Comparative Criminal Justice Systems

PART I: SETTING THE STAGE. 1. Introduction. Defining Terms. The Origins and Growth of Comparative Criminal Justice. Why Compare Systems of and Issues in Criminal Justice? The Historical-Political Approach. Model Systems. Basic Values in the Criminal Justice System. Political Culture versus Politicized Justice. The Plan of This Book. Summary. Comparative CJ at the Movies: "Hotel Rwanda" (2005). Critical Thinking Exercise: Honor Killing. Discussion Questions. For Further Reading. Web Pages for Chapter. 2. Measuring and Comparing Crime in and Across Nations. Why Measure Crime and Compare Crime Data? The Historical Background of International Crime Data. The Different Kinds of Crime Data. Limitations of International Crime Data. How to Compare International Crime Data. International Crime Rates. The Exception: Countries with Low Crime. How Does the United States Measure Up? Summary. Comparative CJ at the Movies: "Taken" (2008). Critical Thinking Exercise: Wales Has the Third Highest Rate of Violence? Discussion Questions and Exercises. For Further Reading. Web Pages for Chapter. 3. Families of Law. Ancient and Lesser-Employed Legal Traditions. Clarifying Terms. The Civil Law. The Common Law. The Socialist Law. The Sacred Law. Summary. Comparative CJ at the Movies: "Slumdog Millionaire" (2008). Critical Thinking Exercise: Equal in China? Discussion Questions. For Further Reading. Web Pages for Chapter. 4. Six Model Nations. Key Terms and Concepts. England. Overview. Historical Developments. Crime. Criminal Law. The Criminal Justice System. Comparisons with the United States. France. Overview. Historical Developments. Crime. Criminal Law. The Criminal Justice System. Comparisons with the United States. Germany. Overview. Historical Developments. Crime. Criminal Law. The Criminal Justice System. Comparisons with the United States. China. Overview. Historical Developments. Crime. Criminal Law. The Criminal Justice System. Comparisons with the United States. Japan. Overview. Historical Developments. Crime. Criminal Law. The Criminal Justice System. Comparisons with the United States. Saudi Arabia. Overview. Historical Developments. Crime. Criminal Law. The Criminal Justice System. Comparisons with the United States. Summary. Comparative CJ at the Movies: "Crash" (2006). Critical Thinking Exercise: Oil Industry Faces Trial on Rights Abuses. Discussion Questions. For Further Reading. Relevant Web Pages. Part II: CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESSES. 5. Law Enforcement: Functions, Organization, and Community Involvement. Key Terms and Concepts. Functions of Police. Deviance Control. Civil Order Control. The Functional Organization of Police Forces. Comparing the Different Styles of Policing. Policing Styles. Community Policing. Zero Tolerance Policing. Proactive Policing. Peace Operations and Peacekeeping. Policing in the Model Countries. England. France. Germany. China. Japan. Saudi Arabia. Community Policing in the Model Countries. International Police Cooperation. Barriers to Cooperation. Changing Role of Police. Summary. Comparative CJ at the Movies: "Rendition" (2007). Critical Thinking Exercise: Police Policy of Pay-for-sex Services is Challenged. Discussion Questions and Exercises. For Further Reading. Relevant Web Pages. 6. Criminal Procedure. Key Terms and Concepts. The Adversarial System. Common Law Criminal Procedure. The Right to Counsel. The Right to Remain Silent. The Right to Trial by Jury. The Right to Bail. The Differences in Criminal Procedure Rules in Common Law Countries. The Inquisitorial System. Civil Law Criminal Procedure. The Investigation. The Right to Counsel. The Right to Remain Silent. The Trial. Similarities and Differences Between the French, German, and American Systems. The Mixed Court. Socialist Criminal Procedure. Pretrial Investigation, Arrest, and Detention. The Right to Counsel. The Trial Process and Judicial Fairness. Distinctive Aspects of Socialist Law Procedure. Japan: The Hybrid Situation. Sacred (Islamic) Criminal Procedure. The Convergence of Systems. Constitutional Review. Constitutional Review in Model Countries. Beyond Constitutional Review: Supranational Courts of Human Rights. Summary. Comparative CJ at the Movies: "Lord of War" (2005). Critical Thinking Exercise: Suspects Shot "Casing Videos". Discussion Questions and Activities. For Further Reading. Relevant Web Pages. 7. Courts and Adjudication. Key Terms and Concepts. The Legal Profession. Key Issues in the Legal Profession. The Concept of a Court. The Development of Courts in Western Nations. The Study of Courts. Courts and the Legal Profession in England. Courts and the Legal Profession in France. Courts and the Legal Profession in Germany. Courts and the Legal Profession in China. Courts and the Legal Profession in Japan. Courts and the Legal Profession in Saudi Arabia. Supranational Courts. Supranational Courts Today. The Development of the ECHR. International Court of Justice. Dealing with International Criminals: The ICTY, ICTR, and ICC. International Criminal Court. The Legal Jurisdiction of Supranational Courts. Future Developments in Supranational Courts. Summary. Comparative CJ at the Movies: "Last King of Scotland" (2006). Critical Thinking Exercise: Questions about South Korea's Constitutional Court. Discussion Questions and Exercises. For Further Reading. Relevant Web Pages. 8. After Conviction: The Sentencing Process. Key Terms and Concepts. The Purposes of Criminal Sanctions. Sentencing Practices. Corporal Punishment. Noncustodial Sanctions. Monetary Sanctions. Fines. Day Fines. Confiscation and Forfeiture. Restitution and Community Service. Community Supervision. Probation. House Arrest. Electronic Monitoring. Exile. Warnings. Other punishments. Imprisonment. International Prison Data. Limits of International Prison Data. Commitment to Mental Hospitals. The Death Penalty. Public Opinion and Sentencing. Summary. Comparative CJ at the Movies: "Traffic" (2001). Critical Thinking Exercise: A Possible Move from the Adversarial to the Inquisitorial Legal System? Discussion Questions and Exercises. For Further Reading. Relevant Web Pages. 9. Penal Policy and Prison Systems. Key Terms and Concepts. The Evolution of Prison Systems. Penal Policy in the Model Nations. England and Wales. France. Germany. China. Japan. Saudi Arabia. Prison Crowding. Prison Crowding Data. Effects of Prison Crowding. Solutions to Prison Crowding. Rights of Prisoners. Treatment of Offenders in the Custody of the United States. Summary. Comparative CJ at the Movies: "Return to Paradise" (1998). Critical Thinking Exercise: The global shift against the death penalty. Discussion Questions. For Further Reading. Relevant Web Pages. PART III: MODERN DILEMMAS IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE. 10. Terrorism. Key Terms and Concepts. The Historical Background of Terrorism. Defining Terrorism. The Goals of Terrorism. The Prevalence of Terrorism. Terrorist Groups. Northern Ireland. Palestine. Al-Qaida. Terrorism in the Model Nations. Responses to International Terrorism. Foreign Policy. International Cooperation Strategies. Military and Police Detection and Apprehension Strategies. Adjudication. The Future of Terrorism. Summary. Comparative CJ at the Movies: "Syriana" (2005). Critical Thinking Exercise: Fighting Terrorism through Anti-Drug Investigations? Discussion Questions. For Further Reading. Relevant Web Pages. 11. Transnational Organized Crime and Corruption. Key Terms and Concepts. What is Organized Crime? The Scope of the Organized Crime Problem Worldwide. The Organized Crime Situation in Selected World Regions. Europe. Central Asia. Other World Regions. Corruption. Responses to Organized Crime. Summary. Comparative CJ at the Movies: "Blood Diamond" (2006). Critical Thinking Exercise: International Money Laundering Scheme. Discussion Questions. For Further Reading. Relevant Web Pages. 12. Juvenile Justice in International Perspective. Key Terms and Concepts. What is Delinquency? Measuring Delinquency. Adjudicating Juveniles. The United Nations and Juvenile Justice. Correcting Juveniles: Punishment versus Rehabilitation. Delinquency Prevention Approaches. Juvenile Justice in Model Countries. England. France. Germany. Japan. China. Saudi Arabia. Future of Juvenile Justice. Summary. Comparative CJ at the Movies: "Midnight Express" (1978). Critical Thinking Exercise: United Nations Urged to End Executions of Juvenile Offenders. Discussion Questions. Relevant Web Pages. For Further Reading.