Evolutionary Algorithms for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Preface xiii PART I BASIC CONCEPTS AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1 1 INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS 3 1.1 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 6 1.2 Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks 9 1.2.1 Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) 11 1.2.2 Communication Access for Land Mobiles (CALM) 12 1.2.3 C2C Network 13 1.3 Sensor Networks 14 1.3.1 IEEE 1451 17 1.3.2 IEEE 802.15.4 17 1.3.3 ZigBee 18 1.3.4 6LoWPAN 19 1.3.5 Bluetooth 19 1.3.6 Wireless Industrial Automation System 20 1.4 Conclusion 20 References 21 2 INTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS 27 2.1 Optimization Basics 28 2.2 Evolutionary Algorithms 29 2.3 Basic Components of Evolutionary Algorithms 32 2.3.1 Representation 32 2.3.2 Fitness Function 32 2.3.3 Selection 32 2.3.4 Crossover 33 2.3.5 Mutation 34 2.3.6 Replacement 35 2.3.7 Elitism 35 2.3.8 Stopping Criteria 35 2.4 Panmictic Evolutionary Algorithms 36 2.4.1 Generational EA 36 2.4.2 Steady-State EA 36 2.5 Evolutionary Algorithms with Structured Populations 36 2.5.1 Cellular EAs 37 2.5.2 Cooperative Coevolutionary EAs 38 2.6 Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms 39 2.6.1 Basic Concepts in Multi-Objective Optimization 40 2.6.2 Hierarchical Multi-Objective Problem Optimization 42 2.6.3 Simultaneous Multi-Objective Problem Optimization 43 2.7 Conclusion 44 References 45 3 SURVEY ON OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS 49 3.1 Taxonomy of the Optimization Process 51 3.1.1 Online and Offline Techniques 51 3.1.2 Using Global or Local Knowledge 52 3.1.3 Centralized and Decentralized Systems 52 3.2 State of the Art 53 3.2.1 Topology Management 53 3.2.2 Broadcasting Algorithms 58 3.2.3 Routing Protocols 59 3.2.4 Clustering Approaches 63 3.2.5 Protocol Optimization 64 3.2.6 Modeling the Mobility of Nodes 65 3.2.7 Selfish Behaviors 66 3.2.8 Security Issues 67 3.2.9 Other Applications 67 3.3 Conclusion 68 References 69 4 MOBILE NETWORKS SIMULATION 79 4.1 Signal Propagation Modeling 80 4.1.1 Physical Phenomena 81 4.1.2 Signal Propagation Models 85 4.2 State of the Art of Network Simulators 89 4.2.1 Simulators 89 4.2.2 Analysis 92 4.3 Mobility Simulation 93 4.3.1 Mobility Models 93 4.3.2 State of the Art of Mobility Simulators 96 4.4 Conclusion 98 References 98 PART II PROBLEMS OPTIMIZATION 105 5 PROPOSED OPTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK 107 5.1 Architecture 108 5.2 Optimization Algorithms 110 5.2.1 Single-Objective Algorithms 110 5.2.2 Multi-Objective Algorithms 115 5.3 Simulators 121 5.3.1 Network Simulator: ns-3 121 5.3.2 Mobility Simulator: SUMO 123 5.3.3 Graph-Based Simulations 126 5.4 Experimental Setup 127 5.5 Conclusion 131 References 131 6 BROADCASTING PROTOCOL 135 6.1 The Problem 136 6.1.1 DFCN Protocol 136 6.1.2 Optimization Problem Definition 138 6.2 Experiments 140 6.2.1 Algorithm Configurations 140 6.2.2 Comparison of the Performance of the Algorithms 141 6.3 Analysis of Results 142 6.3.1 Building a Representative Subset of Best Solutions 143 6.3.2 Interpretation of the Results 145 6.3.3 Selected Improved DFCN Configurations 148 6.4 Conclusion 150 References 151 7 ENERGY MANAGEMENT 153 7.1 The Problem 154 7.1.1 AEDB Protocol 154 7.1.2 Optimization Problem Definition 156 7.2 Experiments 159 7.2.1 Algorithm Configurations 159 7.2.2 Comparison of the Performance of the Algorithms 160 7.3 Analysis of Results 161 7.4 Selecting Solutions from the Pareto Front 164 7.4.1 Performance of the Selected Solutions 167 7.5 Conclusion 170 References 171 8 NETWORK TOPOLOGY 173 8.1 The Problem 175 8.1.1 Injection Networks 175 8.1.2 Optimization Problem Definition 176 8.2 Heuristics 178 8.2.1 Centralized 178 8.2.2 Distributed 179 8.3 Experiments 180 8.3.1 Algorithm Configurations 180 8.3.2 Comparison of the Performance of the Algorithms 180 8.4 Analysis of Results 183 8.4.1 Analysis of the Objective Values 183 8.4.2 Comparison with Heuristics 185 8.5 Conclusion 187 References 188 9 REALISTIC VEHICULAR MOBILITY 191 9.1 The Problem 192 9.1.1 Vehicular Mobility Model 192 9.1.2 Optimization Problem Definition 196 9.2 Experiments 199 9.2.1 Algorithms Configuration 199 9.2.2 Comparison of the Performance of the Algorithms 200 9.3 Analysis of Results 202 9.3.1 Analysis of the Decision Variables 202 9.3.2 Analysis of the Objective Values 204 9.4 Conclusion 206 References 206 10 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 209 10.1 A New Methodology for Optimization in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 211 10.2 Performance of the Three Algorithmic Proposals 213 10.2.1 Broadcasting Protocol 213 10.2.2 Energy-Efficient Communications 214 10.2.3 Network Connectivity 214 10.2.4 Vehicular Mobility 215 10.3 Global Discussion on the Performance of the Algorithms 215 10.3.1 Single-Objective Case 216 10.3.2 Multi-Objective Case 217 10.4 Conclusion 218 References 218 INDEX 221