Questionnaires in Second Language Research

Introduction

1. Questionnaires in Second Language Research

1.1 What are 'questionnaires' and what do they measure?

1.2 Why use questionnaires and why not?

1.3 Questionnaires in quantitative and qualitative research

2. Constructing the Questionnaire

2.1 General features

2.2 The main parts of a questionnaire

2.3 Appropriate sampling of the questionnaire content and the significance of 'multi-item scales'

2.4 'Closed-ended' questionnaire items

2.5 Open-ended questions

2.6 How to write good items

2.7 Grouping and sequencing items

2.8 Translating the questionnaire

2.9 Computer programs for constructing questionnaires

2.10 Piloting the questionnaire and conducting item analysis

3. Administering the Questionnaire

3.1 Selecting the sample

3.2 Main types of questionnaire administration

3.3 Strategies to increase the quality and quantity of participant response

3.4 Questionnaire administration, confidentiality, and other ethical issues

4. Processing Questionnaire Data

4.1 Coding questionnaire data

4.2 Inputting the data

4.3 Processing closed questions

4.4 Content analysis of open-ended questions

4.5 Computer programs for processing questionnaire data

4.6 Summarizing and reporting questionnaire data

4.7 Complementing questionnaire data with other information

5. Illustration: Developing a Motivation Questionnaire

5.1 Construction of the initial questionnaire

5.2 Translating and initial piloting

5.3 Final piloting and item analysis

5.4 The final version of the Japanese questionnaire and post hoc item analysis

5.5 Adapting the questionnaire for use in China and Iran

Conclusion and Checklist

References

Appendix A: Combined List of the Items Included in the Questionnaires Discussed in Chapter 5

Appendix B: The Final Version of the Questionnaires Used in Japan, China and Iran

Appendix C: Selected List of Published L2 Questionnaires