World Cities and Nation States

Foreword xii Preface xiv Section I Introducing world cities and nation states 1 1 Introduction: Clash of the centuries? 3 Urbanisation and globalisation: The age of world cities 5 The future imperatives for world cities 6 Nation states in the urban age 6 Different models and starting points 9 Other inherited factors 11 Overview of the book 14 2 Cities and nation states: The story so far 19 The rise of the nation state and the implications for cities 20 Nation states and the 'world cities' literature 22 A return to city-states? 26 Reasons for caution 27 The ongoing relevance of the nation state 28 Summary 32 Section II World cities in tight nations: Unitary systems in transition 33 3 London: From centralism to negotiated growth management 35 London's historic relationship with central government 38 The return to city government and changes in city powers since 2000 40 The national system of cities: London and the UK 43 Ongoing challenges where London needs help from national government 46 Key actors and mechanisms that enable London to make progress with UK central government 51 Conclusion 52 4 Paris: Manufacturing a metropolis amid institutional complexity 54 History of Paris's relationship with national government 57 Paris as an established world city 58 The national system of cities: Paris and France 61 Ongoing challenges where Paris needs help from national government 62 Key actors and mechanisms that enable Paris to make progress with the nation state 66 Conclusion 67 5 Seoul: Lessons from de-centralisation and de-concentration 68 History of Seoul's relationship with central government 70 Adaptation in Seoul's global age 73 The national system of cities: Seoul and Korea 74 Ongoing challenges where Seoul needs help from national government 76 Key actors and mechanisms that enable Seoul to make progress with the nation state 79 Conclusion 79 6 Tokyo: Shared global aspirations and blunted reforms 81 History of Tokyo's relationship with central government 83 Changes in city powers since 2000: What problems have been solved? 85 The national system of cities: Tokyo and Japan 88 The future agenda for collaboration with national government 89 Key actors and mechanisms that enable Tokyo to make progress with the nation state 92 Conclusion 93 Section III Working remotely: World cities in federal systems 95 7 Mumbai: The opportunity costs of leadership and co-ordination failure 97 History of Mumbai's relationship with higher tiers of government 99 Incomplete initiatives and aborted reforms in the 21st century 101 The national system of cities: Mumbai and India 102 Ongoing challenges where Mumbai needs help from national government 104 Key actors and mechanisms that enable Mumbai to make progress with the nation state 107 Conclusion 108 8 New York: Adapting to 'emergency back-up' federalism 110 History of the city and nation state relationship up to 2000 113 Evolution of the city's relationship with the federal tier since 9/11 114 The national system of cities: New York City and American metros 115 Ongoing challenges where New York needs help from national government 116 Key actors and mechanisms that enable New York to make progress with the nation state 119 Conclusion 120 9 São Paulo: The quest for recognition and reform 122 History of São Paulo's relationship with its nation state up to 2000 124 Changes in São Paulo's relationship with higher tiers of government since 2000 125 The national system of cities: São Paulo and Brazil 127 Ongoing challenges where São Paulo needs help from national government 130 Key actors and mechanisms that enable São Paulo to make progress with the nation state 134 Conclusion 134 10 Toronto: Building capacity to renew the 'city that works' 136 History of Toronto's relationship with the nation state 138 Toronto in the 21st century: A mixed record of federal-city relationships 139 The national system of cities: Toronto and Canada 143 Ongoing challenges where Toronto needs help from national government 144 Key actors and mechanisms that enable Toronto to make progress with higher tiers of government 147 Conclusion 148 Section IV Mixed blessings: City-states and special status cities 149 11 Hong Kong: A laboratory for a globalising nation 151 History of Hong Kong's relationship with Beijing 154 Changes in the relationship since the 1997 handover 155 The national system of cities: Hong Kong and China 156 Hong Kong's future imperatives and the role of China's central government 158 Key actors and mechanisms that enable Hong Kong to make progress with the nation state 160 Conclusion 162 12 Moscow: Demand or divergence - the externalities of political centralism 163 History of the city and federal government relationship in Moscow 165 New approaches in the 21st century 167 The national system of cities: Moscow and Russia 169 Ongoing opportunities and challenges where Moscow can benefit from national government support 171 Key actors and mechanisms that enable Moscow to make progress with the nation state 175 Conclusion 175 13 Shanghai: Pragmatism in pursuit of global leadership 177 History of Shanghai's relationship with central government 179 Reforms and cyclical approaches in the Shanghai-Beijing relationship since 2000 181 The national system of cities: Shanghai and China 183 Ongoing challenges where Shanghai needs help from national government 185 Key actors and mechanisms that enable Shanghai to make progress with the nation state 187 Conclusion 187 14 Singapore: The opportunities and obstacles of city-statehood 189 Singapore's government and governance history 191 The impacts of Singapore's unitary government on global city adaptation and success 193 The role of key institutions 195 Singapore's future challenges 197 Conclusion 199 Section V Conclusion: A New Deal for the 21st century? 201 15 Adjusting to an age of world cities 203 High-quality infrastructure and connectivity projects 205 Step changes to address housing and real estate challenges 206 Improvement and expansion of governance in world cities 207 Fiscal and investment systems 215 Business friendliness and investor readiness 216 Investment in research and innovation 217 Support for hosting global events 218 Open labour markets 219 Making practical progress with national governments 220 Conclusion 223 16 Unintended consequences: Making world cities work for nations 224 The advantages and disadvantages of having a world city 225 National frameworks to support the wider system of cities 231 Collaboration between world cities and other cities in their nations 236 World cities into the future 237 Conclusion 238 References 240 Index 277