Voice over IP Fundamentals
2nd Edition
Published on 10. August 2006
Book
Paperback/Softback
432 pages
978-1-58705-257-6 (ISBN)
Description
A systematic approach to understanding the basics of voice over IP
Understand the basics of enterprise and public telephony networking, IP networking, and how voice is transported over IP networks
Learn the various caveats of converging voice and data networks
Examine the basic VoIP signaling protocols (H.323, MGCP/H.248, SIP) and primary legacy voice signaling protocols (ISDN, C7/SS7)
Explore how VoIP can run the same applications as the existing telephony system but in a more cost-efficient and scalable manner
Delve into such VoIP topics as jitter, latency, packet loss, codecs, QoS tools, and security
Voice over IP (VoIP) has become an important factor in network communications, promising lower operational costs, greater flexibility, and a variety of enhanced applications. To help you understand VoIP networks, Voice over IP Fundamentals provides a thorough introduction to the basics of VoIP.
Voice over IP Fundamentals explains how a basic IP telephony infrastructure is built and works today, major concepts concerning voice and data networking, and transmission of voice over data networks. You'll learn how voice is signaled through legacy telephone networks, how IP signaling protocols are used to interoperate with current telephony systems, and how to ensure good voice quality using quality of service (QoS).
Even though Voice over IP Fundamentals is written for anyone seeking to understand how to use IP to transport voice, its target audience comprises both voice and data networking professionals. In the past, professionals working in voice and data networking did not have to understand each other's roles. However, in this world of time-division multiplexing (TDM) and IP convergence, it is important to understand how these technologies work together. Voice over IP Fundamentals explains all the details so that voice experts can understand data networking and data experts can understand voice networking.
The second edition of this best-selling book includes new chapters on the importance of billing and mediation in a VoIP network, security, and the common types of threats inherent when packet voice environments, public switched telephone networks (PSTN), and VoIP interoperate. It also explains enterprise and service-provider applications and services.
Understand the basics of enterprise and public telephony networking, IP networking, and how voice is transported over IP networks
Learn the various caveats of converging voice and data networks
Examine the basic VoIP signaling protocols (H.323, MGCP/H.248, SIP) and primary legacy voice signaling protocols (ISDN, C7/SS7)
Explore how VoIP can run the same applications as the existing telephony system but in a more cost-efficient and scalable manner
Delve into such VoIP topics as jitter, latency, packet loss, codecs, QoS tools, and security
Voice over IP (VoIP) has become an important factor in network communications, promising lower operational costs, greater flexibility, and a variety of enhanced applications. To help you understand VoIP networks, Voice over IP Fundamentals provides a thorough introduction to the basics of VoIP.
Voice over IP Fundamentals explains how a basic IP telephony infrastructure is built and works today, major concepts concerning voice and data networking, and transmission of voice over data networks. You'll learn how voice is signaled through legacy telephone networks, how IP signaling protocols are used to interoperate with current telephony systems, and how to ensure good voice quality using quality of service (QoS).
Even though Voice over IP Fundamentals is written for anyone seeking to understand how to use IP to transport voice, its target audience comprises both voice and data networking professionals. In the past, professionals working in voice and data networking did not have to understand each other's roles. However, in this world of time-division multiplexing (TDM) and IP convergence, it is important to understand how these technologies work together. Voice over IP Fundamentals explains all the details so that voice experts can understand data networking and data experts can understand voice networking.
The second edition of this best-selling book includes new chapters on the importance of billing and mediation in a VoIP network, security, and the common types of threats inherent when packet voice environments, public switched telephone networks (PSTN), and VoIP interoperate. It also explains enterprise and service-provider applications and services.
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Jonathan Davidson | James Peters | Manoj Bhatia
Voice over IP Fundamentals
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07/2006
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Cisco Press
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Jonathan Davidson | James F. Peters | Brian Gracely
Voice over IP Fundamentals
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Persons
Jonathan Davidson, CCIE No. 2560, is the Director of SP Solution Engineering in Integrated Network Systems Engineering. He has co-authored Voice over IP Fundamentals and edited Deploying Cisco Voice over IP. He has been with Cisco for 10 years in post-sales support, marketing, and engineering divisions.
James Peters is the Director of Product Marketing in the Carrier Core and Multiservice Business Unit at Cisco Systems. He co-authored the first edition of Voice over IP Fundamentals and is currently authoring a book on multiservice networking. James has more than 20 years experience in building, designing Internet-based voice and data networks, and product development.
Manoj Bhatia is a Business Development Manager for Partner Programs at IP Communications Business Unit (IPCBU) for Cisco Systems, Inc. He was among the first to start the software development for SIP technology on Cisco VoIP gateways and IOS-based routers. His past projects include technical marketing for VoIP products such as media gateways, call agents, and SIP-based residential voice solutions. Prior to Cisco, Manoj worked in Nortel Networks and Summa Four (now Cisco) and has 14+ years of experience in telephony protocols such as SS7, call control, and VoIP technologies.
Satish Kalidindi is a Software Engineer with Cisco Systems. He has more than six years experience working on development and deployment of VoIP technologies. He has been involved with various products, including IOS gateways and Cisco CallManager. More recently he has been involved with security features on CCM. He is a graduate of Purdue University with an M.S in Engineering.
Sudipto Mukherjee is a Software Development Engineer with Cisco Systems. He has product development and deployment experience for a variety of telecommunication devices for wireline, wireless, and VoIP networks. More recently at Cisco he has been working on SIP gateway development. Sudipto has a Bachelors of Engineering degree in Electronics Communication engineering from GS Institute of Technology, Indore and a Masters degree in Electronics Design and technology from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
James Peters is the Director of Product Marketing in the Carrier Core and Multiservice Business Unit at Cisco Systems. He co-authored the first edition of Voice over IP Fundamentals and is currently authoring a book on multiservice networking. James has more than 20 years experience in building, designing Internet-based voice and data networks, and product development.
Manoj Bhatia is a Business Development Manager for Partner Programs at IP Communications Business Unit (IPCBU) for Cisco Systems, Inc. He was among the first to start the software development for SIP technology on Cisco VoIP gateways and IOS-based routers. His past projects include technical marketing for VoIP products such as media gateways, call agents, and SIP-based residential voice solutions. Prior to Cisco, Manoj worked in Nortel Networks and Summa Four (now Cisco) and has 14+ years of experience in telephony protocols such as SS7, call control, and VoIP technologies.
Satish Kalidindi is a Software Engineer with Cisco Systems. He has more than six years experience working on development and deployment of VoIP technologies. He has been involved with various products, including IOS gateways and Cisco CallManager. More recently he has been involved with security features on CCM. He is a graduate of Purdue University with an M.S in Engineering.
Sudipto Mukherjee is a Software Development Engineer with Cisco Systems. He has product development and deployment experience for a variety of telecommunication devices for wireline, wireless, and VoIP networks. More recently at Cisco he has been working on SIP gateway development. Sudipto has a Bachelors of Engineering degree in Electronics Communication engineering from GS Institute of Technology, Indore and a Masters degree in Electronics Design and technology from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Content
Introduction
Part I PSTN
Chapter 1 Overview of the PSTN and Comparisons to Voice over IP
The Beginning of the PSTN
Understanding PSTN Basics
Analog and Digital Signaling
Digital Voice Signals
Local Loops, Trunks, and Interswitch Communication
PSTN Signaling
PSTN Services and Applications
PSTN Numbering Plans
Drivers Behind the Convergence Between Voice and Data Networking
Drawbacks to the PSTN
Packet Telephony Network Drivers
Standards-Based Packet Infrastructure Layer
Open Call-Control Layer
VoIP Call-Control Protocols
Open Service Application Layer
New PSTN Network Infrastructure Model
Summary
Chapter 2 Enterprise Telephony Today
Similarities Between PSTN and ET
Differences Between PSTN and ET
Signaling Treatment
Advanced Features
Common ET and PSTN Interworking
ET Networks Provided by PSTN
Private ET Networks
Summary
Chapter 3 Basic Telephony Signaling
Signaling Overview
Analog and Digital Signaling
Direct Current Signalin8
In-Band and Out-of-Band Signaling
Loop-Start and Ground-Start Signaling
CAS and CCS
E&M Signaling
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Type V
CAS
Bell System MF Signaling
CCITT No. 5 Signaling
R1
R2
ISDN
ISDN Service5
ISDN Access Interface6
ISDN L2 and L3 Protocols
Basic ISDN Call
QSIG
QSIG Service4
QSIG Architecture and Reference Points
QSIG Protocol Stac5
QSIG Basic Call Setup and Teardown Example
DPNSS
Summary
Chapter 4 Signaling System 7
SS7 Network Architecture
Signaling Elements
Signaling Links
SS7 Protocol Overview
Physical Layer-MTP L1
Data Layer-MTP L2
Network Layer-MTP3
SCCP
TUP
ISUP
TCAP
SS7 Examples
Basic Call Setup and Teardown Example
800 Database Query Example
List of SS7 Specifications
Summary
Chapter 5 PSTN Services
Plain Old Telephone Service
Custom Calling Features
CLASS Features
Voice Mail
Business Services
Virtual Private Voice Networks
Centrex Services
Call Center Services
Service Provider Services
Database Service
Operator Services
Summary
Part II Voice over IP Technology
Chapter 6 IP Tutorial
OSI Reference Model
The Application Layer
The Presentation Layer
The Session Layer
The Transport Layer
The Network Layer
The Data Link Layer
The Physical Layer
Internet Protocol
Data Link Layer Addresses
IP Addressing
Routing Protocols
Distance-Vector Routing
Link-State Routing
BGP
IS-IS
OSPF
IGRP
EIGRP
RIP
IP Transport Mechanisms
TCP
UDP
Summary
References
Chapter 7 VoIP: An In-Depth Analysis
Delay/Latency
Propagation Delay
Handling Delay
Queuing Delay
Jitter
Pulse Code Modulation
What Is PCM?
A Sampling Example for Satellite Networks
Voice Compression
Voice Coding Standards
Mean Opinion Score
Perceptual Speech Quality Measurement
Echo
Packet Loss
Voice Activity Detection
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Tandem Encoding
Transport Protocols
RTP
Reliable User Data Protocol
Dial-Plan Design
End Office Switch Call-Flow Versus IP Phone Call
Summary
References
Chapter 8 Quality of Service
QoS Network Toolkit
Edge Functions
Bandwidth Limitations
cRTP
Queuing
Packet Classification
Traffic Policing
Traffic Shaping
Edge QoS Wrap-Up
Backbone Networks
High-Speed Transport
Congestion Avoidance
Backbone QoS Wrap-Up
Rules of Thumb for QoS
Cisco Labs' QoS Testing
Summary
Chapter 9 Billing and Mediation Services
Billing Basics
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA)
RADIUS
Vendor-Specific Attributes (VSA)
Billing Formats
Case Study: Cisco SIP Proxy Server and Billing
RADIUS Server Accounting
Challenges for VoIP Networks
Mediation Services
Summary
Chapter 10 Voice Security
Security Requirements
Security Technologies
Shared-Key Approaches
Public-Key Cryptography
Protecting Voice Devices
Disabling Unused Ports/Services
HIPS
Protecting IP Network Infrastructure
Segmentation
Traffic Policing
802.1x Device Authentication
Layer 2 Tools
NIPS
Layer 3 Tools
Security Planning and Policies
Transitive Trust
VoIP Protocol-Specific Issues
Complexity Tradeoffs
NAT/Firewall Traversal
Password and Access Control
Summary
Part III IP Signaling Protocols
Chapter 11 H.323
H.323 Elements
Terminal
Gateway
Gatekeeper
The MCU and Elements
H.323 Proxy Server
H.323 Protocol Suite
RAS Signaling
Call Control Signaling (H.225)
Media Control and Transport (H.245 and RTP/RTCP)
H.323 Call-Flows
Summary
Chapter 12 SIP
SIP Overview
Functionality That SIP Provides
SIP Network Elements
Interaction with Other IETF Protocols
Message Flow in SIP Network
SIP Message Building Blocks
SIP Addressing
SIP Messages
SIP Transactions and Dialog
Transport Layer Protocols for SIP Signaling
Basic Operation of SIP
Proxy Server Example
Redirect Server Example
B2BUA Server Example
SIP Procedures for Registration and Routing
User Agent Discovering SIP Servers in a Network
SIP Registration and User Mobility
SIP Message Routing
Routing of Subsequent Requests Within a SIP Dialog
Signaling Forking at the Proxy
Enhanced Proxy Routing
SIP Extensions
SIP Extension Negotiation Mechanism: Require, Supported, Allow Headers
Caller and Callee Preferences
SIP Event Notification Framework: Subscription and Notifications
SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY Methods
Monitoring Registration State Using the Subscription-Notification Framework
SIP REFER Request
Presence and Instant Messaging Overview
SIP Extensions for IM and Presence
Summary
Chapter 13 Gateway Control Protocols
MGCP Overview
MGCP Model
Endpoints
Connections
Calls
MGCP Commands and Messages
CreateConnection (CRCX)
ModifyConnection (MDCX)
DeleteConnection (DLCX)
NotificationRequest (RQNT)
Notification (NTFY)
AuditEndpoint (AUEP)
AuditConnection (AUCX)
RestartIn-Progress (RSIP)
EndpointConfiguration (EPCF)
MGCP Response Messages
MGCP Call Flows
Basic MGCP Call Flow
Trunking GW-to-Trunking GW Call Flow
Advanced MGCP Features
Events and Event Packages
Digit Maps
Embedded Notification Requests
Non-IP Bearer Networks
H.248/MEGACO
Summary
Part IV VoIP Applications and Services
Chapter 14 PSTN and VoIP Interworking
Cisco Packet Telephony
Packet Voice Network Overview
Network Elements
Residential Gateway
Network Interfaces
PGW2200 Architecture and Operations
PGW2200-Supported Protocols
Execution Environment
North American Numbering Plan
PGW2200 Implementation
Application Check-Pointing
MGC Node Manager
Accounting
PSTN Signaling Over IP
SCTP
IUA
Changing Landscape of PSTN-IP Interworking
Session Border Controller (SBC)
Summary
Chapter 15 Service Provider VoIP Applications and Services
The Service Provider Dilemma
Service Provider Applications and Benefits
Service Provider VoIP Deployment: Vonage
VoIP Operational Advantages
Service Provider Case Study: Prepaid Calling Card
BOWIE.net Multiservice Networks
Session Border Control: Value Addition
VoIP Peering: Top Priority for the Service Providers
Service Provider VoIP and Consumer Fixed Mobile Convergence
Summary
Chapter 16 Enterprise Voice over IP Applications and Services
Migrating to VoIP Architecture
Enterprise Voice Applications and Benefits
Advanced Enterprise Applications
Web-Based Collaboration and Conference
The Need for Presence Information
Presence-Aware Services
Wi-Fi-Enabled Phones
Better Voice Quality Using Wideband Codecs
Summary
1587052571 TOC 7/6/2006
Part I PSTN
Chapter 1 Overview of the PSTN and Comparisons to Voice over IP
The Beginning of the PSTN
Understanding PSTN Basics
Analog and Digital Signaling
Digital Voice Signals
Local Loops, Trunks, and Interswitch Communication
PSTN Signaling
PSTN Services and Applications
PSTN Numbering Plans
Drivers Behind the Convergence Between Voice and Data Networking
Drawbacks to the PSTN
Packet Telephony Network Drivers
Standards-Based Packet Infrastructure Layer
Open Call-Control Layer
VoIP Call-Control Protocols
Open Service Application Layer
New PSTN Network Infrastructure Model
Summary
Chapter 2 Enterprise Telephony Today
Similarities Between PSTN and ET
Differences Between PSTN and ET
Signaling Treatment
Advanced Features
Common ET and PSTN Interworking
ET Networks Provided by PSTN
Private ET Networks
Summary
Chapter 3 Basic Telephony Signaling
Signaling Overview
Analog and Digital Signaling
Direct Current Signalin8
In-Band and Out-of-Band Signaling
Loop-Start and Ground-Start Signaling
CAS and CCS
E&M Signaling
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Type V
CAS
Bell System MF Signaling
CCITT No. 5 Signaling
R1
R2
ISDN
ISDN Service5
ISDN Access Interface6
ISDN L2 and L3 Protocols
Basic ISDN Call
QSIG
QSIG Service4
QSIG Architecture and Reference Points
QSIG Protocol Stac5
QSIG Basic Call Setup and Teardown Example
DPNSS
Summary
Chapter 4 Signaling System 7
SS7 Network Architecture
Signaling Elements
Signaling Links
SS7 Protocol Overview
Physical Layer-MTP L1
Data Layer-MTP L2
Network Layer-MTP3
SCCP
TUP
ISUP
TCAP
SS7 Examples
Basic Call Setup and Teardown Example
800 Database Query Example
List of SS7 Specifications
Summary
Chapter 5 PSTN Services
Plain Old Telephone Service
Custom Calling Features
CLASS Features
Voice Mail
Business Services
Virtual Private Voice Networks
Centrex Services
Call Center Services
Service Provider Services
Database Service
Operator Services
Summary
Part II Voice over IP Technology
Chapter 6 IP Tutorial
OSI Reference Model
The Application Layer
The Presentation Layer
The Session Layer
The Transport Layer
The Network Layer
The Data Link Layer
The Physical Layer
Internet Protocol
Data Link Layer Addresses
IP Addressing
Routing Protocols
Distance-Vector Routing
Link-State Routing
BGP
IS-IS
OSPF
IGRP
EIGRP
RIP
IP Transport Mechanisms
TCP
UDP
Summary
References
Chapter 7 VoIP: An In-Depth Analysis
Delay/Latency
Propagation Delay
Handling Delay
Queuing Delay
Jitter
Pulse Code Modulation
What Is PCM?
A Sampling Example for Satellite Networks
Voice Compression
Voice Coding Standards
Mean Opinion Score
Perceptual Speech Quality Measurement
Echo
Packet Loss
Voice Activity Detection
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Tandem Encoding
Transport Protocols
RTP
Reliable User Data Protocol
Dial-Plan Design
End Office Switch Call-Flow Versus IP Phone Call
Summary
References
Chapter 8 Quality of Service
QoS Network Toolkit
Edge Functions
Bandwidth Limitations
cRTP
Queuing
Packet Classification
Traffic Policing
Traffic Shaping
Edge QoS Wrap-Up
Backbone Networks
High-Speed Transport
Congestion Avoidance
Backbone QoS Wrap-Up
Rules of Thumb for QoS
Cisco Labs' QoS Testing
Summary
Chapter 9 Billing and Mediation Services
Billing Basics
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA)
RADIUS
Vendor-Specific Attributes (VSA)
Billing Formats
Case Study: Cisco SIP Proxy Server and Billing
RADIUS Server Accounting
Challenges for VoIP Networks
Mediation Services
Summary
Chapter 10 Voice Security
Security Requirements
Security Technologies
Shared-Key Approaches
Public-Key Cryptography
Protecting Voice Devices
Disabling Unused Ports/Services
HIPS
Protecting IP Network Infrastructure
Segmentation
Traffic Policing
802.1x Device Authentication
Layer 2 Tools
NIPS
Layer 3 Tools
Security Planning and Policies
Transitive Trust
VoIP Protocol-Specific Issues
Complexity Tradeoffs
NAT/Firewall Traversal
Password and Access Control
Summary
Part III IP Signaling Protocols
Chapter 11 H.323
H.323 Elements
Terminal
Gateway
Gatekeeper
The MCU and Elements
H.323 Proxy Server
H.323 Protocol Suite
RAS Signaling
Call Control Signaling (H.225)
Media Control and Transport (H.245 and RTP/RTCP)
H.323 Call-Flows
Summary
Chapter 12 SIP
SIP Overview
Functionality That SIP Provides
SIP Network Elements
Interaction with Other IETF Protocols
Message Flow in SIP Network
SIP Message Building Blocks
SIP Addressing
SIP Messages
SIP Transactions and Dialog
Transport Layer Protocols for SIP Signaling
Basic Operation of SIP
Proxy Server Example
Redirect Server Example
B2BUA Server Example
SIP Procedures for Registration and Routing
User Agent Discovering SIP Servers in a Network
SIP Registration and User Mobility
SIP Message Routing
Routing of Subsequent Requests Within a SIP Dialog
Signaling Forking at the Proxy
Enhanced Proxy Routing
SIP Extensions
SIP Extension Negotiation Mechanism: Require, Supported, Allow Headers
Caller and Callee Preferences
SIP Event Notification Framework: Subscription and Notifications
SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY Methods
Monitoring Registration State Using the Subscription-Notification Framework
SIP REFER Request
Presence and Instant Messaging Overview
SIP Extensions for IM and Presence
Summary
Chapter 13 Gateway Control Protocols
MGCP Overview
MGCP Model
Endpoints
Connections
Calls
MGCP Commands and Messages
CreateConnection (CRCX)
ModifyConnection (MDCX)
DeleteConnection (DLCX)
NotificationRequest (RQNT)
Notification (NTFY)
AuditEndpoint (AUEP)
AuditConnection (AUCX)
RestartIn-Progress (RSIP)
EndpointConfiguration (EPCF)
MGCP Response Messages
MGCP Call Flows
Basic MGCP Call Flow
Trunking GW-to-Trunking GW Call Flow
Advanced MGCP Features
Events and Event Packages
Digit Maps
Embedded Notification Requests
Non-IP Bearer Networks
H.248/MEGACO
Summary
Part IV VoIP Applications and Services
Chapter 14 PSTN and VoIP Interworking
Cisco Packet Telephony
Packet Voice Network Overview
Network Elements
Residential Gateway
Network Interfaces
PGW2200 Architecture and Operations
PGW2200-Supported Protocols
Execution Environment
North American Numbering Plan
PGW2200 Implementation
Application Check-Pointing
MGC Node Manager
Accounting
PSTN Signaling Over IP
SCTP
IUA
Changing Landscape of PSTN-IP Interworking
Session Border Controller (SBC)
Summary
Chapter 15 Service Provider VoIP Applications and Services
The Service Provider Dilemma
Service Provider Applications and Benefits
Service Provider VoIP Deployment: Vonage
VoIP Operational Advantages
Service Provider Case Study: Prepaid Calling Card
BOWIE.net Multiservice Networks
Session Border Control: Value Addition
VoIP Peering: Top Priority for the Service Providers
Service Provider VoIP and Consumer Fixed Mobile Convergence
Summary
Chapter 16 Enterprise Voice over IP Applications and Services
Migrating to VoIP Architecture
Enterprise Voice Applications and Benefits
Advanced Enterprise Applications
Web-Based Collaboration and Conference
The Need for Presence Information
Presence-Aware Services
Wi-Fi-Enabled Phones
Better Voice Quality Using Wideband Codecs
Summary
1587052571 TOC 7/6/2006