Great Events in Religion
An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]
Published on 28. November 2016
Book
1047 pages
978-1-61069-565-7 (ISBN)
Description
This three-volume set presents fundamental information about the most important events in world religious history as well as substantive discussions of their significance and impact.
This work offers readers a broad and thorough look at the greatest events in world religious history, covering a wide range of religions, time periods, and areas around the globe. The entries present authoritative information and informed viewpoints written by expert contributors that enable readers to easily learn about the chief events in religious history, help them to better understand the course of world history, and promote a greater respect for culturally diverse religious traditions.
The first of the three volumes covers religion from the preliterary world through around AD 600; the second, the post-classical era from 600 to 1450; and the third, the modern era from 1450 to the present. Each volume begins with a substantive introduction that discusses the history of world religions during the period covered by the volume. The chronologically ordered entries overview each event, place it in historical context, and identify the reasons for its enduring significance.
This work offers readers a broad and thorough look at the greatest events in world religious history, covering a wide range of religions, time periods, and areas around the globe. The entries present authoritative information and informed viewpoints written by expert contributors that enable readers to easily learn about the chief events in religious history, help them to better understand the course of world history, and promote a greater respect for culturally diverse religious traditions.
The first of the three volumes covers religion from the preliterary world through around AD 600; the second, the post-classical era from 600 to 1450; and the third, the modern era from 1450 to the present. Each volume begins with a substantive introduction that discusses the history of world religions during the period covered by the volume. The chronologically ordered entries overview each event, place it in historical context, and identify the reasons for its enduring significance.
Reviews / Votes
Surprisingly readable from cover to cover. . . . One of the most helpful components of the set are the 'Further Reading' suggestions that accompany every entry. Ample cross-referencing also adds a layer of depth. Recommended for most religion collections. * Booklist * What distinguishes this set is its chronological rather than topical arrangement and emphasis on earlier periods. . . . The chief advantage of arranging information by date is being able to trace simultaneously significant events in each faith's religious history. . . . Summing Up: Recommended. High school students through undergraduates; general readers. * Choice *More details
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
Target group
College/higher education
Professional and scholarly
Interest Age: From 7 to 17 years
Weight
4139 gr
ISBN-13
978-1-61069-565-7 (9781610695657)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Additional editions
Florin Curta | Andrew Holt
Great Events in Religion
An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 Volumes]
E-Book
11/2016
1st Edition
ABC-CLIO
€595.99
Available for download
Persons
Florin Curta is professor of medieval history and archaeology at the University of Florida, Gainesville.
Andrew Holt is associate professor of history at Florida State College at Jacksonville. His previous books include Competing Voices from the Crusades: Fighting Words.
Andrew Holt is associate professor of history at Florida State College at Jacksonville. His previous books include Competing Voices from the Crusades: Fighting Words.
Content
VOLUME 1: PREHISTORY TO AD 600
Alphabetical List of Entries
Topical List of Entries
Preface
Introduction: Encyclopedias and the Modern Understanding of Religion
Introduction to Volume 1
The Encyclopedia: Prehistory to AD 600
First Burials Revealing the Beliefs in the Afterlife at Shanidar Cave, Iraq (ca. 60,000 BC)
First Recorded Burial of Homo neanderthalensis at La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France (ca. 60,000 BC)
Venus of Willendorf (21,000 BC)
First Attestation of a Skull Cult at Mas d'Azil, France (ca. 15,000 to 10,000 BC)
Establishment of Goebekli Tepe, the Oldest Human-Made Place of Worship Yet Discovered (10th Millennium BC)
Discovery of Catal Hoeyuek, Turkey (Major Cult Site of the Neolithic Period, 7500-5700 BC)
First Temple at Eridu (ca. 4500-3600 BC)
Building of the Anu Ziggurat in Uruk (4th Millennium BC)
Establishment of the Bronze Age Sanctuary and Burial Ground at Stonehenge, U.K. (3100-1100 BC)
Ritual Use of Alcohol in Ancient Religions (ca. 3rd Millennium BC-Present)
Building of the Egyptian Pyramids (2700-1514 BC)
Reign of Naram-Sin of Akkad (2254-2218 BC), the First Ruler to Think of Himself as God
King Ur-Nammu's Building of the Great Ziggurat in Ur in Honor of Nanna/Sin (21st Century BC)
Writing of the Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2100 BC)
Abraham's Leadership of the Early Hebrews (2nd Millennium BC)
Zoroaster and the Establishment of Zoroastrianism (1750-1000 BC)
Aaron's Priesthood (ca. 1600-1200 BC)
First-Known Celebration of the Dionysian Mysteries, Thebes (ca. 1500 BC)
Composition of the Hindu Upanishads (1500-600 BC)
Moses's Leadership of the Hebrew People (ca. 15th-13th Centuries BC)
Establishment of the Oracle of Delphi (ca. 1400 BC-AD 380)
Akhenaten's Rejection of Polytheism (ca. 1348 BC)
Adad-Nirari I, King of Assyria, Orders Inscriptions in Which He Claims Gods Called Him to War-First Use of Religion to Justify War (Early 13th Century BC)
Ancient Chinese Oracle Bones (ca. 1200-1045 BC)
Saul as the First King of Israel (ca. 1000 BC)
Reign of King David (ca. 1000-960 BC)
Building of the First Temple on Mount Moriah-Solomon's Temple (965-927 BC)
Building of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus (8th Century BC)
Olympic Games (773 BC-AD 339)
Building of the Temple of Vesta in Rome under Numa Pompilius (715-673 BC)
Numa Pompilius Establishes the Religious Institutions of Rome (r. 715-673 BC)
The Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Homeric Hymns (ca. 7th-5th Centuries BC)
Building of the Etemenanki Ziggurat in Honor of Marduk in Babylon (6th Century BC)
Building of the Temple of Aphrodite in Corinth (6th Century BC)
Building of the First Temple of Apollo in Delphi (6th Century BC)
Beginning of the Cult of Asklepios in Epidauros (6th Century BC)
Creation of Daoism (6th Century BC)
Eleusinian Mysteries Become Pan-Hellenic (6th Century BC)
Mahavira and the Foundations of Jainism (6th Century BC)
Destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar (598-597 and 587-586 BC)
Nebuchadnezzar II and the Destruction of the Temple of Solomon (587 BC)
Beginning of the Pythian Games in Delphi (582 BC)
First Isthmian Games (581 BC)
Life and Influence of Confucius (551-479 BC)
Building of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill in Rome (509 BC)
Buddha and the Founding of Buddhism (6th-4th Centuries BC)
Building of the Second Temple in Jerusalem (ca. 5th Century BC)
Pindar's Odes (5th Century BC)
Beginning of the Cult of the Soldiers Fallen at Marathon (490 BC)
Building of the Temple of Zeus in Olympia (Mid-5th Century BC)
Ritual Purification of the Island of Delos (425 BC)
Festival of Samhain (Origin of Halloween ca. 400 BC)
Development of the Hebrew Palestinian Canon (ca. 5th Century BC-1st Century AD)
Building of the Sanctuary of the Great Gods on Samothrace (4th Century BC)
Trial of Socrates (399 BC)
Proclamation of Ptolemy I as God by His Son, Ptolemy II Philadelphos (309-246 BC)
Beginning of the Cult of Antigonos I Monophtalmos and Demetrios I Poliorcetes Honored as Saviors of Athens (307 BC)
Plebeians in Rome Eligible for Priesthood, Lex Ogulnia (300 BC)
Serapis, the God Invented by Ptolemy I (3rd Century BC)
Ptolemy's Commissioning of the Septuagint (3rd Century BC)
Third Buddhist Council (247 BC)
First Celebration of Cybele (Magna Mater) in Rome (204 BC)
Emergence of Buddhism in China during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220)
Senatusconsultum de Bacchanalibus (186 BC)
Revolt of the Maccabees and the Rise of the Hasmonaean Dynasty (165-163 BC)
Origins of Hanukkah (165 BC)
Establishment and Influence of the Essenes (2nd Century BC-AD 68)
Compilation of the Bhagavad Gita (2nd Century BC-3rd Century AD)
Ajanta Caves and the Establishment of Buddhist College Monasteries (2nd Century BC-7th Century AD)
Roman Conquest of Judaea (63 BC)
Julius Caesar Declared Pontifex Maximus (63 BC)
Julius Caesar Declared Parens Patriae and Subsequently Deified (44 BC)
Octavian/Augustus and the Establishment of the Cult of the Emperor (Late 1st Century BC-Early 1st Century AD)
Development of Synagogues as Centers of Jewish Religious Life (1st Century BC-1st Century AD)
Introduction of the Imperial Cult in the Roman Empire (1st Century AD)
Jesus and the Founding of Christianity (4 BC-AD 325)
Crucifixion of Christ (ca. AD 30-33)
Resurrection of Jesus (ca. AD 33)
Pentecost and the Beginning of the Church (1st Century AD)
Saint Thomas and the Nasrani (Saint Thomas Christians) in India (1st Century AD)
Stoning of Stephen the Protomartyr (1st Century AD)
Conversion of Saul (Saint Paul) (ca. AD 34)
Saint Paul's Ministry (ca. AD 34-67)
Paul's First Mission Trip to Cyprus (AD 46-49)
Council of Jerusalem (ca. AD 50)
Paul's First Trip to Corinth (AD 50-52)
Fire of Rome and the Persecution of Christians under Emperor Nero (AD 64)
Great Jewish Revolt (AD 66-70)
First Use of the Title Dominus et Deus, Master and God, by the Emperor Domitian (r. AD 81-96)
Council of Jamnia (ca. AD 90)
Rise of Mithraism in the Roman Empire and Its Possible Influences on Early Christianity (ca. 1st-2nd Centuries AD)
Establishment of the New Testament Canon (1st-4th Centuries AD)
Building of the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon in Mesoamerica (1st-5th Centuries AD)
Christian Responses to the Greco-Roman Education System (1st-5th Centuries AD)
Influence of Platonic Thought on Christian Theology (1st-5th Centuries AD)
Sexual Renunciation in the Early Christian Church (1st-5th Centuries AD)
Establishment of the Coptic Church (2nd-13th Centuries AD)
Fourth Buddhist Council (2nd Century AD)
Deification of Antinous, Emperor Hadrian's Lover (AD 130)
Bar Kokhba Revolt (AD 132-135/136)
First Dedication to Sol Invictus in Rome (AD 158)
Emperor Commodus Proclaimed Romanus Hercules (AD 192)
Development of the Doctrine of Mary's Perpetual Virginity in Antiquity (2nd-7th Centuries AD)
Ephesus and Sardis Competing to Become Neocorates (Imperial Cult Centers, 3rd Century AD)
Mani and the Foundation of Manichaeanism (3rd Century AD)
Earliest Frescoes in the Roman Catacombs (ca. AD 200)
Edict of Septimius Severus and Anti-Christian Persecutions (AD 202)
Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas (AD 203)
Emperor Elagabalus Establishes His Own Cult in Rome as Sol Invictus (AD 218-222)
Emperor Decius's Decree on Sacrifice (AD 249)
Antony of Egypt's Becoming a Hermit and His Influence on Monasticism (Late 3rd-4th Centuries AD)
Influence of Origen on Christian Theology (3rd-4th Centuries AD)
Gregory the Illuminator and the Conversion of Armenia to Christianity (AD 301)
Council of Elvira (AD 305)
Battle of the Milvian Bridge (AD 312)
Conversion of Constantine the Great (ca. AD 312-337)
Edict of Milan (AD 313)
Emperor Constantine the Great Establishes Dies Soli as the Roman Day of Rest (AD 321)
Pachomius and the Beginnings of Cenobitic Monasticism (ca. AD 320-347)
Founding of Constantinople (AD 324-330)
Ecumenical Councils (AD 325-787)
Council of Nicaea (AD 325)
Ulfila's Mission to the Goths (AD 340s)
Building of the First Church Dedicated to the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople (AD 360)
Reign of Julian the Apostate (AD 361-363)
Athanasius's Easter Letter Recognizes the Current New Testament Canon (AD 367)
Theodosius I Declares Nicene Christianity the State Religion of the Roman Empire (AD 380)
First Council of Constantinople (AD 381)
Ambrose's Promotion of Religious Orthodoxy (4th Century AD)
Frumentius and the Conversion of Ethiopia to Christianity (4th Century AD)
Saint Basil of Caesarea and His Influence on Monasticism (4th Century AD)
Life and Influence of Saint Augustine (AD 354-430)
Influence of Christianity on Roman Law (4th-5th Centuries AD)
Theodosian Code and the First Anti-Jewish Legislation (4th-5th Centuries AD)
Jerome's Translation and Publication of the Vulgate (Late 4th-Early 5th Centuries AD)
John Chrysostom and the Christian Critique of the Abuse of Power (Late 4th-Early 5th Centuries AD)
Establishment of the Avesta (4th-6th Centuries AD)
Decline of Early Christian Pacifism (4th-7th Centuries AD)
Byzantine-Persian Wars (AD 359-628)
Chandragupta II and the Rise of Vaishnavism (ca. AD 375-413)
Pulcheria and the Beginnings of the Cult of the Virgin Mary as Mother of God (Theotokos) (5th Century AD)
Papacy of Leo I and the Beginnings of the Doctrine of Papal Primacy (5th Century AD)
Saint Patrick and the Conversion of Ireland (5th Century AD)
Hypatia's Murder in Alexandria (AD 415)
Council of Ephesus (AD 431)
Cyril of Alexandria and the First Council of Ephesus (AD 431)
Council of Chalcedon (AD 451)
Sabbas and the Creation of the Great Lavra in the Kidron Valley (ca. AD 478-539)
Conversion of Clovis (AD 496)
Third Samaritan Revolt (AD 529)
Emperor Justinian's Closing of the Academy at Athens (AD 529)
Building of the Second Church Dedicated to the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople (AD 537)
Second Council of Constantinople (AD 553)
Three Chapter Controversy (AD 553-689)
Leovigild and Arianism in Visigothic Spain (AD 568-586)
Augustine of Canterbury and the Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons (ca. AD 595)
Benedict of Nursia and the Beginnings of Monasticism in the West (ca. 6th Century AD)
Christianization of Nubia (6th Century AD)
Influence of the Benedictine Rule (6th Century AD-Present)
Gregory the Great's Papacy (r. AD 590-604)
Bibliography
VOLUME 2: AD 600 TO 1450
Alphabetical List of Entries
Topical List of Entries
Preface
Introduction to Volume 2
The Encyclopedia: AD 600 to 1450
Mar Babai and the Growth of Nestorian Christianity in Persia (7th Century)
Muhammad and the Foundation of Islam (ca. 570-632)
Conquest of Jerusalem by the Sassanians (614)
Foundation of the Bobbio Abbey (614)
Hijrah of Muhammad (622)
Constitution of Medina (622)
Arab Conquests (ca. 630-750)
Maximus the Confessor and the Monothelite Controversy (630s)
Emergence of Shiism after the Death of Muhammad in 632
Conquest of Jerusalem by the Arabs (638)
Muslim Invasion of Egypt (641) and the Creation of the Coptic Church
Arab Conquest of the Sassanian Empire (ca. 650)
Compilation of the Qur'an under Caliph 'Uthman (ca. 650-652)
Alopen and Nestorianism in China (653)
Battle of Siffin (657)
Synod of Whitby (663-664)
Boniface and His Reform of the Frankish Church (ca. 673-754/755)
John of Damascus (675-ca. 749-754) and the Defense of Icon Veneration
Battle of Karbala (680)
Sixth Ecumenical Council (680-681)
Dome of the Rock (691)
Establishment of the Pentarchy (692)
Council in Trullo (692)
Origins of Jihad (7th Century)
Establishment of the Caliphate (7th Century)
Emperor Justinian II and the Placing of the Image of Christ on Coins (Late 7th-Early 8th Centuries)
Emergence of Sufism (ca. 7th-13th Centuries)
Invention of the Rosary (7th-15th Centuries)
Iconoclasm Controversy (Early 8th Century)
Islamic Conquest of Spain (711)
Reconquista (ca. 718-1492)
Battle of Tours (732)
Foundation of the Fulda Abbey (744)
Donation of Constantine (ca. 750)
Boku Tekin and the Uighur Conversion to Manichaeanism (763)
Building of the Great Mosque of Cordoba (784)
Second Council of Nicaea (787)
Mass (and Forced) Baptism of the Saxons under Charlemagne (8th Century)
Collection of the Hadith (ca. 8th-10th Centuries)
Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism (9th Century)
Mission of Cyril and Methodius to Moravia (9th Century)
Charlemagne Crowned Emperor by the Pope (800)
Muslim Conquest of Sicily (827-902)
Anskar's Mission to the Swedes (830-860)
Wuzong Persecutes Buddhism in China (843-845)
Mosque of Samarra (849-851)
Destruction and Razing of the Husayn Mosque in Karbala by Caliph al-Mutawakkil (850)
Photian Schism I (858-880)
Cordoba Martyrs' Movement (850s)
Boris of Bulgaria Converts to Christianity (863-864)
Photian Schism II (863-867)
Cadaver Synod (897)
Clement and Naum Begin Missionary Work in the Lake Ohrid Region (Late 9th-Early 10th Centuries)
Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah and the Establishment of the Shia Ismaili Fatimid Dynasty (909)
Founding of the Fatimid Dynasty (909-1174)
Founding of Cluny Monastery (910)
Odo of Cluny Writes the Life of Saint Gerald of Aurillac (ca. Early 10th Century)
Synod of Split (925)
'Abd al-Rahman III Proclaims the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba (929)
Foundation of the Rila Monastery (ca. 930)
Wenceslas Murdered by His Brother Boleslav (935)
Bogomil Heresy First Appears in Bulgaria (940s)
Otto I Proclaimed Roman Emperor (962)
Mieszko I and the Conversion of Poland to Christianity (966)
Cairo Is Established as the Capital of the Fatimid State in Egypt (969)
Mount Athos Established as a Major Monastic Center (960s)
Peace of God Movement (975-1054)
Revolt of the Liutizi (983)
Vladimir the Great's Christianization of the Kievan Rus' (ca. 988-1015)
Building of the Al-Hakim Mosque in Cairo (990-1003)
Summit in Gniezno and Emperor Otto III's Pilgrimage to the Tomb of Saint Adalbert (1000)
Althing of 1000 and the Conversion of Iceland to Christianity (1000)
King Stephen and the Conversion of Hungary (1000)
Olaf and the Christianization of Norway (1015-1030)
Symeon the New Theologian and the Hymns of Divine Eros (ca. 1003-1022)
Foundation of the Sazava Abbey (1032)
Great Schism (1054)
Treaty of Melfi (1059)
Abdallah ibn Yasin Starts the Almoravid Movement and Dynasty (1050s)
Foundation of the Monastery of the Caves near Kiev (11th Century)
Founding of the University of Bologna (ca. Late 11th Century)
Gregorian Reform (Late 11th Century)
Truce of God (11th to 12th Centuries)
Battle of Manzikert (1071)
Investiture Controversy (1076-1122)
Gregory VII and Henry IV at Canossa (1077)
Life and Influence of Peter Abelard (1079-1142)
Sex Adi and the Establishment of Yazidism (ca. 1070s-1162)
Papacy of Urban II (1088-1099)
Pope Urban II and the Calling of the First Crusade (1095)
First Crusade (1095-1099)
Establishment of the Crusader States (1097-1109)
Foundation of Citeaux Abbey (1098)
Canonization of Canute IV of Denmark (1101)
Bernard of Clairvaux and the Foundation of the Monastery of Clairvaux (1115)
Founding of the Templars (1119)
First Lateran Council (1123)
Bernard of Clairvaux's Writing of De Laude Novae Militiae (ca. 1129-1136)
Ibn Tumart Establishes the Almohad Movement and Dynasty (1120s)
Life and Influence of Moses Maimonides (1138-1204)
Second Lateran Council (1139)
Saint Malachy, Archbishop of Armagh, Visits Citeaux (1140)
Yehuda Halevi's Journey to Jerusalem and the Call for Jews to Return to Israel (1141)
Second Crusade (1145-1149)
Wendish Crusade (1147)
Gratian's Decretum (Mid-12th Century)
Canonization of Charlemagne (1165)
Martyrdom of Thomas Becket (1170)
Synod of Cashel (1171)
Founding of al-Azhar University in Cairo (ca. 1171)
Third Lateran Council (1179)
Third Crusade (1189-1192)
Building of the Qutub Minar in Delhi (1193)
Papacy of Innocent III (1198-1216)
Basavanna and the Rise of Lingayatism (12th Century)
Founding of the University of Paris (ca. Late 12th Century)
Danish Crusades against Pagan Estonia (12th-13th Centuries)
Swedish Crusades against Pagan Finland (12th-13th Centuries)
Impact of the Baltic Crusades on North European Paganism (12th-14th Centuries)
Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)
Foundation of Oxford University (Early 13th Century)
Kublai Khan's Conversion to Tibetan Buddhism (13th Century)
Francis of Assisi's Founding of the Franciscan Order (1208-1209)
Founding of Cambridge (ca. 1209)
Albigensian Crusade (Early 13th Century)
Albigensian Inquisition (Early 13th Century)
Children's Crusade (1212)
Fourth Lateran Council (1215)
Founding of the Dominicans (1216)
Life and Influence of Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
Frederick II's "Crusade" (1228-1229)
First Council of Lyon (1245)
Seventh Crusade (1248-1250)
Crusades of Saint Louis (1248-1270)
Rise and Fall of the Flagellant Movement (ca. 1250-1350)
Rise of the Mamluks (1250-1517)
Fall of Baghdad and the End of the Caliphate (1258)
Writing of the Summa Theologica (1265-1273)
Second Council of Lyon (1274)
Fall of Acre (1291)
Il-Khan Mahmud Ghazan Converts to Islam (1295)
Unam Sanctam Proclaims Papal Supremacy (1302)
Suppression of the Templars (1307-1312)
Dante writes The Divine Comedy (1307-1321)
Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)
Uzbek Khan's Conversion to Islam (ca. 1313)
Aztec Cult of Huitzilopochtli and the Foundation of Tenochtitlan (1325-1519)
Wycliffite Bible (1330-1384)
Tarmashirin Khan's Conversion to Islam (ca. 1330s)
Gregory Palamas's Defense of Hesychasm (Mid-14th Century)
Impact of the Black Death (ca. Mid-14th Century)
Jogaila Converts Lithuania to Christianity (1386-1387)
Battle of Kosovo (1389)
Joan of Arc's Impact on the Hundred Years' War (Early 15th Century)
Jan Hus and the Beginning of the Hussite Movement (Early 15th Century)
Council of Constance (1414-1418)
Council of Florence (1439)
Bibliography
VOLUME 3: 1450 TO THE PRESENT
Alphabetical List of Entries
Topical List of Entries
Preface
Introduction to Volume 3
The Encyclopedia: 1450 to the Present
Fall of Constantinople (1453)
Establishment of the Greek-Orthodox Patriarch by Mehmet II (1454)
European Witch Craze (1450-1800)
Spanish Inquisition (1478-1834)
Expulsion of (Sephardic) Jews from Spain (1492)
Conquest of Granada (1492)
Savonarola's Activity in Renaissance Florence (1494-1498)
Guru Nanak and the Foundation of Sikhi (Late 15th-Early 16th Centuries)
Spanish Conquest and the Christianization of the New World (16th Century)
Shah Isma'il and the Foundation of the Safavid Dynasty (1501)
Safavid Dynasty and the Proclamation of the First Shia Empire (1501-1524)
Erasmus of Rotterdam's Translation of the New Testament (1516)
Martin Luther's Posting of His 95 Theses (1517)
Conquest of the Aztec Empire (1521)
Martin Luther's Translation of the New Testament (1522)
Ulrich Zwingli's Leadership of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland (1522-1531)
Death of Huayna Capac and the Largest Known Number of Inca Human Sacrifices (ca. 1524-1527)
Augsburg Confession (1530)
Copernicus's Publication of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1530)
Ottoman-Safavid Wars (1532-1639)
Acts of Supremacy (1534 and 1559)
Establishment of the Church of England (ca. 1536)
John Calvin's Publication of the Institutes (1536-1560)
Ignatius of Loyola's Founding of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) (1540)
New Laws of 1542
Roman Inquisition (1542-Present)
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Publication of the Book of Common Prayer (1549)
Francis Xavier's Mission to Japan (1549)
John Knox Leads the Scottish Reformation (1560)
Acts and Monuments (1563-1583)
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)
Henry of Navarre's Conversion to Catholicism (1593)
Edict of Nantes (1598)
Anabaptist Promotion of the Separation of Church and State (16th-18th Centuries)
Afro-Caribbean Influence on the Catholic Church in the Americas (Mid-16th-18th Centuries)
Expulsion of the Moriscos (1609-1614)
John Smyth and the Origin of the Baptists (ca. 1610)
Publication of the King James Bible (1611)
Defenestration of Prague (1618)
Founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony by the Puritans (1628-1664)
Galileo Forced to Recant His Theories (1633)
Peace of Prague (1635)
Founding of the Quakers (ca. 1646-1650s)
Westminster Confession of Faith (1647)
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Building of the Jama Masjid in Delhi (1650-1656)
Pascal's Wager (ca. 1657)
Synod of Jerusalem (1672)
Act of Toleration (1689)
Salem Witch Trials (1692)
Introduction of Penal Laws to Ireland (Late 17th-Early 18th Centuries)
Development and Influence of Deism (17th-18th Centuries)
Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and the Beginning of Salafism (18th Century)
Great Awakening (1730-1760)
Israel Baal Shem Tov and the Hasidic Movement (Mid-18th Century)
Expulsion, Suppression, and Restoration of the Jesuits (1759-1814)
Qajar Implementation of Shia Islam (1779-1924)
French Revolution (1787-1799)
Festival of Reason and De-Christianization in France (1790s)
Second Great Awakening (1790-1830)
Emancipation of Jews in France (1791)
Rise of African American Churches (18th-19th Centuries)
William Wilberforce Leads the Abolition Movement in Britain (Late 18th-Early 19th Centuries)
Swaminarayan and the Establishment of the Swaminarayan Sampraday (1801)
Usman Dan Fodio and the Establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate in Western Africa (1810s)
Founding of the American Temperance Society (1826)
Publication of the Book of Mormon (1830)
John Keble Preaches His "National Apostasy" Sermon Sparking the Oxford Movement (1833)
Oxford Movement (1833-1841)
Dedication of the First Mormon Temple in Kirtland, Ohio (1836)
Great Disappointment (1844)
John Henry Newman Converts to Catholicism (1845)
Founding of the Baha'i Faith (Mid-19th Century)
Immaculate Conception Made Roman-Catholic Dogma (1854)
Charles Darwin's Publication of On the Origin of Species (1859)
John Brown's Holy War against Slavery (1859)
Syllabus of Errors (1864)
Vatican Council I (1869-1870)
Papal Infallibility Proclaimed at the First Vatican Council (1870)
Emancipation of Jews in Germany (1871)
William Booth Founds the Salvation Army (ca. 1878)
Ghost Dance (1889-1891)
Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)
Charles Parham and the Beginnings of Pentecostalism (1890s-1910s)
Development of the Cargo Cults (19th-20th Centuries)
Protestant (Puritan) Work Ethic and the Rise of Capitalism (1904-1905)
Indian Councils Act of 1909
Publication of The Fundamentals (1910-1915)
Armenian Genocide (1915)
Mahatma Gandhi's Leadership of the Indian Independence Movement (1915-1947)
Fall of the Ottoman Empire (1922)
Establishment of the Secular Republic of Turkey (1923)
Abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate (1924)
Scopes "Monkey Trial" (1925)
Cristero War (1926-1929)
Development of the Cao Dai Religion in Vietnam (Early 1920s)
Lambeth Conference and the Acceptance of Birth Control (1930)
Establishment of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Soviet Union (1934)
Nation of Islam (1930s)
Dietrich Bonhoeffer Executed by the Nazis (1945)
Discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls (1947)
Partition of India and the Beginnings of the Hindu-Muslim Conflict (1947)
Founding of Pakistan (1947)
Establishment of the Modern State of Israel (1948)
Indian Law Abolishes the "Untouchables" Class (1949)
Mother Teresa Founds the Missionaries of Charity (1950)
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar and the Dalit Buddhist Movement (1956)
Methodists Ordain Women (1956)
Martin Luther King Jr. Leads the U.S. Civil Rights Movement (1950s-1960s)
Madalyn Murray (O'Hair) Files Suit to End Prayer and Biblical Readings in Public Schools (1960)
Vatican Council II (1962-1965)
Malcolm X Resigns from the Nation of Islam (1964)
Six-Day War (1967)
Yom Kippur War (1973)
Overthrow of the Shah of Iran (1979)
Islamic Revolution in Iran (1979)
Anti-Sikh Riots and the Assassination of Indira Gandhi (1984)
Ayodhya Debates and Mumbai Riots (1992)
Southern Baptist Convention Resolution on Racial Reconciliation (1995)
Publication of Evangelium Vitae (1995)
Rise of the Taliban (1990s)
Rise of Liberation Theology (20th Century)
Rise of Islamism, Extremism, and Islamic Counter Responses (20th-21st Centuries)
Apology for the Fourth Crusade (2001)
Rise of the Islamic State (2014)
Bibliography
Editors and Contributors
Index
Alphabetical List of Entries
Topical List of Entries
Preface
Introduction: Encyclopedias and the Modern Understanding of Religion
Introduction to Volume 1
The Encyclopedia: Prehistory to AD 600
First Burials Revealing the Beliefs in the Afterlife at Shanidar Cave, Iraq (ca. 60,000 BC)
First Recorded Burial of Homo neanderthalensis at La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France (ca. 60,000 BC)
Venus of Willendorf (21,000 BC)
First Attestation of a Skull Cult at Mas d'Azil, France (ca. 15,000 to 10,000 BC)
Establishment of Goebekli Tepe, the Oldest Human-Made Place of Worship Yet Discovered (10th Millennium BC)
Discovery of Catal Hoeyuek, Turkey (Major Cult Site of the Neolithic Period, 7500-5700 BC)
First Temple at Eridu (ca. 4500-3600 BC)
Building of the Anu Ziggurat in Uruk (4th Millennium BC)
Establishment of the Bronze Age Sanctuary and Burial Ground at Stonehenge, U.K. (3100-1100 BC)
Ritual Use of Alcohol in Ancient Religions (ca. 3rd Millennium BC-Present)
Building of the Egyptian Pyramids (2700-1514 BC)
Reign of Naram-Sin of Akkad (2254-2218 BC), the First Ruler to Think of Himself as God
King Ur-Nammu's Building of the Great Ziggurat in Ur in Honor of Nanna/Sin (21st Century BC)
Writing of the Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2100 BC)
Abraham's Leadership of the Early Hebrews (2nd Millennium BC)
Zoroaster and the Establishment of Zoroastrianism (1750-1000 BC)
Aaron's Priesthood (ca. 1600-1200 BC)
First-Known Celebration of the Dionysian Mysteries, Thebes (ca. 1500 BC)
Composition of the Hindu Upanishads (1500-600 BC)
Moses's Leadership of the Hebrew People (ca. 15th-13th Centuries BC)
Establishment of the Oracle of Delphi (ca. 1400 BC-AD 380)
Akhenaten's Rejection of Polytheism (ca. 1348 BC)
Adad-Nirari I, King of Assyria, Orders Inscriptions in Which He Claims Gods Called Him to War-First Use of Religion to Justify War (Early 13th Century BC)
Ancient Chinese Oracle Bones (ca. 1200-1045 BC)
Saul as the First King of Israel (ca. 1000 BC)
Reign of King David (ca. 1000-960 BC)
Building of the First Temple on Mount Moriah-Solomon's Temple (965-927 BC)
Building of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus (8th Century BC)
Olympic Games (773 BC-AD 339)
Building of the Temple of Vesta in Rome under Numa Pompilius (715-673 BC)
Numa Pompilius Establishes the Religious Institutions of Rome (r. 715-673 BC)
The Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Homeric Hymns (ca. 7th-5th Centuries BC)
Building of the Etemenanki Ziggurat in Honor of Marduk in Babylon (6th Century BC)
Building of the Temple of Aphrodite in Corinth (6th Century BC)
Building of the First Temple of Apollo in Delphi (6th Century BC)
Beginning of the Cult of Asklepios in Epidauros (6th Century BC)
Creation of Daoism (6th Century BC)
Eleusinian Mysteries Become Pan-Hellenic (6th Century BC)
Mahavira and the Foundations of Jainism (6th Century BC)
Destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar (598-597 and 587-586 BC)
Nebuchadnezzar II and the Destruction of the Temple of Solomon (587 BC)
Beginning of the Pythian Games in Delphi (582 BC)
First Isthmian Games (581 BC)
Life and Influence of Confucius (551-479 BC)
Building of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill in Rome (509 BC)
Buddha and the Founding of Buddhism (6th-4th Centuries BC)
Building of the Second Temple in Jerusalem (ca. 5th Century BC)
Pindar's Odes (5th Century BC)
Beginning of the Cult of the Soldiers Fallen at Marathon (490 BC)
Building of the Temple of Zeus in Olympia (Mid-5th Century BC)
Ritual Purification of the Island of Delos (425 BC)
Festival of Samhain (Origin of Halloween ca. 400 BC)
Development of the Hebrew Palestinian Canon (ca. 5th Century BC-1st Century AD)
Building of the Sanctuary of the Great Gods on Samothrace (4th Century BC)
Trial of Socrates (399 BC)
Proclamation of Ptolemy I as God by His Son, Ptolemy II Philadelphos (309-246 BC)
Beginning of the Cult of Antigonos I Monophtalmos and Demetrios I Poliorcetes Honored as Saviors of Athens (307 BC)
Plebeians in Rome Eligible for Priesthood, Lex Ogulnia (300 BC)
Serapis, the God Invented by Ptolemy I (3rd Century BC)
Ptolemy's Commissioning of the Septuagint (3rd Century BC)
Third Buddhist Council (247 BC)
First Celebration of Cybele (Magna Mater) in Rome (204 BC)
Emergence of Buddhism in China during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220)
Senatusconsultum de Bacchanalibus (186 BC)
Revolt of the Maccabees and the Rise of the Hasmonaean Dynasty (165-163 BC)
Origins of Hanukkah (165 BC)
Establishment and Influence of the Essenes (2nd Century BC-AD 68)
Compilation of the Bhagavad Gita (2nd Century BC-3rd Century AD)
Ajanta Caves and the Establishment of Buddhist College Monasteries (2nd Century BC-7th Century AD)
Roman Conquest of Judaea (63 BC)
Julius Caesar Declared Pontifex Maximus (63 BC)
Julius Caesar Declared Parens Patriae and Subsequently Deified (44 BC)
Octavian/Augustus and the Establishment of the Cult of the Emperor (Late 1st Century BC-Early 1st Century AD)
Development of Synagogues as Centers of Jewish Religious Life (1st Century BC-1st Century AD)
Introduction of the Imperial Cult in the Roman Empire (1st Century AD)
Jesus and the Founding of Christianity (4 BC-AD 325)
Crucifixion of Christ (ca. AD 30-33)
Resurrection of Jesus (ca. AD 33)
Pentecost and the Beginning of the Church (1st Century AD)
Saint Thomas and the Nasrani (Saint Thomas Christians) in India (1st Century AD)
Stoning of Stephen the Protomartyr (1st Century AD)
Conversion of Saul (Saint Paul) (ca. AD 34)
Saint Paul's Ministry (ca. AD 34-67)
Paul's First Mission Trip to Cyprus (AD 46-49)
Council of Jerusalem (ca. AD 50)
Paul's First Trip to Corinth (AD 50-52)
Fire of Rome and the Persecution of Christians under Emperor Nero (AD 64)
Great Jewish Revolt (AD 66-70)
First Use of the Title Dominus et Deus, Master and God, by the Emperor Domitian (r. AD 81-96)
Council of Jamnia (ca. AD 90)
Rise of Mithraism in the Roman Empire and Its Possible Influences on Early Christianity (ca. 1st-2nd Centuries AD)
Establishment of the New Testament Canon (1st-4th Centuries AD)
Building of the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon in Mesoamerica (1st-5th Centuries AD)
Christian Responses to the Greco-Roman Education System (1st-5th Centuries AD)
Influence of Platonic Thought on Christian Theology (1st-5th Centuries AD)
Sexual Renunciation in the Early Christian Church (1st-5th Centuries AD)
Establishment of the Coptic Church (2nd-13th Centuries AD)
Fourth Buddhist Council (2nd Century AD)
Deification of Antinous, Emperor Hadrian's Lover (AD 130)
Bar Kokhba Revolt (AD 132-135/136)
First Dedication to Sol Invictus in Rome (AD 158)
Emperor Commodus Proclaimed Romanus Hercules (AD 192)
Development of the Doctrine of Mary's Perpetual Virginity in Antiquity (2nd-7th Centuries AD)
Ephesus and Sardis Competing to Become Neocorates (Imperial Cult Centers, 3rd Century AD)
Mani and the Foundation of Manichaeanism (3rd Century AD)
Earliest Frescoes in the Roman Catacombs (ca. AD 200)
Edict of Septimius Severus and Anti-Christian Persecutions (AD 202)
Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas (AD 203)
Emperor Elagabalus Establishes His Own Cult in Rome as Sol Invictus (AD 218-222)
Emperor Decius's Decree on Sacrifice (AD 249)
Antony of Egypt's Becoming a Hermit and His Influence on Monasticism (Late 3rd-4th Centuries AD)
Influence of Origen on Christian Theology (3rd-4th Centuries AD)
Gregory the Illuminator and the Conversion of Armenia to Christianity (AD 301)
Council of Elvira (AD 305)
Battle of the Milvian Bridge (AD 312)
Conversion of Constantine the Great (ca. AD 312-337)
Edict of Milan (AD 313)
Emperor Constantine the Great Establishes Dies Soli as the Roman Day of Rest (AD 321)
Pachomius and the Beginnings of Cenobitic Monasticism (ca. AD 320-347)
Founding of Constantinople (AD 324-330)
Ecumenical Councils (AD 325-787)
Council of Nicaea (AD 325)
Ulfila's Mission to the Goths (AD 340s)
Building of the First Church Dedicated to the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople (AD 360)
Reign of Julian the Apostate (AD 361-363)
Athanasius's Easter Letter Recognizes the Current New Testament Canon (AD 367)
Theodosius I Declares Nicene Christianity the State Religion of the Roman Empire (AD 380)
First Council of Constantinople (AD 381)
Ambrose's Promotion of Religious Orthodoxy (4th Century AD)
Frumentius and the Conversion of Ethiopia to Christianity (4th Century AD)
Saint Basil of Caesarea and His Influence on Monasticism (4th Century AD)
Life and Influence of Saint Augustine (AD 354-430)
Influence of Christianity on Roman Law (4th-5th Centuries AD)
Theodosian Code and the First Anti-Jewish Legislation (4th-5th Centuries AD)
Jerome's Translation and Publication of the Vulgate (Late 4th-Early 5th Centuries AD)
John Chrysostom and the Christian Critique of the Abuse of Power (Late 4th-Early 5th Centuries AD)
Establishment of the Avesta (4th-6th Centuries AD)
Decline of Early Christian Pacifism (4th-7th Centuries AD)
Byzantine-Persian Wars (AD 359-628)
Chandragupta II and the Rise of Vaishnavism (ca. AD 375-413)
Pulcheria and the Beginnings of the Cult of the Virgin Mary as Mother of God (Theotokos) (5th Century AD)
Papacy of Leo I and the Beginnings of the Doctrine of Papal Primacy (5th Century AD)
Saint Patrick and the Conversion of Ireland (5th Century AD)
Hypatia's Murder in Alexandria (AD 415)
Council of Ephesus (AD 431)
Cyril of Alexandria and the First Council of Ephesus (AD 431)
Council of Chalcedon (AD 451)
Sabbas and the Creation of the Great Lavra in the Kidron Valley (ca. AD 478-539)
Conversion of Clovis (AD 496)
Third Samaritan Revolt (AD 529)
Emperor Justinian's Closing of the Academy at Athens (AD 529)
Building of the Second Church Dedicated to the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople (AD 537)
Second Council of Constantinople (AD 553)
Three Chapter Controversy (AD 553-689)
Leovigild and Arianism in Visigothic Spain (AD 568-586)
Augustine of Canterbury and the Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons (ca. AD 595)
Benedict of Nursia and the Beginnings of Monasticism in the West (ca. 6th Century AD)
Christianization of Nubia (6th Century AD)
Influence of the Benedictine Rule (6th Century AD-Present)
Gregory the Great's Papacy (r. AD 590-604)
Bibliography
VOLUME 2: AD 600 TO 1450
Alphabetical List of Entries
Topical List of Entries
Preface
Introduction to Volume 2
The Encyclopedia: AD 600 to 1450
Mar Babai and the Growth of Nestorian Christianity in Persia (7th Century)
Muhammad and the Foundation of Islam (ca. 570-632)
Conquest of Jerusalem by the Sassanians (614)
Foundation of the Bobbio Abbey (614)
Hijrah of Muhammad (622)
Constitution of Medina (622)
Arab Conquests (ca. 630-750)
Maximus the Confessor and the Monothelite Controversy (630s)
Emergence of Shiism after the Death of Muhammad in 632
Conquest of Jerusalem by the Arabs (638)
Muslim Invasion of Egypt (641) and the Creation of the Coptic Church
Arab Conquest of the Sassanian Empire (ca. 650)
Compilation of the Qur'an under Caliph 'Uthman (ca. 650-652)
Alopen and Nestorianism in China (653)
Battle of Siffin (657)
Synod of Whitby (663-664)
Boniface and His Reform of the Frankish Church (ca. 673-754/755)
John of Damascus (675-ca. 749-754) and the Defense of Icon Veneration
Battle of Karbala (680)
Sixth Ecumenical Council (680-681)
Dome of the Rock (691)
Establishment of the Pentarchy (692)
Council in Trullo (692)
Origins of Jihad (7th Century)
Establishment of the Caliphate (7th Century)
Emperor Justinian II and the Placing of the Image of Christ on Coins (Late 7th-Early 8th Centuries)
Emergence of Sufism (ca. 7th-13th Centuries)
Invention of the Rosary (7th-15th Centuries)
Iconoclasm Controversy (Early 8th Century)
Islamic Conquest of Spain (711)
Reconquista (ca. 718-1492)
Battle of Tours (732)
Foundation of the Fulda Abbey (744)
Donation of Constantine (ca. 750)
Boku Tekin and the Uighur Conversion to Manichaeanism (763)
Building of the Great Mosque of Cordoba (784)
Second Council of Nicaea (787)
Mass (and Forced) Baptism of the Saxons under Charlemagne (8th Century)
Collection of the Hadith (ca. 8th-10th Centuries)
Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism (9th Century)
Mission of Cyril and Methodius to Moravia (9th Century)
Charlemagne Crowned Emperor by the Pope (800)
Muslim Conquest of Sicily (827-902)
Anskar's Mission to the Swedes (830-860)
Wuzong Persecutes Buddhism in China (843-845)
Mosque of Samarra (849-851)
Destruction and Razing of the Husayn Mosque in Karbala by Caliph al-Mutawakkil (850)
Photian Schism I (858-880)
Cordoba Martyrs' Movement (850s)
Boris of Bulgaria Converts to Christianity (863-864)
Photian Schism II (863-867)
Cadaver Synod (897)
Clement and Naum Begin Missionary Work in the Lake Ohrid Region (Late 9th-Early 10th Centuries)
Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah and the Establishment of the Shia Ismaili Fatimid Dynasty (909)
Founding of the Fatimid Dynasty (909-1174)
Founding of Cluny Monastery (910)
Odo of Cluny Writes the Life of Saint Gerald of Aurillac (ca. Early 10th Century)
Synod of Split (925)
'Abd al-Rahman III Proclaims the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba (929)
Foundation of the Rila Monastery (ca. 930)
Wenceslas Murdered by His Brother Boleslav (935)
Bogomil Heresy First Appears in Bulgaria (940s)
Otto I Proclaimed Roman Emperor (962)
Mieszko I and the Conversion of Poland to Christianity (966)
Cairo Is Established as the Capital of the Fatimid State in Egypt (969)
Mount Athos Established as a Major Monastic Center (960s)
Peace of God Movement (975-1054)
Revolt of the Liutizi (983)
Vladimir the Great's Christianization of the Kievan Rus' (ca. 988-1015)
Building of the Al-Hakim Mosque in Cairo (990-1003)
Summit in Gniezno and Emperor Otto III's Pilgrimage to the Tomb of Saint Adalbert (1000)
Althing of 1000 and the Conversion of Iceland to Christianity (1000)
King Stephen and the Conversion of Hungary (1000)
Olaf and the Christianization of Norway (1015-1030)
Symeon the New Theologian and the Hymns of Divine Eros (ca. 1003-1022)
Foundation of the Sazava Abbey (1032)
Great Schism (1054)
Treaty of Melfi (1059)
Abdallah ibn Yasin Starts the Almoravid Movement and Dynasty (1050s)
Foundation of the Monastery of the Caves near Kiev (11th Century)
Founding of the University of Bologna (ca. Late 11th Century)
Gregorian Reform (Late 11th Century)
Truce of God (11th to 12th Centuries)
Battle of Manzikert (1071)
Investiture Controversy (1076-1122)
Gregory VII and Henry IV at Canossa (1077)
Life and Influence of Peter Abelard (1079-1142)
Sex Adi and the Establishment of Yazidism (ca. 1070s-1162)
Papacy of Urban II (1088-1099)
Pope Urban II and the Calling of the First Crusade (1095)
First Crusade (1095-1099)
Establishment of the Crusader States (1097-1109)
Foundation of Citeaux Abbey (1098)
Canonization of Canute IV of Denmark (1101)
Bernard of Clairvaux and the Foundation of the Monastery of Clairvaux (1115)
Founding of the Templars (1119)
First Lateran Council (1123)
Bernard of Clairvaux's Writing of De Laude Novae Militiae (ca. 1129-1136)
Ibn Tumart Establishes the Almohad Movement and Dynasty (1120s)
Life and Influence of Moses Maimonides (1138-1204)
Second Lateran Council (1139)
Saint Malachy, Archbishop of Armagh, Visits Citeaux (1140)
Yehuda Halevi's Journey to Jerusalem and the Call for Jews to Return to Israel (1141)
Second Crusade (1145-1149)
Wendish Crusade (1147)
Gratian's Decretum (Mid-12th Century)
Canonization of Charlemagne (1165)
Martyrdom of Thomas Becket (1170)
Synod of Cashel (1171)
Founding of al-Azhar University in Cairo (ca. 1171)
Third Lateran Council (1179)
Third Crusade (1189-1192)
Building of the Qutub Minar in Delhi (1193)
Papacy of Innocent III (1198-1216)
Basavanna and the Rise of Lingayatism (12th Century)
Founding of the University of Paris (ca. Late 12th Century)
Danish Crusades against Pagan Estonia (12th-13th Centuries)
Swedish Crusades against Pagan Finland (12th-13th Centuries)
Impact of the Baltic Crusades on North European Paganism (12th-14th Centuries)
Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)
Foundation of Oxford University (Early 13th Century)
Kublai Khan's Conversion to Tibetan Buddhism (13th Century)
Francis of Assisi's Founding of the Franciscan Order (1208-1209)
Founding of Cambridge (ca. 1209)
Albigensian Crusade (Early 13th Century)
Albigensian Inquisition (Early 13th Century)
Children's Crusade (1212)
Fourth Lateran Council (1215)
Founding of the Dominicans (1216)
Life and Influence of Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
Frederick II's "Crusade" (1228-1229)
First Council of Lyon (1245)
Seventh Crusade (1248-1250)
Crusades of Saint Louis (1248-1270)
Rise and Fall of the Flagellant Movement (ca. 1250-1350)
Rise of the Mamluks (1250-1517)
Fall of Baghdad and the End of the Caliphate (1258)
Writing of the Summa Theologica (1265-1273)
Second Council of Lyon (1274)
Fall of Acre (1291)
Il-Khan Mahmud Ghazan Converts to Islam (1295)
Unam Sanctam Proclaims Papal Supremacy (1302)
Suppression of the Templars (1307-1312)
Dante writes The Divine Comedy (1307-1321)
Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)
Uzbek Khan's Conversion to Islam (ca. 1313)
Aztec Cult of Huitzilopochtli and the Foundation of Tenochtitlan (1325-1519)
Wycliffite Bible (1330-1384)
Tarmashirin Khan's Conversion to Islam (ca. 1330s)
Gregory Palamas's Defense of Hesychasm (Mid-14th Century)
Impact of the Black Death (ca. Mid-14th Century)
Jogaila Converts Lithuania to Christianity (1386-1387)
Battle of Kosovo (1389)
Joan of Arc's Impact on the Hundred Years' War (Early 15th Century)
Jan Hus and the Beginning of the Hussite Movement (Early 15th Century)
Council of Constance (1414-1418)
Council of Florence (1439)
Bibliography
VOLUME 3: 1450 TO THE PRESENT
Alphabetical List of Entries
Topical List of Entries
Preface
Introduction to Volume 3
The Encyclopedia: 1450 to the Present
Fall of Constantinople (1453)
Establishment of the Greek-Orthodox Patriarch by Mehmet II (1454)
European Witch Craze (1450-1800)
Spanish Inquisition (1478-1834)
Expulsion of (Sephardic) Jews from Spain (1492)
Conquest of Granada (1492)
Savonarola's Activity in Renaissance Florence (1494-1498)
Guru Nanak and the Foundation of Sikhi (Late 15th-Early 16th Centuries)
Spanish Conquest and the Christianization of the New World (16th Century)
Shah Isma'il and the Foundation of the Safavid Dynasty (1501)
Safavid Dynasty and the Proclamation of the First Shia Empire (1501-1524)
Erasmus of Rotterdam's Translation of the New Testament (1516)
Martin Luther's Posting of His 95 Theses (1517)
Conquest of the Aztec Empire (1521)
Martin Luther's Translation of the New Testament (1522)
Ulrich Zwingli's Leadership of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland (1522-1531)
Death of Huayna Capac and the Largest Known Number of Inca Human Sacrifices (ca. 1524-1527)
Augsburg Confession (1530)
Copernicus's Publication of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1530)
Ottoman-Safavid Wars (1532-1639)
Acts of Supremacy (1534 and 1559)
Establishment of the Church of England (ca. 1536)
John Calvin's Publication of the Institutes (1536-1560)
Ignatius of Loyola's Founding of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) (1540)
New Laws of 1542
Roman Inquisition (1542-Present)
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Publication of the Book of Common Prayer (1549)
Francis Xavier's Mission to Japan (1549)
John Knox Leads the Scottish Reformation (1560)
Acts and Monuments (1563-1583)
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)
Henry of Navarre's Conversion to Catholicism (1593)
Edict of Nantes (1598)
Anabaptist Promotion of the Separation of Church and State (16th-18th Centuries)
Afro-Caribbean Influence on the Catholic Church in the Americas (Mid-16th-18th Centuries)
Expulsion of the Moriscos (1609-1614)
John Smyth and the Origin of the Baptists (ca. 1610)
Publication of the King James Bible (1611)
Defenestration of Prague (1618)
Founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony by the Puritans (1628-1664)
Galileo Forced to Recant His Theories (1633)
Peace of Prague (1635)
Founding of the Quakers (ca. 1646-1650s)
Westminster Confession of Faith (1647)
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Building of the Jama Masjid in Delhi (1650-1656)
Pascal's Wager (ca. 1657)
Synod of Jerusalem (1672)
Act of Toleration (1689)
Salem Witch Trials (1692)
Introduction of Penal Laws to Ireland (Late 17th-Early 18th Centuries)
Development and Influence of Deism (17th-18th Centuries)
Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and the Beginning of Salafism (18th Century)
Great Awakening (1730-1760)
Israel Baal Shem Tov and the Hasidic Movement (Mid-18th Century)
Expulsion, Suppression, and Restoration of the Jesuits (1759-1814)
Qajar Implementation of Shia Islam (1779-1924)
French Revolution (1787-1799)
Festival of Reason and De-Christianization in France (1790s)
Second Great Awakening (1790-1830)
Emancipation of Jews in France (1791)
Rise of African American Churches (18th-19th Centuries)
William Wilberforce Leads the Abolition Movement in Britain (Late 18th-Early 19th Centuries)
Swaminarayan and the Establishment of the Swaminarayan Sampraday (1801)
Usman Dan Fodio and the Establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate in Western Africa (1810s)
Founding of the American Temperance Society (1826)
Publication of the Book of Mormon (1830)
John Keble Preaches His "National Apostasy" Sermon Sparking the Oxford Movement (1833)
Oxford Movement (1833-1841)
Dedication of the First Mormon Temple in Kirtland, Ohio (1836)
Great Disappointment (1844)
John Henry Newman Converts to Catholicism (1845)
Founding of the Baha'i Faith (Mid-19th Century)
Immaculate Conception Made Roman-Catholic Dogma (1854)
Charles Darwin's Publication of On the Origin of Species (1859)
John Brown's Holy War against Slavery (1859)
Syllabus of Errors (1864)
Vatican Council I (1869-1870)
Papal Infallibility Proclaimed at the First Vatican Council (1870)
Emancipation of Jews in Germany (1871)
William Booth Founds the Salvation Army (ca. 1878)
Ghost Dance (1889-1891)
Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)
Charles Parham and the Beginnings of Pentecostalism (1890s-1910s)
Development of the Cargo Cults (19th-20th Centuries)
Protestant (Puritan) Work Ethic and the Rise of Capitalism (1904-1905)
Indian Councils Act of 1909
Publication of The Fundamentals (1910-1915)
Armenian Genocide (1915)
Mahatma Gandhi's Leadership of the Indian Independence Movement (1915-1947)
Fall of the Ottoman Empire (1922)
Establishment of the Secular Republic of Turkey (1923)
Abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate (1924)
Scopes "Monkey Trial" (1925)
Cristero War (1926-1929)
Development of the Cao Dai Religion in Vietnam (Early 1920s)
Lambeth Conference and the Acceptance of Birth Control (1930)
Establishment of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Soviet Union (1934)
Nation of Islam (1930s)
Dietrich Bonhoeffer Executed by the Nazis (1945)
Discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls (1947)
Partition of India and the Beginnings of the Hindu-Muslim Conflict (1947)
Founding of Pakistan (1947)
Establishment of the Modern State of Israel (1948)
Indian Law Abolishes the "Untouchables" Class (1949)
Mother Teresa Founds the Missionaries of Charity (1950)
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar and the Dalit Buddhist Movement (1956)
Methodists Ordain Women (1956)
Martin Luther King Jr. Leads the U.S. Civil Rights Movement (1950s-1960s)
Madalyn Murray (O'Hair) Files Suit to End Prayer and Biblical Readings in Public Schools (1960)
Vatican Council II (1962-1965)
Malcolm X Resigns from the Nation of Islam (1964)
Six-Day War (1967)
Yom Kippur War (1973)
Overthrow of the Shah of Iran (1979)
Islamic Revolution in Iran (1979)
Anti-Sikh Riots and the Assassination of Indira Gandhi (1984)
Ayodhya Debates and Mumbai Riots (1992)
Southern Baptist Convention Resolution on Racial Reconciliation (1995)
Publication of Evangelium Vitae (1995)
Rise of the Taliban (1990s)
Rise of Liberation Theology (20th Century)
Rise of Islamism, Extremism, and Islamic Counter Responses (20th-21st Centuries)
Apology for the Fourth Crusade (2001)
Rise of the Islamic State (2014)
Bibliography
Editors and Contributors
Index