Hydrostatic Transmissions and Actuators

Preface xiii Acknowledgements xvii About the Companion Website xix 1 Introduction to Power Transmission 1 1.1 Transmission Ratio 1 1.2 Mechanical Transmissions 4 1.3 Hydraulic Transmissions 15 1.4 Hydrostatic Transmissions 19 1.5 Hydromechanical Power-Split Transmissions 40 1.6 Mechanical and Hydrostatic Actuators 51 Exercises 56 References 57 2 Fundamentals of Fluid Flows in Hydrostatic Transmissions 59 2.1 Fluid Properties 59 Exercises 94 References 96 3 Hydrostatic Pumps and Motors 98 3.1 Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Pumps and Motors 98 3.2 Hydrostatic Machine Output 102 3.3 Hydrostatic Pump and Motor Types 117 3.4 Energy Losses at Steady-State Operation 135 3.5 Modelling Pump and Motor Efficiencies 141 Exercises 162 References 164 4 Basic Hydrostatic Transmission Design 166 4.1 General Considerations 166 4.2 Hydrostatic Transmission Efficiency 168 4.3 Transmission Output 183 4.4 Steady-State Design Applications 184 4.5 External Leakages and Charge Circuit 198 4.6 Heat Losses and Cooling 201 Exercises 204 References 205 5 Dynamic Analysis of Hydrostatic Transmissions 207 5.1 Introduction 207 5.2 Modelling and Simulation 219 Exercises 240 References 241 6 Hydrostatic Actuators 243 6.1 Introductory Concepts 243 6.2 Hydrostatic Actuator Circuits 247 6.3 Common Pressure Rail and Hydraulic Transformers 275 Exercises 281 References 282 7 Dynamic Analysis of Hydrostatic Actuators 283 7.1 Introduction 283 7.2 Mathematical Model 284 7.3 Case Study 298 Exercises 304 References 306 8 Practical Applications 307 8.1 Infinitely Variable Transmissions in Vehicles 307 8.2 Heavy Mobile Equipment 310 8.3 Hybrid Vehicles 313 8.4 Wind Turbines 323 8.5 Wave Energy Extraction 331 8.6 Aeronautical Applications 333 References 336 Appendix A Hydraulic Symbols 339 Appendix B Mathematics Review 345 B.1 The Nabla Operator ( nabla) 345 B.2 Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) 346 References 360 Appendix C Fluid Dynamic Equations 361 C.1 Introduction 361 C.2 Fluid Stresses and Distortion Rates 363 C.3 Differential Fluid Dynamics Equations 365 C.4 Control Volume Analysis 371 References 378 Index 379