Introduction to Sociological Theory

List of Boxed Features xi List of Analytical Photos xv Acknowledgments xvii How to Use This Book xix Introduction: Sociological Theory: A Vibrant Living Tradition 1 Analyzing Social Life 4 Societal Transformation and the Origins of Sociology 12 The Establishment of Sociology as Science: Auguste Comte and Harriet Martineau 17 Social Inequality and Contextual Standpoints: DuBois, De Tocqueville, Martineau 22 Summary 26 Points to Remember 26 Glossary 27 Questions for Review 28 1 Karl Marx 31 Expansion of Capitalism 34 Marx's Theory of History 37 Human Nature 41 Capitalism as a Distinctive Social Form 43 Wage-Labor 50 The Division of Labor and Alienation 52 Economic Inequality 59 Ideology and Power 63 Summary 70 Points to Remember 71 Glossary 71 Questions for Review 73 2 Emile Durkheim 77 Durkheim's Methodological Rules 80 The Nature of Society 84 Societal Transformation and Social Cohesion 89 Traditional Society 89 Modern Society 92 Social Conditions of Suicide 98 Religion and the Sacred 107 Summary 111 Points to Remember 112 Glossary 113 Questions for Review 114 3 Max Weber 117 Sociology: Understanding Social Action 121 Culture and Economic Activity 121 Ideal Types 128 Social Action 129 Power, Authority, and Domination 135 Social Stratification 143 Modernity and Competing Values 147 Summary 149 Points to Remember 149 Glossary 151 Questions for Review 152 4 American Classics: The Chicago School; Talcott Parsons; and Robert Merton 155 The Chicago School of Sociology Talcott Parsons 156 The Social System 159 Socialization and Societal Integration 162 Social Differentiation, Culture, and the Secularization of Protestantism 163 Pattern Variables 166 Modernization Theory 171 Stratification and Inequality 173 Robert Merton 175 Summary 181 Points to Remember 182 Glossary 183 Questions for Review 184 5 Critical Theory: Technology, Culture, and Politics 187 The Societal Critique of Horkheimer, Adorno, and Marcuse 191 Dialectic of Enlightenment 196 Mass Culture and Consumption 201 Politics: Uniformity and Control 208 Jürgen Habermas: The State and the Public Sphere 211 Summary 216 Points to Remember 217 Glossary 218 Questions for Review 219 6 Conflict, Power, and Dependency in Macro-Societal Processes 221 Ralf Dahrendorf's Theory of Group Conflict 222 C. Wright Mills: Class and Power 228 Dependency Theory: Gunder Frank's and Cardoso's Neo-Marxist Critiques of Economic Development 233 Summary 240 Points to Remember 240 Glossary 241 Questions for Review 242 7 Exchange, Exchange Network, and Rational Choice Theories 245 Exchange Theory: George Homans and Peter Blau 246 Exchange Network Theory: Richard Emerson, Karen Cook, Mark Granovetter 252 Actor-Network Theory (ANT): Bruno Latour 257 Rational Choice Theory and its Critique: James Coleman, Gary Becker, Paula England 260 Analytical Marxism 265 Summary 266 Points to Remember 267 Glossary 268 Questions for Review 269 8 Symbolic Interactionism 273 Development of the Self through Social Interaction: G.H. Mead & C.H. Cooley 274 The Premises of Symbolic Interactionism: Herbert Blumer 279 Erving Goffman: Society as Ritualized Social Interaction 281 Symbolic Interactionism and Ethnographic Research 294 Summary 295 Points to Remember 295 Glossary 296 Questions for Review 297 9 Phenomenology and Ethnomethodology 301 Phenomenology: Alfred Schutz, Peter Berger & Thomas Luckmann 302 Ethnomethodology: Harold Garfinkel Gender as an Accomplished Reality: Candace West & Don Zimmerman 313 Summary 321 Points to Remember 321 Glossary 322 Questions for Review 323 10 Feminist Theories 327 Consciousness of Women's Inequality: Charlotte Perkins Gilman 330 Standpoint Theory: Dorothy Smith and the Relations of Ruling 333 Masculinities: R.W. Connell 344 Patricia Hill Collins: Black Women's Standpoint 346 Sociology of Emotion 354 Arlie Hochschild: Emotional Labor 355 Summary 362 Points to Remember 363 Glossary 364 Questions for Review 365 11 Sex, Bodies, Truth, and Power: Michel Foucault, Steven Seidman, and Queer Theory 369 Disciplining the Body 370 Sexuality and Queer Theory 380 Summary 388 Points to Remember 388 Glossary 389 Questions for Review 390 12 Postcolonial Theories and Race 393 Racial Otherness: Edward Said, Frantz Fanon 395 New Directions in the Sociology of Colonialism: R.W. Connell Race and Racism Cultural Histories and Postcolonial Identities: Stuart Hall 400 Race and Class: William J. Wilson, Cornell West 411 Race, Community, and Democracy 413 Culture and the New Racism: Paul Gilroy 419 Summary 422 Points to Remember 423 Glossary 424 Questions for Review 425 13 Pierre Bourdieu: Class, Culture, and the Social Reproduction of Inequality 427 Social Stratification 429 Family and School in the Production of Cultural Capital 433 Taste and Everyday Practices 438 Summary 447 Points to Remember 448 Glossary 448 Questions for Review 449 14 Economic and Political Globalization: Wallerstein, Sklair, Giddens, Sassen, Bauman 451 What is Globalization? 456 Economic Globalization 457 Immanuel Wallerstein: The Modern World-System 458 Contemporary Globalizing Economic Processes 464 Globalizing Political Processes: The Changing Authority of the Nation-State 472 Migration and Political Mobilization in a Transnational World 478 Summary 485 Points to Remember 486 Glossary 487 Questions for Review 488 15 Modernities, Risk, Cosmopolitanism, and Global Consumer Culture 491 Jurgen Habermas: Contrite Modernity 493 S. N. Eisenstadt: Multiple Modernities 495 Ulrich Beck: Global Risk Society 499 Cosmopolitan Modernity 501 The Global Expansion of Human Rights 505 Global Consumer Culture 508 Jean Baudrillard: The Aestheticization of Reality Anthony Giddens: Disembeddedness and Dilemmas of the Self 515 Summary 516 Points to Remember 517 Glossary 518 Questions for Review 519 Glossary 521 Sociological Theorists and Select Key Writings 541 Index 545