Contrast Media in Practice

1 General Fundamentals.- 1.1 A Historical Overview of the Development of Contrast Media for Diagnostic Imaging Procedures in Radiology H. J. Maurer and W. Clauß.- 1.2 Chemistry of X-Ray Contrast Media T. Gulbrandsen.- 1.3 Structure - Toxicity Relationships and Molecule Design P. Dawson.- 1.4 Results of Toxicological Tests Assessing the Risk of Nonionic Contrast Media in Humans C. Schöbet and P. Günzel.- 1.5 Physicochemical Properties of Contrast Media: Osmotic Pressure, Viscosity, Solubility, Lipophilicity, Hydrophilicity, Electrical Charge U. Speck.- 1.6 Pharmacokinetics of Contrast Media W. Krause and G. Schuhmann-Gampieri.- 1.7 Clinical Documentation of the Tolerance, Safety and Efficacy of X-Ray Contrast Media E. Andrew, W. Clauß, A. Alhassan and H. P. Bohn.- 2 Pharmaceutical Quality and Stability of Contrast Media.- 2.1 What Are the Steps in the Production of Contrast Media? B. Wolden.- 2.2 Which Chemical Degradation Products Are Formed? D. Herrmann.- 2.3 What Additives Do Contrast Media Formulations Contain? B. Wolden.- 2.4 What Is the Importance of Additives in Contrast Medium Formulations? P. Dawson.- 2.5 How Is the Sterility or Microbial Purity of Contrast Media Checked? B. Wolden.- 2.6 How Is the Chemical Stability of Contrast Media Checked? B. Wolden.- 2.7 How Are Contrast Media Checked for Freedom from Pyrogens? B. Wolden.- 2.8 To What Are Colour Changes of Contrast Media Attributable? D. Herrmann and B. Wolden.- 2.9 Does Particulate Contamination Occur, and How Important Is It? B. Wolden.- 2.10 Which Factors Reduce the Stability of Contrast Media, and What Are the Implications of Storage Recommendations? D. Herrmann.- 2.11 What Precautions Are Necessary in Drawing Up Contrast Media into Syringes and in Administering Them Using Infusion Devices? D. Herrmann.- 2.12 How Long Do Contrast Media Remain Usable After the Original Container Has Been Opened? D. Herrmann.- 2.13 May Contrast Media Be Diluted or Mixed with Other Drugs? D. Herrmann.- 2.14 Is the Resterilization and Reuse of Disposable Angiography Catheters Justified? M. Thelen.- 2.15 Is There an Increased Risk of Coagulation when Catheters Are Reused? P. Dawson.- 3 Influence of Contrast Media on Organs and Vessels.- 3.1 What Are the Mechanisms of Toxicity Associated with Contrast Media? P. Dawson.- 3.2 Do Contrast Media Affect the Viscosity of Blood? N. H. Strickland.- 3.3 Are There Any Differences Between Ionic and Nonionic Contrast Media in Their Effect on Coagulation? P. Dawson.- 3.4 Do Contrast Media Affect Carciovascular Function? P. Dawson.- 3.5 Do Contrast Media Affect Pulmonary Function? P. Dawson.- 3.6 Do Contrast Media Affect Hepatic Function? V. Taenzer.- 3.7 Do Contrast Media Affect Renal Function? J. E. Scherberich.- 3.8 Do Iodinated X-Ray Contrast Media Affect Thyroid Function? B. Glöbel.- 3.9 What Is the Relationship Between Iodinated Contrast Media and the Blood-Brain Barrier? P. Dawson.- 3.10 Do Contrast Media Affect the Central Nervous System? M. R. Sage.- 3.11 Do Contrast Media Affect Blood Vessel Walls? F. Laerum.- 4 Determination of Risk Factors Regarding the Administration of Contrast Media.- 4.1 What Are the Known Risks of Contrast Media Use? W. Clauß.- 4.2 Does Known X-Ray Contrast Media Hypersensitivity and a History of Allergies Mean Increased Risk in Examinations Using X-Ray Contrast Media? W. Clauß.- 4.3 Does an Existing Iodine Allergy Mean Increased Risk in Examinations Using X-Ray Contrast Media? W. Clauß.- 4.4 Why Does the Administration of Iodinated Contrast Media to Patients with Manifest or Latent Hyperthyroidism Represent a Risk? B. Glöbel.- 4.5 Why Does the Administration of Iodinated Contrast Media Represent a Risk to Patients with Bland Nodular Goitre? B. Glöbel.- 4.6 Does Underlying Cardiovascular Disease Constitute an Increased Risk in Contrast Media Administration? P. Dawson.- 4.7 Why Is Pre-existing Lung Disease a Risk for the Administration of Contrast Media? P. Dawson.- 4.8 Why Is Pre-existing Renal Impairment a Risk in the Administration of Contrast Media? J. E. Scherberich.- 4.9 Why Is Pre-existing Diabetes Mellitus a Risk in the Administration of Contrast-Media? J. E. Scherberich.- 4.10 Why Is Pre-existing Paraproteinaemia a Risk in the Administration of Contrast Media? J. E. Scherberich.- 4.11 How Can the Risk of Provoking a Hypertensive Crisis in Patients with Phaeochromocytoma Be Reduced? P. Dawson.- 4.12 Can Dehydration Before Contrast Media Administration Be Recommended Today? J. E. Scherberich.- 4.13 Are Patients with Autoimmune Disorders at Any Particular Risk on Contrast Media Administration? P. Dawson.- 4.14 Does the Administration of Iodinated Contrast Media to Patients with Sickle Cell Anaemia Result in Further Change in Erythrocytic Shape? R. Dickerhoff.- 4.15 Are Contrast Media-Induced Side Effects Dependent on Age? H. Katayama.- 4.16 Does Weather Influence the Rate of Undesirable Reactions to Contrast Media Administration? D. Zuckert.- 4.17 Can Contrast Media Procedures Be Carried Out Despite Defined Risks? P. Dawson.- 4.18 What Interactions Are Known Between the Administration of Contrast Media and Other Medications? P. Dawson.- 4.19 What Is the Role of X-Ray Contrast Media Administered During Pregnancy or in Nursing Mothers? H. Imhof and K. Vergesslich.- 5 Prophylactic Measures.- 5.1 What Is the Place of Fasting and Dehydration Before Contrast Media Administration? W. Clauß.- 5.2 Can Hypersensitivity Reactions to Contrast Media Be Predicted Through Preliminary Testing? W. Clauß and V. Taenzer.- 5.3 Is Sedation Indicated Before Administering Contrast Media? G. Wisser.- 5.4 Does General Anaesthesia Prevent the Occurrence of Contrast Media-Induced Side Effects? G. Wisser.- 5.5 Can the Rate of Contrast Media-Induced Side Effects Be Lowered by Premedication with Antihistamines? R. Tauber.- 5.6 Can the Adverse Reactions Rate/Be Reduced by Administration of Corticosteroids? W. Clauß.- 6 Informing the Patient Prior to Contrast Media Administration.- 6.1 What Is the Patient's "Right to Know" Prior to an X-Ray Examination Using Contrast Media? H. J. Maurer and W. Spann.- 6.2 What Special Information Should a Healthy Volunteer/Patient Receive Who Is Participating in a Clinical Study of a New Drug? W. Clauß and E. Andrew.- 7 Administration of Contrast Media.- 7.1 Are Contrast Media Heated to Body Temperature Better Tolerated? P. Dawson.- 7.2 Are There Any Guidelines for Maximum Doses in Angiography? P. Dawson.- 7.3 Are There Any Guidelines for Maximum Doses in Myelography? I. O. Skalpe.- 7.4 Are There Any Guidelines for Maximum Doses in Cholegraphy? V. Taenzer.- 7.5 Can "Maximum" Doses Be Exceeded? P. Dawson.- 7.6 Does the Injection Rate Affect the Tolerance? P. Dawson.- 7.7 What Fluids Can be Recommended for Flushing Catheters? P. Dawson.- 8 Adverse Reactions and Their Pathophysiology and Management.- 8.1 What Adverse Reactions Can be Expected After Administration of Contrast Media? R. G. Grainger.- 8.2 Do Late-Occurring Adverse Reactions to Contrast Media Necessitate Longer Supervision of the Patient? P. Davies.- 8.3 Do Late Reactions Occur More Frequently After Administration of Nonionic Contrast Media? P. Davies.- 8.4 What Are the Mediators of Anaphylactoid Reactions to Iodinated Contrast Media? P. Dawson.- 8.5 What Adverse Reactions to Contrast Media Are Dose Independent or Dependent? H. Katayama.- 8.6 Are Antibodies to Radiographic Contrast Media Known? R. C. Brasch.- 8.7 Are There Allergies to Contrast Media? R. C. Brasch.- 8.8 Can Sensitization Due to Frequent Contrast Media Administration Be Observed? R. C. Brasch.- 8.9 Can Epileptogenicity and Arachnoiditis Be Observed After Myelography with Nonionic Contrast Media? I. O. Skalpe.- 8.10 Are Contrast Media Dialysable? J. E. Scherberich.- 9 Clinical Use of Iodinated Contrast Media for the Visualization of Vessels, Organs and Organ Systems.- 9.1 Carotid and Vertebral Arteries and Cerebral Vessels I. O. Skalpe.- 9.2 Spinal Angiography and Phlebography A. Thron.- 9.3 Angiography of the Extremities H. J. Maurer.- 9.4 Phlebography B. Hagen.- 9.5 Direct Lymphography and Indirect Lymphangiography H. Weissleder.- 9.6 Angiography and Thoracic Aortography P. Romaniuk.- 9.7 Angiographic Procedures for the Liver, Spleen, Pancreas and Portal Venous System W. Rödl.- 9.8 Computed Tomography in the Liver, Pancreas and Spleen A. Adam.- 9.9 The Gastrointestinal Tract W. Dihlmann and L. Hering.- 9.10 Contrast Media in the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts V. Taenzer.- 9.11 Intravenous Urography P. Dawson.- 9.12 Urethrography and Micturating Cystography, Cavernosography, and Seminal Vesiculography and Vasography D. Richards.- 9.13 The Kidneys and Adrenal Glands G. P. Krestin.- 9.14 Contrast Media in Gynaecology H. J. Maurer and J. G. Heep.- 9.15 Arthrography V. Papassotiriou.- 9.16 What Advantages Do Nonionic Contrast Media Have for Paediatric Patients? H. J. Kaufmann and C. Bassir.- 9.17 What Is the Role of Newer Contrast Media in Interventional Radiology? P. Dawson.- 10 Contrast Media for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound.- 10.1 Contrast Media for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging H. P. Niendorf and J. C. Dinger.- 10.2 Ultrasonographic Contrast Media R. Schlief, R. Schürmann, and H. P. Niendorf.