Dualistic Equilibrium in Neurotransmission and Beyond

How does the brain keep its chemical yin-yang balanced, and what happens when that homeostasis slips? This Reprint distills the Special Issue "Dualistic Equilibrium in Neurotransmission and Beyond: Unraveling the Pathophysiology and Unlocking Novel Therapeutic Targets in Neuropsychiatric Disorders" into a thematic tour of modern neurobiology. The opening editorial reframes depression, dementia and allied syndromes as failures of the excitation-inhibition handshake that spans synapse, glia, gut, and immune system. Eight peer-reviewed contributions then act as case studies of these balancing acts: resveratrol soft-modulates monoamine oxidase A; trace amine-associated receptors emerge as fast-acting antidepressant switches; cannabinoid-serotonin crosstalk times stress analgesia; orexin calibrates vigilance; developmental serotonin steers the gut-brain axis; network models expose schizophrenia symptom clusters; miR-200b-3p dampens neuroinflammation in ADHD; and plasma phospho-tau 217-231 forecasts cognitive decline. Each article pairs mechanistic depth with a translational horizon, from structure-guided drug design to multiplex biomarker panels ready for point-of-care testing. The collection also spotlights ethical dosing, sex-specific responses, and digital phenotyping, underscoring a precision-medicine future that treats circuits, not just chemicals. By weaving together pharmacology, multi-omics imaging, and patient-centric analytics, this Reprint offers a convergent neuropsychiatry roadmap that remains timely and actionable even after the submission portal has closed.