. Temperate deciduous woodland - management: Bialowieza Forest, Poland; Coed-Cymru; coppice management and National Power, England and Wales; photosynthesis and the carbon cycle. Native and non-native boreal forests: Caledonian pine forests; Nagshead Nature Reserve; aforestation and stream acidity. Changing ecosystems, natural succession and management. Management of shrubland communities. Agriculture and trampling in temperate grasslands: the prairies of North America; the Spanish Steppes. Wetlands - agriculture and peat extraction: management of peat bogs - Thorne and Hatfield Moors. Cultivated land and wildlife in the EC: subsidies in the UK; organic pollution. Estuaries, industry and energy: the Firth of Forth, Scotland; the Tagus estuary, Portugal. Oceans and open seas - resource management: the North Sea; sustainable harvesting; optimal exploitation rate. Coral reefs - ecosystems under pressure: Indonesia; El Nino and the Southern Oscillation. Land-use conflict in the Coto Donana.