Knowledge Engineering

1 Fundamentals.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Formalisms.- 1.2.1 Logic as a knowledge language.- 1.2.2 Logic as a programming language.- 1.2.3 Logic as a database language.- 1.2.4 ?-calculus.- 1.3 Data, information and knowledge.- 1.3.1 Associations.- 1.3.2 Data things.- 1.3.3 Information things.- 1.3.4 Knowledge things.- 1.4 Knowledge-based systems.- 1.4.1 Design.- 1.4.2 Implementation.- 1.4.3 Maintenance.- 1.5 Summary.- 2 Non-unified design.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Non-unified methodology.- 2.3 Non-unified representation.- 2.3.1 Data and information representation.- 2.3.2 Knowledge representation.- 2.4 Classification.- 2.5 Representation.- 2.6 Specification.- 2.6.1 Functional model.- 2.6.2 Internal model.- 2.7 Summary.- 3 Items.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Unified representation.- 3.3 Item structure.- 3.4 Data items.- 3.5 Information items.- 3.6 Knowledge items.- 3.7 Algebra of items.- 3.8 System items.- 3.9 Summary.- 4 Objects.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Limitations of items.- 4.3 Object structure.- 4.4 Data objects.- 4.5 Information objects.- 4.5.1 Further examples.- 4.6 Knowledge objects.- 4.6.1 Further examples.- 4.7 Algebra of objects.- 4.7.1 Object composition.- 4.7.2 Object join.- 4.8 Inheritance.- 4.9 Summary.- 5 Schemas.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 i-schemas.- 5.3 r-schemas.- 5.4 From r-schemas to i-schemas.- 5.5 o-schemas.- 5.6 o-schemas as operators.- 5.7 t-schemas.- 5.8 Summary.- 6 Normalisation.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Meaning of normal.- 6.3 Normalisation of items.- 6.4 Normalisation of objects.- 6.5 Classical normal forms.- 6.5.1 First classical normal form.- 6.5.2 Second classical normal form.- 6.5.3 Third classical normal form.- 6.5.4 Boyce-Codd classical normal form.- 6.5.5 Fourth and fifth classical normal forms.- 6.5.6 Summary of classical normal forms.- 6.6 Non-classical normal forms.- 6.7 Normal forms for groups.- 6.8 Summary.- 7 Specification.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Methodology structure.- 7.3 Item behaviour.- 7.4 r-schema construction.- 7.5 Application representation.- 7.5.1 Context diagram.- 7.5.2 Differentiation.- 7.5.3 Decomposition.- 7.6 Requirements identification.- 7.6.1 Prime scoping.- 7.6.2 Re-use.- 7.6.3 Feasibility.- 7.6.4 Classification.- 7.6.5 Volatility.- 7.7 Summary.- 8 Analysis.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Conceptual model.- 8.3 Basis.- 8.3.1 Data item identification.- 8.3.2 i-schema construction.- 8.3.3 Removal of equivalences.- 8.3.4 Identification of sub-types.- 8.3.5 Data normalisation.- 8.4 Conceptual view.- 8.4.1 Object identification.- 8.4.2 Object library.- 8.4.3 Removal of equivalent objects.- 8.4.4 Refining object functionality.- 8.4.5 Removal of labels.- 8.4.6 Reduction of sub-items.- 8.4.7 Mixed-type decomposition.- 8.4.8 Information normalisation.- 8.5 c-coupling map.- 8.5.1 Component relationships.- 8.5.2 Equivalence relationships.- 8.5.3 Sub-item relationships.- 8.5.4 Duplicate relationships.- 8.6 Constraints.- 8.6.1 Individual constraints.- 8.6.2 Model constraints.- 8.7 Summary.- 9 Function.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Functional model.- 9.3 Analysis of transactions.- 9.3.1 t-schema construction.- 9.3.2 Transaction linkage.- 9.4 Functional view.- 9.4.1 Identification of transaction items.- 9.4.2 Identification of input items.- 9.4.3 Intermediate item selection.- 9.4.4 Knowledge normalisation.- 9.5 f-coupling map.- 9.6 Constraints.- 9.7 System function problem.- 9.7.1 Problem complexity.- 9.7.2 Complexity measures.- 9.7.3 Sub-optimal item selection.- 9.8 Summary.- 10 Layout.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Internal model.- 10.3 Operational requirements.- 10.4 Internal view.- 10.5 i-coupling map.- 10.6 Constraints.- 10.7 System layout problem.- 10.7.1 Calculation of minimal storage.- 10.7.2 Problem complexity.- 10.7.3 Sub-optimal storage layout.- 10.8 Summary.- 11 Maintenance.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Methodology.- 11.3 Set constraints.- 11.4 Strategy for maintenance.- 11.4.1 Alterations.- 11.4.2 Examinations.- 11.5 Significance of normalisation.- 11.6 System constraints.- 11.7 Management of maintenance.- 11.8 Summary.- 12 Case study.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Requirements specification (1).- 12.2.1 Context diagram.- 12.2.2 Differentiation.- 12.2.3 Decomposition.- 12.2.4 Requirements identification.- 12.3 Analysis (1).- 12.4 Function (1).- 12.5 Second prime r-schema.- 12.5.1 Requirements specification (2).- 12.5.2 Analysis (2).- 12.5.3 Function (2).- 12.6 Layout.- 12.7 Maintenance.- References.