Introduction to Logic
Pearson New International Edition
14th Edition
Published on 11. November 2010
Book
Hardback
688 pages
978-0-205-82037-5 (ISBN)
Description
The 14th Edition of Introduction to Logic, written by Copi, Cohen & McMahon, is dedicated to the many thousands of students and their teachers - at hundreds of universities in the United States and around the world - who have used its fundamental methods and techniques of correct reasoning in their everyday lives.
To those who have not previously used or reviewed Introduction to Logic we extend the very warmest welcome. Please join us and our international family of users! Let us help you teach students the methods and principles needed in order to distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning.
For, Introduction to Logic is a proven textbook that has been honed through the collaborative efforts of many scholars over the last five decades. Its scrupulous attention to detail and precision in exposition and explanation is matched by the greatest accuracy in all associated detail. In addition, it continues to capture student interest through its personalized human setting and current examples.
To those who have not previously used or reviewed Introduction to Logic we extend the very warmest welcome. Please join us and our international family of users! Let us help you teach students the methods and principles needed in order to distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning.
For, Introduction to Logic is a proven textbook that has been honed through the collaborative efforts of many scholars over the last five decades. Its scrupulous attention to detail and precision in exposition and explanation is matched by the greatest accuracy in all associated detail. In addition, it continues to capture student interest through its personalized human setting and current examples.
Reviews / Votes
"...The readiblity is excellent. The chapter summaries and charts are appropriate and helpful. [Introduction to Logic] delivers a formidable subject in an easy-to-ingest manner. ...The explanations are easy enough for the novice while rigorous enough to remain a reference work for someone who may occasionally need to return to to a definition of some fallacy or another or needs a quick discussion of asyllogistic inference, for example. ...The text covers Aristotilian and syllogistic logic quite well. ...I think the book's strongest point is the presentation of the informal fallacies. It provides a nice aid for students to sharpen their argumentive skills; even when they may be unfamiliar topics." -- Jason Flato, Georgia Perimeter College"[Of the book's pedagogy:] well thought out and organized." -- David Vessey, Grand Valley State University
"The strength of the book is that, no matter when a student reads it, it always is sure to have the latest and most pertinent examples..." -- Drew Berkowitz, Bridgewater State College
"The explanation of scientific inquiry is particularly lucid and thorough. Compatibility, predictive power, falsifiability, and simplicity are also very well explained. The exercises provided are applicable to real world instances of scientific inquiry." -- William Ferraiolo, San Joaquin Delta College
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Persons
Irving M. Copi was a philosopher and logician. He taught at the University of Illinois, the United States Air Force Academy, Princeton University, and the Georgetown University Logic Institute, before teaching logic at the University of Michigan, 1958-69, and at the University of Hawaii, 1969-90. His other works include Essentials of Logic, Informal Logic, and Symbolic Logic.
Carl Cohen is Professor of Philosophy at the Residential College of the University of Michigan. He has published many essays in moral and political philosophy in philosophical, medical, and legal journals. He has served as a member of the Medical School faculty of the University of Michigan, and as Chairman of the University of Michigan faculty, where he has been an active member of the philosophy faculty since 1955. His other works include The Animal Rights Debate (Rowman and Littlefield, 2001), with Prof. Tom Regan; he is also the author of Democracy (Macmillan, 1972); the author of Four Systems (Random House, 1982); the editor of Communism, Fascism, and Democracy (McGraw Hill, 1997); the co-author (with J. Sterba) of Affirmative Action and Racial Preference (Oxford, 2003)
Kenneth D. McMahon studied physics, philosophy, and English Literature as an undergraduate, then took graduate degrees in psychology and philosophy. He has taught critical thinking, philosophy, statistics, and psychology, and currently teaches logic for Hawaii Pacific University. His professional interests include logic, epistemology, philosophy of science, and philosophy of mind, as well as cognitive science, psychometrics, computational theories of mind, and evolutionary psychology.
Carl Cohen is Professor of Philosophy at the Residential College of the University of Michigan. He has published many essays in moral and political philosophy in philosophical, medical, and legal journals. He has served as a member of the Medical School faculty of the University of Michigan, and as Chairman of the University of Michigan faculty, where he has been an active member of the philosophy faculty since 1955. His other works include The Animal Rights Debate (Rowman and Littlefield, 2001), with Prof. Tom Regan; he is also the author of Democracy (Macmillan, 1972); the author of Four Systems (Random House, 1982); the editor of Communism, Fascism, and Democracy (McGraw Hill, 1997); the co-author (with J. Sterba) of Affirmative Action and Racial Preference (Oxford, 2003)
Kenneth D. McMahon studied physics, philosophy, and English Literature as an undergraduate, then took graduate degrees in psychology and philosophy. He has taught critical thinking, philosophy, statistics, and psychology, and currently teaches logic for Hawaii Pacific University. His professional interests include logic, epistemology, philosophy of science, and philosophy of mind, as well as cognitive science, psychometrics, computational theories of mind, and evolutionary psychology.
Content
Foreward
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART I LOGIC AND LAGUAGE
SECTION A REASONING
Chapter 1 Basic Logical Concepts
1.1 What Logic Is
1.2 Propositions and Arguments
1.3 Recognizing Arguments
1.4 Arguments and Explanations
1.5 Deductive and Inductive Arguments
1.6 Validity and Truth
Chapter 2 Analyzing Arguments
2.1 Paraphrasing Arguments
2.2 Diagramming Arguments
2.3 Complex Argumentative Passages
2.4 Problems in Reasoning
SECTION B INFORMAL LOGIC
Chapter 3 Language and Definitions
3.1 Language Functions
3.2 Emotive Language, Neutral Language, and Disputes
3.3 Disputes and Ambiguity
3.4 Definitions and Their Uses
3.5 The Structure of Definitions: Extension and Intension
3.6 Definition by Genus and Difference
Chapter 4 Fallacies
4.1 What Is a Fallacy?
4.2 Classification of Fallacies
4.3 Fallacies of Relevance
4.4 Fallacies of Defective Induction
4.5 Fallacies of Presumption
4.6 Fallacies of Ambiguity
Part II Deduction
Section A Classical Logic
Chapter 5 Categorical Propositions
5.1 The Theory of Deduction
5.2 Classes and Categorical Propositions
5.3 The Four Kinds of Categorical Propositions
5.4 Quality, Quantity, and Distribution
5.5 The Traditional Square of Opposition
5.6 Further Immediate Inferences
5.7 Existential Import and the Interpretation of Categorical Propositions
5.8 Symbolism and Diagrams for Categorical Propositions
Chapter 6 Categorical Syllogisms
6.1 Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
6.2 The Formal Nature of Syllogistic Argument
6.3 Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms
6.4 Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies
6.5 Exposition of the Fifteen Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism
Appendix: Deduction of the Fifteen Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism
Chapter 7 Syllogisms in Ordinary Language
7.1 Syllogistic Arguments
7.2 Reducing the Number of Terms to Three
7.3 Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form
7.4 Uniform Translation
7.5 Enthymemes
7.6 Sorites
7.7 Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms
7.8 The Dilemma
Section B Modern Logic
Chapter 8 Symbolic Logic
8.1 Modern Logic and Its Symbolic Language
8.2 The Symbols for Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction
8.3 Conditional Statements and Material Implication
8.4 Argument Forms and Refutation by Logical Analogy
8.5 The Precise Meaning of "Invalid" and "Valid"
8.6 Testing Argument Validity Using Truth Tables
8.7 Some Common Argument Forms
8. 8 Statement Forms and Material Equivalence
8.9 Logical Equivalence
8.10 The Three "Laws of Thought"
Chapter 9 Methods of Deduction
9.1 Formal Proof of Validity
9.2 The Elementary Valid Argument Forms
9.3 Formal Proofs of Validity Exhibited
9.4 Constructing Formal Proofs of Validity
9.5 Constructing More Extended Formal Proofs
9.6 Expanding the Rules of Inference: Replacement Rules
9.7 The System of Natural Deduction
9.8 Constructing Formal Proofs Using the Nineteen Rules of Inference
9.9 Proof of Invalidity
9.10 Inconsistency
9.11 Indirect Proof of Validity
9.12 Shorter Truth-Table Technique
Chapter 10 Quantification Theory
10.1 The Need for Quantification
10.2 Singular Propositions
10.3 Universal and Existential Quantifiers
10.4 Traditional Subject-Predicate Propositions
10.5 Proving Validity
10.6 Proving Invalidity
10.7 Asyllogistic Inference
Part III Induction
Section A Analogy and Causation
Chapter 11 Analogical Reasoning
11.1 Induction and Deduction Revisited
11.2 Argument by Analogy
11.3 Appraising Analogical Arguments
11.4 Refutation by Logical Analogy
Chapter 12 Causal Reasoning
12.1 Cause and Effect
12.2 Causal Laws and the Uniformity of Nature
12.3 Induction by Simple Enumeration
12.4 Methods of Causal Analysis
12.5 Limitations of Inductive Techniques
Section B Science and Probability
Chapter 13 Science and Hypothesis
13.1 Scientific Explanation
13.2 Scientific Inquiry: Hypothesis and Confirmation
13.3 Evaluating Scientific Explanations
13.4 Classification as Hypothesis
Chapter 14 Probability
14.1 Alternative Conceptions of Probability
14.2 The Probability Calculus
14.3 Probability in Everyday Life
Appendix
Solutions to Selected Exercises
Glossary/Index
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART I LOGIC AND LAGUAGE
SECTION A REASONING
Chapter 1 Basic Logical Concepts
1.1 What Logic Is
1.2 Propositions and Arguments
1.3 Recognizing Arguments
1.4 Arguments and Explanations
1.5 Deductive and Inductive Arguments
1.6 Validity and Truth
Chapter 2 Analyzing Arguments
2.1 Paraphrasing Arguments
2.2 Diagramming Arguments
2.3 Complex Argumentative Passages
2.4 Problems in Reasoning
SECTION B INFORMAL LOGIC
Chapter 3 Language and Definitions
3.1 Language Functions
3.2 Emotive Language, Neutral Language, and Disputes
3.3 Disputes and Ambiguity
3.4 Definitions and Their Uses
3.5 The Structure of Definitions: Extension and Intension
3.6 Definition by Genus and Difference
Chapter 4 Fallacies
4.1 What Is a Fallacy?
4.2 Classification of Fallacies
4.3 Fallacies of Relevance
4.4 Fallacies of Defective Induction
4.5 Fallacies of Presumption
4.6 Fallacies of Ambiguity
Part II Deduction
Section A Classical Logic
Chapter 5 Categorical Propositions
5.1 The Theory of Deduction
5.2 Classes and Categorical Propositions
5.3 The Four Kinds of Categorical Propositions
5.4 Quality, Quantity, and Distribution
5.5 The Traditional Square of Opposition
5.6 Further Immediate Inferences
5.7 Existential Import and the Interpretation of Categorical Propositions
5.8 Symbolism and Diagrams for Categorical Propositions
Chapter 6 Categorical Syllogisms
6.1 Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
6.2 The Formal Nature of Syllogistic Argument
6.3 Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms
6.4 Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies
6.5 Exposition of the Fifteen Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism
Appendix: Deduction of the Fifteen Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism
Chapter 7 Syllogisms in Ordinary Language
7.1 Syllogistic Arguments
7.2 Reducing the Number of Terms to Three
7.3 Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form
7.4 Uniform Translation
7.5 Enthymemes
7.6 Sorites
7.7 Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms
7.8 The Dilemma
Section B Modern Logic
Chapter 8 Symbolic Logic
8.1 Modern Logic and Its Symbolic Language
8.2 The Symbols for Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction
8.3 Conditional Statements and Material Implication
8.4 Argument Forms and Refutation by Logical Analogy
8.5 The Precise Meaning of "Invalid" and "Valid"
8.6 Testing Argument Validity Using Truth Tables
8.7 Some Common Argument Forms
8. 8 Statement Forms and Material Equivalence
8.9 Logical Equivalence
8.10 The Three "Laws of Thought"
Chapter 9 Methods of Deduction
9.1 Formal Proof of Validity
9.2 The Elementary Valid Argument Forms
9.3 Formal Proofs of Validity Exhibited
9.4 Constructing Formal Proofs of Validity
9.5 Constructing More Extended Formal Proofs
9.6 Expanding the Rules of Inference: Replacement Rules
9.7 The System of Natural Deduction
9.8 Constructing Formal Proofs Using the Nineteen Rules of Inference
9.9 Proof of Invalidity
9.10 Inconsistency
9.11 Indirect Proof of Validity
9.12 Shorter Truth-Table Technique
Chapter 10 Quantification Theory
10.1 The Need for Quantification
10.2 Singular Propositions
10.3 Universal and Existential Quantifiers
10.4 Traditional Subject-Predicate Propositions
10.5 Proving Validity
10.6 Proving Invalidity
10.7 Asyllogistic Inference
Part III Induction
Section A Analogy and Causation
Chapter 11 Analogical Reasoning
11.1 Induction and Deduction Revisited
11.2 Argument by Analogy
11.3 Appraising Analogical Arguments
11.4 Refutation by Logical Analogy
Chapter 12 Causal Reasoning
12.1 Cause and Effect
12.2 Causal Laws and the Uniformity of Nature
12.3 Induction by Simple Enumeration
12.4 Methods of Causal Analysis
12.5 Limitations of Inductive Techniques
Section B Science and Probability
Chapter 13 Science and Hypothesis
13.1 Scientific Explanation
13.2 Scientific Inquiry: Hypothesis and Confirmation
13.3 Evaluating Scientific Explanations
13.4 Classification as Hypothesis
Chapter 14 Probability
14.1 Alternative Conceptions of Probability
14.2 The Probability Calculus
14.3 Probability in Everyday Life
Appendix
Solutions to Selected Exercises
Glossary/Index