Colloid Science

Preface Introduction Acknowledgements List of Contributors 1 Introduction to Colloids Roy Hughes 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Basic Definitions 1.3 Stability 1.4 The end of colloids References 2 Charge in Colloidal Systems David Fermin and Jason Riley 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Origin of Surface Charge 2.3 The Electrochemical Double layer 2.4 Electrokinetic Properties References 3 Stability of charge stabilised colloids John Eastman 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The colloidal pair potential 3.3 Criteria for stability 3.4 Kinetics of coagulation 3.5 Conclusions References 4 Surfactant aggregation and adsorption at interfaces Julian Eastoe 4.1 Characteristic features of surfactants 4.2 Classification and applications of surfactants 4.3 Adsorption of surfactants at interfaces 4.4 Surfactant solubility 4.5 Micellisation 4.6 Liquid Crystalline mesophases 4.7 Advanced Surfactants References 5 Microemulsions Julian Eastoe 5.1 Microemulsions: Definition and History 5.2 Theory of Formation and Stability 5.3 Physicochemical Properties 5.4 Developments and Applications References 6 Emulsions Brian Vincent 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Preparation 6.3 Stability References Textbooks and General reading 7 Polymers and Polymer Solutions Terence Cosgrove 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Polymerisation 7.3 Copolymers 7.4 Polymer physical properties 7.5 Polymer Uses 7.6 Theoretical Models of Polymer Structure 7.7 Measuring Polymer Molecular Weight 7.8 Polymer Solutions References 8 Polymers at Interfaces Terence Cosgrove 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Adsorption of polymers 8.3 Models and Simulations for Terminally Attached Chains 8.4 Experimental Aspects 8.5 Copolymers 8.6 Polymer brushes 8.7 Conclusions References 9 Effect of Polymers on Colloid Stability Jeoren van Duijneveldt 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Particle interaction potential 9.3 Steric Stabilisation 9.4 Depletion interactions 9.5 Bridging Interactions 9.6 Conclusion References 10 Wetting of Surfaces Paul Reynolds 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Surfaces and Definitions 10.3 Surface Tension 10.4 Surface Energy 10.5 Contact Angles 10.6 Wetting 10.7 Liquid Spreading and Spreading Coefficients 10.8 Cohesion and Adhesion 10.9 Two liquids on a surface 10.10 Detergency 10.11 Spreading of a Liquid on a Liquid 10.12 Characterisation of a Solid Surface 10.13 Polar and Dispersive components 10.14 Polar Materials 10.15 Wettability Envelopes 10.16 Measurement Methods 10.17 Conclusions References 11 Aerosols Nana-Owusua A. Kwamena and Jonathan P. Reid 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Generating and Sampling Aerosol 11.3 Determining the particle Concentration and Size 11.4 Determining Particle Composition 11.5 The Equilibrium State of Aerosols 11.6 The Kinetics of Aerosol Transformation 11.7 Concluding Remarks References 12 Practical Rheology Roy Hughes 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Making Measurements 12.3 Rheometry & Viscoelasticity 12.4 Examples of Soft Materials 12.5 Summary References 13 Scattering and Reflection Techniques Robert Richardson 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Principle of a Scattering Experiment 13.3 Radiation for Scattering Experiments 13.4 Light Scattering 13.5 Dynamic Light Scattering 13.6 Small Angle Scattering 13.7 Sources of Radiation 13.8 Small Angle Scattering Apparatus 13.9 Scattering and absorption by Atoms 13.10 Scattering Length Density 13.11 Small Angle Scattering from a Dispersion 13.12 Form Factor for Spherical Particle 13.13 Determining particle size from SANS and SAXS 13.14 Guinier plots to determine radius of gyration 13.15 Determination of particle shape 13.16 Polydispersity 13.17 Determination of particle size distribution 13.18 Alignment of anisotropic particles 13.19 Concentrated Dispersions 13.20 Contrast Variation using SANS 13.21 High Q Limit: Porod Law 13.22 Introduction to X-Ray and Neutron Reflection 13.23 Reflection Experiment 13.24 A Simple Example of a Reflection Measurement 13.25 Conclusion References 14 Optical Manipulation Paul Bartlett 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Manipulating matter with light 14.3 Force generation in optical tweezers 14.4 Nanofabrication 14.5 Single particle dynamics 14.6 Conclusions References 15 Electron Microscopy Sean Davis 15.1 General Features of (Electron) Optical Imaging Systems 15.2 Conventional TEM 15.3 Conventional SEM 15.4 Summary References 16 Surface Forces Wuge Briscoe 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Forces and energy; size and shape 16.3 Surface force measurement techniques 16.4 Different types of surface forces 16.5 Recent examples of surface force measurement 16.6 Future challenges References Index