The Aims of Argument

*Indicates that the reading selection is new to this edition PART ONE, Resources for Reading and Writing Arguments Chapter One, Understanding Argument What Is Argument? What Is Rhetoric? An Example of Argument Discussion of "You Have a Right!" Four Criteria of Mature Reasoning What Are the Aims of Argument? Where are the Aims of Argument Used? A Good Tool for Understanding and Writing Arguments: The Writer's Notebook Why Keep a Notebook? Notebook Options Keeping a Print Notebook Keeping an Electronic Notebook Ways of Using a Notebook Chapter Two, Reading An Argument The First Encounter: Seeing the Whole Text in Context The Second Encounter: Reading and Analyzing the Text Wrestling With Difficult Passages Using Paraphrase to Aid Comprehension Analyzing the Reasoning of an Argument The Third Encounter: Responding Critically to an Argument Chapter Three, Analyzing Arguments: A Simplified Toulmin Method A Preliminary Critical Reading A Step-by-Step Demonstration of the Toulmin Method Find the Exceptions Analyzing the Reasons List the Reasons Examine the Reasons Analyzing Evidence Noting Refutations Summarizing Your Analysis A Final Note about Logical Analysis Chapter Four, Reading and Writing about Visual Arguments Understanding Visual Arguments "Reading" Images Analysis: Five Common Types of Visual Arguments FOUR-COLOR INSERT (images 1 -- 7) Chapter Five, Writing Research-Based Arguments Finding an Issue Understand That an Issue Is More Than Just a Topic Keep Abreast of Current Events Research the News Research Your Library's Periodicals Indexes Inquire into the Issue Finding Sources Field Research Library and Online Research Internet Research Evaluating Sources Eliminate Inappropriate Sources Carefully Record Complete Bibliographic Information Read the Source Critically Inquire into the Source Consider How You Might Use the Source Using Sources Taking Notes Suggestions for Taking Notes Paraphrasing Summarizing Creating an Annotated Bibliography Incorporating and Documenting Source Material in the Text of Your Argument Different Styles of Documentation Instructions for Using MLA and APA Style Direct Quotations Indirect Quotations Creating a Works-Cited or Reference List PART TWO, The Aims of Argument Chapter Six, Looking for Some Truth: Arguing to Inquire Inquiry and Interpretation in Academic Writing The Writing Project: Exploratory Essay, Part One Conversations and Dialogue in Inquiry Inquiry Again: Digging Deeper The Writing Project: Part Two The Writing Project: Part Three After Drafting Your Essay Inquiry: Summing Up the Aim Chapter Seven, Making Your Case: Arguing to Convince The Nature of Convincing: Structure and Strategy Case Structure Case Strategy Thinking about Audience Formulating the Thesis Choosing Reasons Arranging Reasons Using Evidence Introducing and Concluding the Argument The Process of Writing a Convincing Argument Chapter Eight, Motivating Action: Arguing to Persuade When to Convince and When to Persuade: A Matter of Emphasis: Reading a Persuasive Essay Principles Using the Forms of Appeal The Process of Writing a Persuasive Essay Chapter Nine, Resolving Conflict: Arguing to Negotiate and Mediate Resolving Conflict and the Other Aims of Argument The Process of Negotiation and Mediation Understanding the Spirit of Negotiation and Mediation Understanding the Opposing Positions Defining the Problem in Terms of the Real Interests Inventing Creative Options Gathering More Data Reaching a Solution Based on Agreed-upon Principles The Mediatory Essay Analyzing a Mediatory Essay The Process of Writing a Mediatory Essay Appendix, A Short Guide to Editing and Proofreading Glossary of Terms