Climate Change and Sustainable Developments

Contents

Preface ..................................................................................................................... xiii
About the Editors ..................................................................................................... xv
List of Contributors ................................................................................................ xvii

Chapter 1 A scientific discussion on global climate change ................................. 1
Z. Fuat Toprak
1.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 1
1.2 Numerical comparison of scientific studies on
the subject by years .................................................................. 2
1.3 Reflection of the problem to the public .................................... 2
1.4 A brief review of the literature performed on
the subject ................................................................................ 3
1.5 Problem solution ...................................................................... 5
1.6 Results and discussion ............................................................. 6
References ............................................................................................ 6

Chapter 2 Climate crisis: issues, concerns and solutions for a
sustainable planet ................................................................................10
Ram Boojh
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................10
2.2 Climate crisis ..........................................................................11
2.2.1 Climate crisis to climate/planetary
emergency .................................................................12
2.2.2 Global climate agreements .......................................14
2.2.3 Emissions Gap Report ..............................................14
2.2.4 The net zero ..............................................................15
2.2.5 Crisis of pollution and waste ....................................16
2.2.6 Crisis of oceans ........................................................17
2.2.7 Nature and biodiversity ............................................17
2.2.8 Ecosystem services and nature-based
solutions ....................................................................19
2.2.9 Natural sites, protected areas ...................................21
2.2.10 Wetlands as carbon sinks ........................................ 23
2.3 Population sustainability ........................................................ 24
2.4 Sustainability and climate change education ......................... 25
2.5 Climate justice: reaching out to the unreachable ................... 26
2.6 Climate sustainability solutions and technologies ................. 27
References .......................................................................................... 31

Chapter 3 Contribution of microalgae biorefineries to climate
change mitigation ................................................................................35
M. Victoria Busi, Julieta Barchiesi, and M. Ayelen Pagani
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................35
3.2 Carbohydrates from microalgae ............................................ 38
3.2.1 Variables that modify the carbohydrate content ....... 38
3.2.2 Genetic engineering strategies .................................41
3.2.3 Biomass hydrolysis processes ...................................41
3.3 Biofuels ...................................................................................43
3.3.1 Bioethanol .................................................................43
3.3.2 Biodiesel ...................................................................45
3.3.3 Biohydrogen and biogas............................................47
3.4 Wastewater: a convenient source of water, carbon,
nutrients (and xenobiotics) ..................................................... 48
3.4.1 Wastewater origins and the need for
bioprospection ......................................................... 49
3.4.2 Consortia for organic pollutant degradation ............ 50
3.4.3 Heavy metal detoxification and phycomining ..........51
3.4.4 Biomass harvest ....................................................... 54
3.5 Conclusion .............................................................................. 54
Acknowledgments .............................................................................. 55
Conflict of interest .............................................................................. 55
References .......................................................................................... 55

Chapter 4 Microalgal bioremediation of arsenic-contaminated
environments: opportunities and limitations.......................................71
Chitralekha Nag Dasgupta and Rachana Singh
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................71
4.2 Physico-chemical methods of arsenic removal .......................73
4.2.1 Coagulation and flocculation ....................................73
4.2.2 Ionic absorption ........................................................75
4.2.3 Nanotechnology and nanoparticles ..........................75
4.2.4 Chemical methods ....................................................75
4.3 Arsenic detoxification by microalgae .....................................76
4.3.1 Mechanism of arsenic detoxification by microalgae ..... 77
4.4 Factors affecting heavy metal remediation by microalgae ...... 83
4.4.1 Algal species selection ............................................ 84
4.4.2 Biosorption potential ............................................... 84
4.4.3 Environmental conditions........................................ 84
4.4.4 Concentration of heavy metals ................................ 84
4.4.5 Biomass concentration ............................................. 85
4.4.6 Genetic and physiological factors ............................ 85
4.5 Future prospects ..................................................................... 85
References .......................................................................................... 86

Chapter 5 Innovations in bioplastic production .................................................. 95
Mariana Martin and Diego F. Gomez-Casati
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 95
5.2 Navigating plastic pollution: toward sustainable solutions ....... 95
5.3 Types of bioplastics ................................................................ 96
5.4 Production methods ............................................................... 97
5.4.1 Microbial fermentation ............................................ 97
5.4.2 Chemical synthesis .................................................. 97
5.4.3 Production of biodegradable blends ........................ 99
5.5 Advancements and prospects in algae-based bioplastics:
a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics................. 100
5.6 Environmental considerations-biodegradation ..................102
5.7 Challenges and future directions ..........................................103
References ........................................................................................ 104

Chapter 6 Bioplastics for sustainable food packaging application as a
climate change solution .....................................................................108
L. Susmita Devi, Shrawan Kumar, Ram Boojh, and Santosh Kumar
6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................108
6.2 Categories and types of bioplastics .......................................110
6.2.1 Bioplastics from biomass ........................................110
6.2.2 Bioplastics from microorganisms ...........................111
6.2.3 Bioplastics from fossil resources ............................112
6.3 Conversion techniques of bioplastics into food packaging ......113
6.3.1 Injection molding ....................................................113
6.3.2 Blow molding .........................................................114
6.3.3 Extrusion ................................................................115
6.3.4 Thermoforming ......................................................116
6.4 Applications of bioplastics in food packaging ......................116
6.4.1 Fresh produce .........................................................117
6.4.2 Muscle foods ...........................................................117
6.4.3 Bakery and dairy products .....................................118
6.5 End-of-life options of bioplastics ..........................................119
6.5.1 Recycling ................................................................119
6.5.2 Composting .............................................................120
6.5.3 Anaerobic digestion ................................................120
6.5.4 Incineration .............................................................121

Chapter 7 Advancements in biofuels: a comprehensive analysis of
bio-renewable energy ........................................................................127
Vineeta Singh, Ram Niwas, and Shalini Singh Visen
7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................127
7.2 Generations of biofuel ...........................................................128
7.2.1 First-generation biofuels .........................................128
7.2.2 Second-generation biofuels.....................................132
7.2.3 Third-generation biofuel .........................................141
7.2.4 Fourth generation or future of biofuel ....................147
7.3 Conclusion .............................................................................148
References ........................................................................................ 149

Chapter 8 Algal biofuel: commercial viability-dream or reality?...................153
Komal Pandey and Chitralekha Nag Dasgupta
8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................153
8.2 Algae biofuel R&D: expectation and disappointment ..........154
8.3 Energy balance issue .............................................................157
8.4 Scaling up by companies ......................................................157
Solazyme (Now TerraVia), USA .......................................... 157
Sapphire Energy, USA ......................................................... 158
Algenol, Florida, USA ......................................................... 158
ExxonMobil and Synthetic Genomics, USA ....................... 158
Cellana, Hawaii .................................................................... 158
Algae.Tec, Australia ............................................................. 159
AlgaEnergy, Spain ............................................................... 159
OriginOil (Now OriginClear), Florida, USA ....................... 159
Reliance Industries, India ..................................................... 159
8.5 The promise of algal biofuel .................................................159
8.6 Current state of algal biofuel technology ..............................159
8.7 Conclusion .............................................................................163
References ........................................................................................ 164

Chapter 9 Environment and health: effect of climate change on global
economic growth ...............................................................................169
Naina Dwivedi, Durgesh Kumar, Ravi K. Deshwal,
and Sujeet Pratap Singh
9.1 Introduction ...........................................................................169
9.2 Theoretical framework ..........................................................169
9.3 The contribution of healthcare systems to climate change ......171
9.3.1 Sectors polluting the most within the
healthcare system ...................................................172
9.3.2 Hospital care ...........................................................172
9.3.3 Pharmaceutical and medical products ....................172
9.3.4 Reducing food waste in healthcare facilities ..........172
9.3.5 Improving medical-supply chains ..........................173
9.3.6 Healthcare system-level sustainability strategies ......173
9.3.7 Containing the demand for care .............................173
9.3.8 Innovating medical practice ...................................173
9.3.9 Fostering systemic approaches ...............................174
9.4 Challenges for change ...........................................................174
9.5 The science and politics of climate change global issues ........176
9.6 Hot spots in climate change and health ................................176
9.6.1 Health impacts of climate change and ozone
depletion .................................................................176
9.6.2 Responses to the environmental health
impacts of climate change ......................................177
9.7 Conclusion .............................................................................179
References ........................................................................................ 179

Chapter 10 Sustainable menstrual waste management: interconnections
between technologies, policies, and stakeholders .............................182
Nivedita Banerjee, Vijayaraghavan M. Chariar,
and Divya Srivastava
10.1 Introduction ...........................................................................182
10.2 Problems in the existing treatment process of sanitary
wastes and its environmental effect ......................................183
10.2.1 Current issues related to handling
menstrual waste ......................................................183
10.2.2 Taboos, myths, misconceptions, and facts
versus menstrual hygiene management and
women's dignity ......................................................184
10.3 Sustainable approaches toward menstrual
waste management ................................................................185
10.3.1 Technological innovation ........................................185
10.3.2 Initiatives taken by government/
organizations/institute/NGOs .................................188
10.3.3 Role of stakeholders ...............................................189
10.4 Conclusion .............................................................................191
References ........................................................................................ 193

Chapter 11 Evaluating GMOs environment: a comprehensive study ..................195
Sayak Sanyal and Somali Sanyal
11.1 Introduction ...........................................................................195
11.2 Potential dangers associated with the utilization of
genetically modified organisms in terms of the
ecological equilibrium of the GMO ......................................196
11.3 Engagement in competition with native species ...................197
11.4 The inability to conduct subsequent monitoring
or follow-up ...........................................................................198
11.5 Genetic contamination by cross-breeding ............................198
11.6 Effects on the ecosystem .......................................................198
11.7 Lateral transfer of engineered genes to
different microorganisms ......................................................199
11.8 GMOs and superweeds .........................................................199
11.9 Potential benefit associated with the utilization of
genetically modified organisms in terms of the
ecological equilibrium ......................................................... 200
11.10 Effects on human health .......................................................201
11.11 Conclusion ............................................................................ 202
References ........................................................................................ 203

Chapter 12 Genetically modified organisms and environment .......................... 206
Sunil Kumar Verma, Devendra Singh, Minakshi Pandey,
and Prashant Kumar
12.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 206
12.2 History of GMOs ................................................................. 208
12.3 Types of GMOs .................................................................... 209
12.3.1 Microorganisms as GMOs..................................... 209
12.3.2 Plants as GMOs ......................................................213
12.3.3 Animal as GMOs ....................................................218
12.3.4 Human as GMOs ....................................................219
12.4 GMO production ...................................................................219
12.5 GMO food labeling .............................................................. 220
12.6 GMO irregularity ................................................................. 220
12.7 GM controversies ..................................................................221
12.8 GMO toxicity ........................................................................221
12.9 GMO benefit-risk assessment .............................................. 222
12.9.1 Increased food production ..................................... 222
12.9.2 Human antibiotic resistance .................................. 222
12.9.3 GMO-resistant weeds ............................................ 222
12.9.4 Increased cancer rates ........................................... 223
12.10 GMO detection techniques .................................................. 223
12.10.1 Real-time (RT) PCR .............................................. 223
12.10.2 Differential quantitative PCR ................................ 223
12.10.3 Multiplex PCR ....................................................... 223
12.10.4 Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
(LAMP) ................................................................. 223
12.10.5 Pyrosequencing ..................................................... 224
12.10.6 Microarray ............................................................. 224
12.11 Future of GMO .................................................................... 224
References ........................................................................................ 225

Chapter 13 Anti-erosion and spill closing techniques for restoration of
River Basin: a case study of Sharda River, Uttar Pradesh, India ......... 228
Lalit Kumar Singh and Divya Srivastava
13.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 228
13.2 Study area ............................................................................ 230
13.3 Methods ............................................................................... 230
13.3.1 Boulder pitching .....................................................231
13.3.2 Geo-bags .................................................................231
13.3.4 Design .....................................................................231
13.4 Result and analysis ................................................................233
13.5 Conclusion ............................................................................ 234
References ........................................................................................ 234

Chapter 14 Analytical methodologies for environmental analysis ......................237
Shruti Srivastava and Uma Shanker Maurya
14.1 Introduction ...........................................................................237
14.2 Some commonly used analytical techniques in
environmental analysis .........................................................237
14.2.1 Chromatography .....................................................237
14.2.2 Ion chromatography ................................................239
14.2.3 Spectrophotometry ................................................ 240
14.2.4 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ...... 242
14.2.5 X-ray fluorescence ................................................. 242
14.2.6 Polymerase chain reaction ..................................... 243
14.3 Role of remote sensing in environmental monitoring ......... 244
References ........................................................................................ 246

Chapter 15 Blueprints for a greener future: unraveling architecture
contribution in CO2 mitigation strategies ......................................... 250
Swetika Porwal, Tarun Pant, Sharad Chandra,
and Paras Porwal
15.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 250
15.2 Global warming and its impact .............................................251
15.3 Significance of architecture in CO2 mitigation .....................252
15.3.1 Green roof to mitigate global warming impact ........252
15.3.2 Water reuse to reduce energy consumption
and carbon emission ...............................................253
15.3.3 Use of sustainable building material in
construction sector ..................................................253
15.3.4 Operation and demolition of waste material ..........255
15.3.5 Sustainable architectural design ............................ 256
15.3.6 Biophilic design ......................................................257
15.4 Conclusion and future perspective ........................................257
References ........................................................................................ 257

Index .......................................................................................................................261