Critical Situations
A Rhetoric for Writing in Communities
Published on 6. December 2007
Book
Paperback/Softback
416 pages
978-0-321-24653-0 (ISBN)
Description
Critical Situationsencourages the reader to identify "critical situations" in their communities, to develop rhetorical strategies for taking action in those situations, and to produce community-based writing projects.
More details
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
Pearson Education (US)
Target group
Professional and scholarly
Dimensions
Height: 230 mm
Width: 155 mm
Thickness: 20 mm
Weight
587 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-321-24653-0 (9780321246530)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Content
Preface: Using Critical Situations
PartI.Motivated Rhetorical Choices
Chapter 1: Context is Critical: Situations of Rhetoric
On the Bus
Key Concepts and Procedures
Communication and Commitment
Community
Critical Situation
Talk / Read / Write
Rhetorical Invention
Talk / Read / Write
Introduction to the Invention Journal
About the Workshops
Introduction to the Case Studies
The Abolitionist Era
September 11, 2001
Student Projects
Talk / Read / Write
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Collaborating on Guidelines for the Project Workshop
Different Values and Respectful Conflict.
Chapter 2: Choosing an Issue
Commitment in Social Context
Commitment in Historical Context:
Trouble in Transit
Talk / Read / Write
Commitments Generated by September 11
Talk / Read / Write
From Commitment to Action: Mapping Community
Invention Journal: Your Community Map
Talk / Read / Write
Invention Journal: Further Mapping
Assessing Social and Rhetorical Conflict
Invention Journal: Finding Other Stakeholders on Your Map
No Perfect Maps: Dealing with Assumptions About Community
Talk / Read / Write
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Readers Responding
Summarizing Arguments, Ideas and Texts
What do You Want to Learn?
Different Values and Respectful Conflict
Reflecting on Your Own Commitments
Following a Thread: A Metaphor for Reading and Research
Working With the Writing Program Administrators Outcomes for First-Year Writing
Part II. Critical Questions: Reading, Research and Invention
Chapter 3: Asking the Right Questions
Finding the Point of Stasis
Talk / Read / Write
Invention Journal: Exploring Your Situation
Invention Journal: Finding Stasis in Your Critical Situation
Invention Journal:Working Through the Stasis Questions
An Abolitionist Example: Frederick Douglass on the Fourth of July
An Analysis of Douglass's Use of the Four Questions
Invention Journal: Working Through the Questions
An Example from the Context of 9-11: Flight 77
Invention Journal: Composing a Proposal
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Chapter 4: Navigating Rhetorical Time
Student example of Rhetorical Timing
Ancient Thinking about Rhetorical Time
Invention and Rhetorical Time
Case Study Philadelphia's "Late Awful Calamity" in 1793
Talk / Read / Write
Finding the Right Words at the Right Time
Stakeholder Arguments: Mapping the Rhetorical Moment
Invention Journal: Mapping Stakeholder Positions
Opportunities for Engagement
Invention Journal: Keeping a Rhetorical Calendar
Rhetorical Time as a Guide to Thinking about Audience
Invention Journal: The Right Audience at the Right Time
Framing with Related Issues
Invention Journal: Connecting to a Broader Sense of the Current Moment
Providing Your Audience with a Historical Frame of Reference
Invention Journal: Writing the History of a Critical Situation
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Different Values and Respectful Conflict
Readers Responding
Following a Thread-A Metaphor for Reading and Research
Finding Access: Publishing Your Work
Chapter 5: Exploring the Common Sense of the Community
Introduction to the Commonplaces with Contemporary Examples
Talk / Read / Write
Commonplaces and Ideology
Talk / Read / Write
Case Study: Is There an American Ideology
Talk / Read / Write
Claiming Contested Commonplaces
Talk / Read / Write
Arguing Through the Commonplaces
Invention Journal: Mapping Ideological Conflict
Commonplaces, Ideology, and Audience
Invention Journal: Judging the Common Sense of Your Audience
Invention Journal: Adapting Contesting Commonplaces
Commonplaces and the Voice of Historical Authority
Invention Journal: Arguing Using Historical Commonplaces
The Power of Images in Commonplace Arguments
Invention Journal: Seeing and Believing
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Different Values and Respectful Conflict
Following a Thread: A Metaphor for Research and Writing
Gathering Information through Interviews
Chapter 6: Establishing Credibility: Inventing Ethos
Introduction to Ethos Through the Example of Sojourner Truth
Talk / Read / Write
Situated and Invented Ethos
Situated Ethos
Invention Journal: Starting Where You Are
Invented Ethos
Demonstrating Intelligence by Doing the Homework
Invention Journal
Establishing Good Character
Invention Journal: The Right Character
Achieving Good Will
Invention Journal: Inventing Good Will
Talk / Read / Write
Voice and Rhetorical Distance
Talk / Read / Write
Invention Journal: Establishing an Ethical Relationship to Audience
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Finding Knowledgeable Readers Outside of Class
Chapter 7: Reason and Argument
Introduction to Types of Reasoning
Talk / Read / Write
Logic on the Ground Circa 1866
Getting Our Terms Straight: Conclusions, Claims and Thesis Statements
Enthymemes: Choosing the Right Premises
Defending Premises
Talk / Read / Write
Invention Journal: Enthymematic Connections to Audience
Deduction: Reasoning from the General to the Particular
Talk / Read / Write
Invention Journal: Crafting Deductive Lines of Reasoning
Induction: Reasoning from the Particular to the General
Invention Journal: Crafting Inductive Lines of Reasoning
Analogy: Reasoning by Means of Comparison
Invention Journal: Finding the Right Analogies
Rhetorical Examples: Make Your Reasoning Specific
Invention Journal: Examples that Persuade
Images and Reasoning
Invention Journal: Reasoning Through Images
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Different Values and Respectful Conflict
Readers Responding
Summarizing, Arguments, Ideas, and Texts
Chapter 8: In the Gut: Argument and Emotion
Introduction to Emotional Argument through the Example of 9-11
Emotions are Not Irrational
Talk / Read / Write
Case Study: In Defense of Abolitionist Passions
Talk / Read / Write
Development Emotional Arguments
Invention Journal: Words that Move Us
Invention Journal: Your Own Emotional Connections
Taking the Pulse of Stakeholders
Invention Journal: Mapping the Emotional Landscape of Your Critical Situation
Emphasizing and De-Emphasizing Emotional Connections
Invention Journal: Questions of Emphasis
Setting Emotional Tone
Invention Journal: Honorific and Disparaging Language
Visual Rhetoric and Emotional Appeal
Invention Journal: Cataloging Powerful Images
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Ethics of Using Emotional Appeals
Following a Thread-A Metaphor for Reading and Research
Chapter 9: Critical Information: Using Evidence
Introduction to Evidence Use
Case Study: Evidence of Terror
Talk / Read / Write
Case Study: Who Were The Hijackers?
Talk / Read / Write
Personal Observation and Experience
Invention Journal: When is your Own Perspective Persuasive?
Authoritative Testimony
Community Involvement
A Significant Stake in the Situation
Expert Status
Eyewitness Perspective
Talk / Read / Write
The Right Testimony at the Right Time
Invention Journal: Orchestrating Persuasive Voices
Using Statistics
Talk / Read / Write
The Right Statististics
Images as Evidence
Invention Journal: Choosing Images
Situating Evidence
Using a Variety of Evidence
Diversifying a Body of Evidence
Invention Journal: Evaluating Evidence
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Following a Thread: A Metaphor for Reading and Research
Gathering Evidence Through Interviews
Ethical Issues Using Evidence
Part III: Workshops
A. Agreeing on Workshop Guidelines
B. Arranging Your Argument
C. Different Values and Respectful Conflict
D. Ethics in Writing and Speaking Inventory
E. Ethics of Emotional Arguments
F. Ethics and the Use of Evidence
G. Finding Access: Publishing Your Work
H. Finding the Right Voice
I. Following a Thread: A Metaphor for Research
J. Gathering Information through Interviews
K. Organizing a Classroom Debate
L. Putting Together a Portfolio of your Invention Work
M. Readers Responding
N. Reflecting on Your Commitments
O. Revising for Clarity
P. Summarizing Arguments, Ideas and Texts
Q. What are your Collaborative Habits?
R. What Do You Want to Learn about Composition?
Glossary
IV. Reading Room: A Collection of Works Referenced in Critical Situations
Richard Allen and Absalom Jones, "A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People During the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia"
President George Bush, State of Union, 2001
Frederick Douglass, "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?"
William Lloyd Garrison, "To the Public"
Norman Mailer, from Why We Are At War
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, "One Great Bundle of Humanity"
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, "Could We Trace the Record of Every Human Heart,"
Heather Johnson (student), Letter to the New York Times
Wendell Phillips, "The Philosophy of Abolitionism"
Sojourner Truth, "Aren't I a Woman?"
Ida B. Wells from A Red Record
Howard Zinn, from Declarations of Independence
PartI.Motivated Rhetorical Choices
Chapter 1: Context is Critical: Situations of Rhetoric
On the Bus
Key Concepts and Procedures
Communication and Commitment
Community
Critical Situation
Talk / Read / Write
Rhetorical Invention
Talk / Read / Write
Introduction to the Invention Journal
About the Workshops
Introduction to the Case Studies
The Abolitionist Era
September 11, 2001
Student Projects
Talk / Read / Write
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Collaborating on Guidelines for the Project Workshop
Different Values and Respectful Conflict.
Chapter 2: Choosing an Issue
Commitment in Social Context
Commitment in Historical Context:
Trouble in Transit
Talk / Read / Write
Commitments Generated by September 11
Talk / Read / Write
From Commitment to Action: Mapping Community
Invention Journal: Your Community Map
Talk / Read / Write
Invention Journal: Further Mapping
Assessing Social and Rhetorical Conflict
Invention Journal: Finding Other Stakeholders on Your Map
No Perfect Maps: Dealing with Assumptions About Community
Talk / Read / Write
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Readers Responding
Summarizing Arguments, Ideas and Texts
What do You Want to Learn?
Different Values and Respectful Conflict
Reflecting on Your Own Commitments
Following a Thread: A Metaphor for Reading and Research
Working With the Writing Program Administrators Outcomes for First-Year Writing
Part II. Critical Questions: Reading, Research and Invention
Chapter 3: Asking the Right Questions
Finding the Point of Stasis
Talk / Read / Write
Invention Journal: Exploring Your Situation
Invention Journal: Finding Stasis in Your Critical Situation
Invention Journal:Working Through the Stasis Questions
An Abolitionist Example: Frederick Douglass on the Fourth of July
An Analysis of Douglass's Use of the Four Questions
Invention Journal: Working Through the Questions
An Example from the Context of 9-11: Flight 77
Invention Journal: Composing a Proposal
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Chapter 4: Navigating Rhetorical Time
Student example of Rhetorical Timing
Ancient Thinking about Rhetorical Time
Invention and Rhetorical Time
Case Study Philadelphia's "Late Awful Calamity" in 1793
Talk / Read / Write
Finding the Right Words at the Right Time
Stakeholder Arguments: Mapping the Rhetorical Moment
Invention Journal: Mapping Stakeholder Positions
Opportunities for Engagement
Invention Journal: Keeping a Rhetorical Calendar
Rhetorical Time as a Guide to Thinking about Audience
Invention Journal: The Right Audience at the Right Time
Framing with Related Issues
Invention Journal: Connecting to a Broader Sense of the Current Moment
Providing Your Audience with a Historical Frame of Reference
Invention Journal: Writing the History of a Critical Situation
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Different Values and Respectful Conflict
Readers Responding
Following a Thread-A Metaphor for Reading and Research
Finding Access: Publishing Your Work
Chapter 5: Exploring the Common Sense of the Community
Introduction to the Commonplaces with Contemporary Examples
Talk / Read / Write
Commonplaces and Ideology
Talk / Read / Write
Case Study: Is There an American Ideology
Talk / Read / Write
Claiming Contested Commonplaces
Talk / Read / Write
Arguing Through the Commonplaces
Invention Journal: Mapping Ideological Conflict
Commonplaces, Ideology, and Audience
Invention Journal: Judging the Common Sense of Your Audience
Invention Journal: Adapting Contesting Commonplaces
Commonplaces and the Voice of Historical Authority
Invention Journal: Arguing Using Historical Commonplaces
The Power of Images in Commonplace Arguments
Invention Journal: Seeing and Believing
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Different Values and Respectful Conflict
Following a Thread: A Metaphor for Research and Writing
Gathering Information through Interviews
Chapter 6: Establishing Credibility: Inventing Ethos
Introduction to Ethos Through the Example of Sojourner Truth
Talk / Read / Write
Situated and Invented Ethos
Situated Ethos
Invention Journal: Starting Where You Are
Invented Ethos
Demonstrating Intelligence by Doing the Homework
Invention Journal
Establishing Good Character
Invention Journal: The Right Character
Achieving Good Will
Invention Journal: Inventing Good Will
Talk / Read / Write
Voice and Rhetorical Distance
Talk / Read / Write
Invention Journal: Establishing an Ethical Relationship to Audience
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Finding Knowledgeable Readers Outside of Class
Chapter 7: Reason and Argument
Introduction to Types of Reasoning
Talk / Read / Write
Logic on the Ground Circa 1866
Getting Our Terms Straight: Conclusions, Claims and Thesis Statements
Enthymemes: Choosing the Right Premises
Defending Premises
Talk / Read / Write
Invention Journal: Enthymematic Connections to Audience
Deduction: Reasoning from the General to the Particular
Talk / Read / Write
Invention Journal: Crafting Deductive Lines of Reasoning
Induction: Reasoning from the Particular to the General
Invention Journal: Crafting Inductive Lines of Reasoning
Analogy: Reasoning by Means of Comparison
Invention Journal: Finding the Right Analogies
Rhetorical Examples: Make Your Reasoning Specific
Invention Journal: Examples that Persuade
Images and Reasoning
Invention Journal: Reasoning Through Images
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Different Values and Respectful Conflict
Readers Responding
Summarizing, Arguments, Ideas, and Texts
Chapter 8: In the Gut: Argument and Emotion
Introduction to Emotional Argument through the Example of 9-11
Emotions are Not Irrational
Talk / Read / Write
Case Study: In Defense of Abolitionist Passions
Talk / Read / Write
Development Emotional Arguments
Invention Journal: Words that Move Us
Invention Journal: Your Own Emotional Connections
Taking the Pulse of Stakeholders
Invention Journal: Mapping the Emotional Landscape of Your Critical Situation
Emphasizing and De-Emphasizing Emotional Connections
Invention Journal: Questions of Emphasis
Setting Emotional Tone
Invention Journal: Honorific and Disparaging Language
Visual Rhetoric and Emotional Appeal
Invention Journal: Cataloging Powerful Images
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Ethics of Using Emotional Appeals
Following a Thread-A Metaphor for Reading and Research
Chapter 9: Critical Information: Using Evidence
Introduction to Evidence Use
Case Study: Evidence of Terror
Talk / Read / Write
Case Study: Who Were The Hijackers?
Talk / Read / Write
Personal Observation and Experience
Invention Journal: When is your Own Perspective Persuasive?
Authoritative Testimony
Community Involvement
A Significant Stake in the Situation
Expert Status
Eyewitness Perspective
Talk / Read / Write
The Right Testimony at the Right Time
Invention Journal: Orchestrating Persuasive Voices
Using Statistics
Talk / Read / Write
The Right Statististics
Images as Evidence
Invention Journal: Choosing Images
Situating Evidence
Using a Variety of Evidence
Diversifying a Body of Evidence
Invention Journal: Evaluating Evidence
List of Works Cited
Workshops Recommended in this Chapter
Following a Thread: A Metaphor for Reading and Research
Gathering Evidence Through Interviews
Ethical Issues Using Evidence
Part III: Workshops
A. Agreeing on Workshop Guidelines
B. Arranging Your Argument
C. Different Values and Respectful Conflict
D. Ethics in Writing and Speaking Inventory
E. Ethics of Emotional Arguments
F. Ethics and the Use of Evidence
G. Finding Access: Publishing Your Work
H. Finding the Right Voice
I. Following a Thread: A Metaphor for Research
J. Gathering Information through Interviews
K. Organizing a Classroom Debate
L. Putting Together a Portfolio of your Invention Work
M. Readers Responding
N. Reflecting on Your Commitments
O. Revising for Clarity
P. Summarizing Arguments, Ideas and Texts
Q. What are your Collaborative Habits?
R. What Do You Want to Learn about Composition?
Glossary
IV. Reading Room: A Collection of Works Referenced in Critical Situations
Richard Allen and Absalom Jones, "A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People During the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia"
President George Bush, State of Union, 2001
Frederick Douglass, "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?"
William Lloyd Garrison, "To the Public"
Norman Mailer, from Why We Are At War
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, "One Great Bundle of Humanity"
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, "Could We Trace the Record of Every Human Heart,"
Heather Johnson (student), Letter to the New York Times
Wendell Phillips, "The Philosophy of Abolitionism"
Sojourner Truth, "Aren't I a Woman?"
Ida B. Wells from A Red Record
Howard Zinn, from Declarations of Independence