Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

1. : EARTHQUAKES AND GROUND MOTION; 1.1 INTERIOR OF EARTH; 1.2 CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES; 1.2.1 INDIAN PLATE AND HIMALAYA EARTHQUAKES; 1.2.2 ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY; 1.2.3 PLATE TECTONIC THEORY; 1.2.4 CAUSES OF VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKES; 1.3 NATURE AND OCCURRENCE OF EARTHQUAKES; 1.4 SEISMIC WAVES; 1.5 GRAPHICAL METHOD OF LOCATING EARTHQUAKES; 1.6 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES; 1.7 CONSEQUENCES OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE; 1.8 MEASUREMENTS OF EARTHQUAKES; 1.8.1 INTENSITY; 1.8.2 MAGNITUDE; 1.8.3 MOMENT MAGNITUDE; 1.8.4 MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY IN SEISMIC REGIONS; 1.8.5 SEISMOGRAPHS; 1.9 STRONG GROUND MOTION; 1.10 LOCAL SITE EFFECTS; 1.10.1 TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS; 1.10.2 BASIN EFFECTS; 1.10.3 LATERAL DISCONTINUITY EFFECTS; 1.11 CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKES; 1.12 SEISMIC ZONING; 1.13 RESPONSE OF STRUCTURE TO EARTHQUAKE MOTION; 1.14 SEISMIC DESIGN; 2. : DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURES AND SEISMIC RESPONSE; 2.1 MODELLING OF STRUCTURES; 2.1.1 LUMPED MASS APPROACH; 2.1.2 GENERALIZED DISPLACEMENT PROCEDURE; 2.1.3 FINITE ELEMENT PROCEDURE; 2.2 EQUATIONS OF MOTION; 2.2.1 DIRECT EQUILIBRATION USING D'ALEMBERT'S PRINCIPLE; 2.2.2 PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL DISPLACEMENTS; 2.2.3 ENERGY METHOD-HAMILTON'S PRINCIPLE; 2.3 SYSTEMS WITH SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM; 2.4 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF SINGLE-STOREY STRUCTURE; 2.4.1 FREE VIBRATION RESPONSE; 2.4.2 FORCED VIBRATION RESPONSE; 2.5 SEISMIC RESPONSE OF SDOF STRUCTURES; 2.5.1 ELASTIC SEISMIC RESPONSE; 2.5.2 INELASTIC SEISMIC RESPONSE; 2.6 RESPONSE SPECTRUM; 2.6.1 ELASTIC SYSTEMS; 2.6.2 INELASTIC SYSTEMS; 2.7 DESIGN SPECTRUM; 2.7.1 ELASTIC SYSTEMS; 2.7.2 INELASTIC SYSTEMS; 2.8 SYSTEMS WITH MULTIPLE DEGREES OF FREEDOM; 2.8.1 EQUATIONS OF MOTION; 2.9 PERIODS AND MODES OF VIBRATION OF MDOF SYSTEMS; 2.10 ELASTIC RESPONSE OF MDOF SYSTEMS; 2.11 INELASTIC RESPONSE OF MDOF SYSTEMS; 2.12 RESTORING FORCE; 2.13 DAMPING; 2.14 DAMPING VALUES FOR BUILDING; 2.15 UNCERTAINTIES OF DYNAMIC ANALYSIS; 3. : DYNAMICS OF SOILS AND SEISMIC RESPONSE; 3.1 STRESS CONDITIONS OF SOIL ELEMENT; 3.2 DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF SOIL; 3.2.1 SETTLEMENT OF DRY SANDS; 3.2.2 LIQUEFACTION OF SATURATED COHESIONLESS SOILS; 3.3 DYNAMIC DESIGN PARAMETERS OF SOILS; 3.3.1 SHEAR MODULUS; 3.3.2 DAMPING; 3.4 SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION; 3.5 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SOIL-STRUCTURE SYSTEMS; 3.5.1 SOIL MODELS; 3.5.2 METHODS OF ANALYSIS; 3.6 SEISMIC CONSIDERATION FOR FOUNDATIONS; 3.6.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS (SPREAD FOOTING); 3.6.2 DEEP FOUNDATIONS (PILE FOUNDATION); 3.7 TEST OF SOIL CHARACTERISTICS; 3.7.1 FIELD TESTS; 3.7.2 LABORATORY TEST; 4. : CONCEPTUAL DESIGN; 4.1 CONTINUOUS LOAD PATH; 4.2 OVERALL FORM; 4.3 SIMPLICITY, UNIFORMITY, AND SYMMETRY; 4.4 ELONGATED SHAPES; 4.5 STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH; 4.6 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL MEMBERS; 4.7 TWISTING OF BUILDINGS; 4.8 DUCTILITY; 4.9 FLEXIBLE BUILDING; 4.10 FUNCTIONAL PLANNING; 4.11 FRAMING SYSTEMS; 4.12 EFFECT OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; 4.13 CHOICE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS; 5. : CODE-BASED ANALYSIS METHODS AND DESIGN APPROACHES; 5.1 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS; 5.1.1 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR CONFIGURATIONS; 5.2 DESIGN EARTHQUAKE LOADS; 5.2.1 DESIGN HORIZONTAL EARTHQUAKE LOAD; 5.2.2 DESIGN VERTICAL EARTHQUAKE LOAD; 5.2.3 COMBINATION FOR TWO- OR THREE-COMPONENT MOTION; 5.2.4 BASIC LOAD COMBINATIONS; 5.3 PERMISSIBLE STRESS; 5.4 SEISMIC METHODS OF ANALYSIS; 5.4.1 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS; 5.4.2 METHODS OF ELASTIC ANALYSIS; 5.4.3 LIMITATIONS OF EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE AND RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS PROCEDURES; 5.4.4 EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE VS RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS PROCEDURE; 5.5 FACTORS IN SEISMIC ANALYSIS; 5.5.1 ZONE FACTOR; 5.5.2 IMPORTANCE FACTOR; 5.5.3 RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR; 5.5.4 FUNDAMENTAL NATURAL PERIOD; 5.5.5 DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM; 5.6 SEISMIC BASE SHEAR; 5.7 SEISMIC WEIGHT; 5.8 DISTRIBUTION OF DESIGN FORCE; 5.8.1 EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD; 5.8.2 RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD; 5.9 TIME HISTORY METHOD; 5.10 TORSION; 5.11 SOFT AND WEAK STOREYS IN CONSTRUCTION; 5.12 OVERTURNING MOMENT; 5.13 OTHER STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS; 5.13.1 STOREY DRIFT; 5.13.2 DEFORMATION COMPATIBILITY OF NON-SEISMIC MEMBERS; 5.13.3 SEPARATION BETWEEN ADJACENT UNITS; 5.13.4 FOUNDATIONS; 5.13.5 CANTILEVER PROJECTIONS; 5.13.6 COMPOUND WALLS; 5.13.7 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN PARTS; 5.14 EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN METHODS; 5.15 SEISMIC RESPONSE CONTROL; 5.16 SEISMIC RESPONSE CONTROL SYSTEMS; 5.17 PASSIVE SEISMIC CONTROL SYSTEM; 5.17.1 BASE ISOLATION AND ISOLATING DEVICES; 5.17.2 ENERGY DISSIPATION AND DISSIPATING DEVICES-DAMPERS; 5.17.3 DYNAMIC OSCILLATORS; 5.18 ACTIVE SEISMIC CONTROL SYSTEM; 5.19 HYBRID SEISMIC CONTROL SYSTEMS; 5.20 SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS; APPENDIX 5.A THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION GOVERNING FREE VIBRATION; 6. : MASONRY BUILDINGS; 6.1 CATEGORIES OF MASONRY BUILDINGS; 6.2 BEHAVIOUR OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS; 6.3 BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS; 6.4 BEHAVIOUR OF WALLS-BOX ACTION AND BANDS; 6.5 BEHAVIOUR OF INFILL WALLS; 6.6 CONFINED MASONRY CONSTRUCTION; 6.7 IMPROVING SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF MASONRY BUILDINGS; 6.8 LOADS COMBINATIONS AND PERMISSIBLE STRESSES; 6.9 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS; 6.10 SEISMIC DESIGN OF MASONRY BUILDING; 6.11 RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING OF MASONRY WALLS; 6.11.1 GROUTING; 6.11.2 GUNITING; 6.11.3 PRESTRESSING; 6.11.4 EXTERNAL BINDING; 6.11.5 INSERTING NEW WALLS; 7. : TIMBER BUILDINGS; 7.1 STRUCTURAL FORM; 7.2 CONNECTIONS; 7.2.1 NAILED JOINTS; 7.2.2 BOLTED JOINTS; 7.2.3 CONNECTOR JOINTS; 7.2.4 FINGER JOINTS; 7.3 LATERAL LOAD TRANSFER IN TIMBER BUILDINGS; 7.4 FLOORS AND ROOFS; 7.5 TIMBER SHEAR PANEL CONSTRUCTION; 7.6 STUD-WALL CONSTRUCTION; 7.7 BRICK-NOGGED TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION; 7.8 SUBSTRUCTURE; 7.9 SITE RESPONSE; 7.10 DUCTILE BEHAVIOUR OF JOINTS; 7.11 FIRE RESISTANCE; 7.12 DECAY; 7.13 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES; 7.14 RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING; 7.14.1 STRENGTHENING OF SLABS; 8. : REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS; 8.1 DAMAGE TO RCC BUILDINGS; 8.2 PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN OF RCC MEMBERS; 8.2.1 DUCTILE FAILURE; 8.3 INTERACTION BETWEEN CONCRETE AND STEEL; 8.4 CONCRETE DETAILING-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS; 8.5 FLEXURAL MEMBERS IN FRAME; 8.5.1 DIMENSIONS; 8.5.2 LOGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT; 8.5.3 LAP SPLICES; 8.5.4 WEB REINFORCEMENT; 8.6 COLUMNS AND FRAME MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD; 8.6.1 DIMENSIONS; 8.6.2 LOGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT; 8.6.3 TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT; 8.7 SPECIAL CONFINING REINFORCEMENT; 8.8 JOINTS OF FRAMES; 8.9 SLABS; 8.9.1 DIAPHRAGM ACTION; 8.9.2 DUCTILE DETAILING; 8.10 STAIRCASES; 8.11 UPSTANDS AND PARAPETS; 8.12SHEAR WALLS; 8.13 BEHAVIOUR OF SHEAR WALLS; 8.14 TALL SHEAR WALLS; 8.14.1 FLEXURAL STRENGTH; 8.14.2 SHEAR STRENGTH; 8.14.3 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS; 8.15 SQUAT SHEAR WALLS; 8.16 DESIGN OF SHEAR WALLS; 8.17 RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING; 8.17.1 RESTORATION; 8.17.2 STRENGTHENING; 8.18 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION; 8.18.1 SPECIFICATIONS; 8.18.2 CHARACTERISTICS; 8.19 PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION; 9. : STEEL BUILDINGS; 9.1 SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURAL STEEL; 9.2 MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP; 9.3 STEEL FRAMES; 9.3.1 BEHAVIOUR OF UNBRACED FRAMES; 9.3.2 BEHAVIOUR OF BRACED FRAMES; 9.4 FLEXURAL MEMBERS; 9.4.1 BEHAVIOUR UNDER CYCLIC LOADING; 9.5 FRAME MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BENDING; 9.5.1 MOMENT-CURVATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR COLUMNS; 9.5.2 BEHAVIOUR OF COLUMNS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING; 9.6 CONNECTION DESIGN AND JOINT BEHAVIOUR; 9.6.1 DETAILING OF STEEL CONNECTIONS; 9.6.2 BEHAVIOUR OF CONNECTIONS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING; 9.7 STEEL PANEL ZONES; 9.7.1 DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF PANEL ZONE; 9.7.2 DETAILING PANEL ZONE FOR SEISMIC RESISTANCE; 9.7.3 STIFFENERS IN PANEL ZONE; 9.8 BRACING MEMBERS; 9.8.1 BEHAVIOUR OF BRACING UNDER CYCLIC LOADING; 9.9 LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS; 9.10 DUCTILE DESIGN OF FRAME MEMBERS; 9.11 RETROFITTING AND STRENGTHENING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMES; 9.11.1 RETROFITTING; 9.11.2 STRENGTHENING; 10. : NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; 10.1 FAILURE MECHANISMS OF NON-STRUCTURES; 10.2 EFFECT OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ON STRUCTURAL SYSTEM; 10.3 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; 10.3.1 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS; 10.3.2 EQUIVALENT STATIC ANALYSIS; 10.4 PREVENTION OF NON-STRUCTURAL DAMAGE; 10.4.1 ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS; 10.4.2 MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS; 10.5 ISOLATION OF NON-STRUCTURES; 10.5.1 ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS; 10.5.2 MECHANICAL COMPONENTS; 11. : BHUJ EARTHQUAKE 2001: A CASE STUDY; 11.1 EARTHQUAKE PARAMETERS AND EFFECTS; 11.1.1 GEOLOGICAL EFFECTS; 11.1.2 GEOTECHNICAL EFFECTS; 11.2 BUILDINGS; 11.2.1 MASONRY BUILDINGS; 11.2.2 REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS; 11.2.3 PRECAST BUILDINGS; APPENDICES; I SOME SIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA; II SEISMIC ZONES IN INDIA; III ZONE FACTOR FOR SOME IMPORTANT TOWNS IN INDIA; IV DEFINITIONS OF IRREGULAR BUILDINGS-PLAN IRREGULARITIES; V DEFINITIONS OF IRREGULAR BUILDINGS-VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES; VI DETERMINATION OF NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE SHAPES; VII HORIZONTAL SEISMIC COEFFICIENT (?O); VIII IMPORTANCE FACTOR (I); IX SOIL-FOUNDATION FACTOR (?); X SECOND-ORDER EFFECTS (P-? EFFECTS); XI BAUSCHINGER EFFECT; BIBLIOGRAPHY; INDEX