Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide (Cisco Networking Academy Program)

1. The UNIX Computing Environment.


Introduction. Main Components of a Computer. CPU. AM. I/O Devices. Hard Disks and Other Forms of Mass Storage. Peripheral Components. Keyboard and Mouse. Video Components. Audio Components. Printing Devices and Scanners. Networking Components. Computer Roles and Operating Systems. Single-User Desktop Systems. Workstation and Desktop Applications. Network Operating System Capabilities. Servers and the Network Environment. OS and CPU Relationship. Operating Systems, Hardware, and Drivers. Overview of the UNIX Operating System. Brief History. UNIX Varieties. Overview of Linux. GNU/Linux. Open Source Software. Linux Distributions. Benefits of UNIX. Sun Solaris Benefits. Linux Benefits. UNIX Operating Environment. Solaris. Linux. Sun and Linux. OS and the Kernel. UNIX Kernel Overview. Linux Kernel. Kernel Functions. OS Shell. File System. File System Overview. Directory Hierarchy. Common UNIX Directories. UNIX Commands. Graphical User Interface (GUI) Options. Common Desktop Environment (CDE). Open Windows. GNU Network Object Model Environment (GNOME). K Desktop Environment (KDE). Red Hat BlueCurve. Sun Java Desktop. Summary. Check Your Understanding. UNIX Command Summary. Key Terms.



2. Accessing a System and UNIX Graphical Interfaces.


Introduction. UNIX Login Accounts. The Root Account. User Accounts. Login ID and Password Requirements. Login ID. Passwords. Accessing the System. Local Access. Remote Access. CDE Login Manager. Options Button. Logging In with CDE. Exiting from CDE. Command-Line Login. Exiting from the Command Line. Remote Access Using Telnet. Login Process. /etc/passwd File. Proper UNIX System Shutdown. Changing a Password. Opening a Terminal Window. Prompts to Change a Password. Password Aging. Forgot the Password? Becoming Familiar with CDE. Front-Panel Workspace Buttons. Front-Panel Arrangement. Front-Panel Menu Button. Using the Mouse and Keyboard. Mouse. Keyboard. Managing Windows. Locking the Display. Workspace Management. Introduction to the CDE Tutorial. Using Style Manager Options. Adding and Removing Applications with Subpanels. Application Manager. Introduction to GNOME and KDE. Choosing the Login Session. Primary Differences Between GNOME and KDE. Window Managers. Virtual Desktops. Panels. File Managers. Themes. Control Center. Introduction to GNOME and KDE Tutorials. Learning About GNOME. Learning About KDE. GNOME Customization. User Preferences. Adding to the GNOME Panel. Adding a Launcher to the GNOME Panel. Adding an Applet to the GNOME Panel. Adding and Filling a Drawer on the GNOME Panel. Creating a Floating Panel. Further Panel Customization. Adding to the GNOME Menus. Adding to Favorites from Another Menu. Adding to Favorites Using the Menu Editor. Executing GNOME and KDE Applications from the BlueCurve Menus. Summary. Check Your Understanding. UNIX Command Summary. Key Terms.



3. Graphical User Applications.


Introduction. Introduction to CDE Mail Tool. Mail Icon. Mail Window. New Messages. Attached Files. Working with E-mail Messages. E-mail Addressing. Adding Attachments. Responding to Received Messages. Deleting Mail. Undeleting Mail. Mail Tool Options Menu. Alias Option. Creating and Using a Signature. Other Customizable Options. Creating Alternative Mailboxes. Netscape Mail Alternative. Non-Windows-Based Mail Programs. Introduction to Calendar Manager. Calendar Manager Window. Setting Calendar Options. Working with Appointments. Working with Other Users' Calendars. Other Built-In CDE Applications. Voice and Text Note Applications. Address Manager. Audio Tool. Calculator. Icon Editor. Image Viewer. Snapshot. Clock. Terminal Windows. GNOME and KDE Applications Overview. Web Browsers and Mail Clients. Calendar Managers. GNOME and KDE Applications and Utilities. GNOME Applications Programs. GNOME Utility Programs. Other GNOME Programs Menu Submenus. GNOME Applets. Terminal Windows. KDE Programs and Utilities. UNIX Graphical Desktop Applications Comparison. Summary. Check Your Understanding. UNIX Command Summary. Key Terms.



4. Getting Help.


Introduction. Using CDE Help. Help Options. Other Ways to Access Help. Solaris HOWTO Manuals (AnswerBook2). Man Pages. man Command. Man Page Headings. Scrolling in Man Pages. Searching Man Pages by Section. Searching Man Pages by Keyword. Displaying Man Page Headers with whatis. Saving Man Pages for Future Use. Obtaining Quick Help on Command Options. Linux HOWTOs. Where to Find the HOWTOs. info Command. Starting Info. Navigating with Info. Info Access with a Browser. Basic UNIX Workstation Troubleshooting. Workstation Information. Accessing Applications. Accessing and Managing Files. Printing. Unresponsive Terminal Window. Unresponsive Application. Unresponsive Workstation. DOS and UNIX Command Comparison. Summary. Check Your Understanding. UNIX Command Summary. Key Terms.



5. Accessing Files and Directories.


Introduction. Sample User Directory Structure. Directory Paths. Path Names. Path Components. Types of Path Names. Navigating the File System. Command-Line Syntax. Displaying the Current Directory. Changing Directories Using the cd Command. Listing Directory Contents. ls Command. Displaying Hidden Files. Displaying File Types. Displaying a Long Listing. Listing Individual Directories. Listing Directories Recursively. Identifying and Using Metacharacters. Identifying Metacharacters. Using Metacharacters. Summary. Check Your Understanding. UNIX Command Summary. Key Terms.



6. Basic Directory and File Management.


Introduction. Directory and File Management Using the Command Line. Using the Command Line. Using Control Characters. Determining File Type. Displaying File Contents with cat, more, and less. Displaying File Contents with head and tail. wc Command. Comparing Files. File and Directory Naming Conventions. Creating Files Using the touch Command. Creating Directories with the mkdir Command. Removing Files and Directories. Removing Files. Removing Directories. Directory and File Management Using CDE. File and Folder Icons. File Menu Options. Creating New Folders and Files. Changing Folders. Recovering Files. Directory and File Management Using GNOME Nautilus. Nautilus File Manager. Creating New Folders. Changing Folders. Deleting and Recovering Files. Summary. Check Your Understanding. UNIX Command Summary. Key Terms.



7. Advanced Directory and File Management.


Introduction. Copying Files Using the Command Line. Copying Files Within a Directory. Copying Files to Another Directory. Preventing Overwriting of Files. Copying Files to a Floppy Disk Using the Solaris Command Line. Copying Files to a Floppy Disk Using the Linux Command Line. Copying Directories. Copying a Directory Within the Same Directory. Copying a Directory to Another Directory. Linking Files. Using the ls -l Command to See File Linkages. Removing and Renaming Links. Renaming and Moving Files. Renaming a File in the Current Directory. Moving a File to Another Directory. Renaming and Moving Directories. Renaming Within the Current Directory. Renaming in a Noncurrent Directory. Moving a Directory and Its Contents. Input/Output Redirection. Redirecting Standard Input. Redirecting Standard Output. Creating a New Output File. Redirecting Standard Error. Command Piping. Displaying Command Output One Screen at a Time. Choosing to Redirect or Pipe. Advanced Directory and File Management Using CDE. Moving Files Using Drag and Drop. Copying Files Using Drag and Drop. Copying Files to a Floppy Disk. File Manager Menus. The Selected Menu. View Menu. Set View Options Submenu. Tree Display. Advanced Directory and File Management Using GNOME. Moving and Copying Files Using Drag and Drop. File Menu Options (Rename and Link). Edit Menu Options: Cut, Copy, and Paste. View Menu Options. Summary. Check Your Understanding. UNIX Command Summary. Key Terms.



8. File Systems and File Utilities.


Introduction. Disk Technology Overview. Partitions and File Systems. Partitions. File Systems. Mounting the File System. File System Statistics. Linux Partitions. Finding Files in the File System. Path Options. Search Expression Options. Action Options. Using the find Command. Searching for Text Strings in Files and Command Output. grep Command. egrep and fgrep Commands. egrep Command. fgrep Command. File Editing with sed. Suppressing the Default Output. Sorting Files and Command Output. Finding Files Using Graphical Tools. CDE File Manager. Finding Files Using GNOME and KDE. Search Tool-Quick Find (Locate). Search Tool-Full Find. KDE-Find Files. Summary. Check Your Understanding. UNIX Command Summary. Key Terms.



9. Using Text Editors.


Introduction. vi Editor. vi Modes. Opening Files with vi. Methods of Invoking. Input Commands (Entry Mode). Saving Files and Quitting vi (Last-Line Mode). Positioning Commands (Command Mode). Editing Commands (Command and Last-Line Mode). Advanced Editing Options (Last-Line Mode). Alternatives to vi. Emacs Editor. The Pico Editor. Creating Small Text Files Using cat. Using Emacs. Advantages of Emacs. Two Strains of Emacs: GNU Emacs and Xemacs. Perceived Disadvantages of Emacs. Getting Safely In and Out of Emacs. Accessing the Emacs Tutorial. Getting Emacs Help. DText Editor. File Menu. Editing Options. Text Editor Options Menu. GNOME gedit Text Editor. Opening Window. File Menu. Edit Menu. Plugins Menu. Settings Menu. UNIX Word Processors. Summary. Check Your Understanding. UNIX Command Summary. Key Terms.



10. File Security.


Introduction. Security Policies. Physical Access Security. Login/Password Security. File Systems Security. Virus Protection. Remote Access Security. Internet Firewalls. Data Backups. Disaster Recovery Plan. Audits. Standard UNIX Security Features. User Accounts and File Security. Remote Access Control. Security Check Tools. Network and Internet Security. File System Permissions. Displaying File System Permissions. Permission Categories (Classes). Applying Permission Based on Category. Permission Types. Determining File and Directory Access. Changing Permissions from the Command Line. chmod Command. Symbolic (Relative) Mode. Octal (Absolute) Mode. Using chmod with Octal Mode. Changing Default Permissions with umask. Changing Ownership. Primary and Secondary Groups. Changing the Primary Group. Changing Group Ownership. Changing Permissions with CDE File Manager. Changing Permissions with GNOME Nautilus. Identifying and Switching Users. Identifying Users with the who and finger Commands. Switching to Another User Account. User Account Information. Summary. Check Your Understanding. UNIX Command Summary. Key Terms.



11. Printing.


Introduction. UNIX Printing Environment. Printing Environment Components. Printing Process. Command-Line Printing with the lp and lpr Print Spoolers. Sending Files to a Printer. Printing Banner Pages. Locating the User's Printout. Managing Printer Queues. Print Process Control Points. Canceling a Print Request. Using Graphical Printing Tools. CDE Print Manager. Printing Using the GNOME Printer Applet. Summary. Check Your Understanding. UNIX Command Summary. Key Terms.



12. Backing Up and Restoring.


Introduction. Importance of Backups. Causes for Lost or Corrupted Data. Backup Methods. Data Restoration Issues. Backup Media. Magnetic Tape. Magnetic and Optical Disks. Accessing Floppy Disks and CD-ROM Devices with Solaris. Solaris Volume Management Feature. Working with Solaris Floppy Disks. Working with Solaris CD-ROMs. Linux Floppy and CD-ROM Access. Formatting the Floppy. Putting a File System on the Floppy. GNOME gfloppy Floppy Formatter. Mounting a Linux Floppy Disk. Mounting and Unmounting in GNOME. Working with CD-ROMs in Linux. Backing Up, Compressing, and Restoring Files. Backing Up Files with tar. Compressing Files. Uncompressing Files. Backing Up and Compressing the Home Directory. Restoring Files. jar Command. Open Source Command-Line Programs. Backing Up Files with cpio. Creating and Viewing the Archive. Restoring Files. GUI Backup Tools. Third-Party Dedicated Backup Tools. Using CDE to Archive, Compress, and Restore. Summary. Check Your Understanding. UNIX Command Summary. Key Terms.



13. System Processes.


Introduction. UNIX System Processes. Introduction to UNIX and Linux Processes. System Startup Processes. Types of Processes. Displaying Processes with the ps Command. Searching for a Specific Process. Terminating Processes. Identifying the Process to Terminate. Signals. kill Command. Finding and Terminating a Process by User. pkill Command. Foreground and Background Processes. Foreground Processes. Background Processes. Controlling Foreground and Background Jobs. Process Scheduling. at Command. crontab Utility. Summary. Check Your Understanding. UNIX Command Summary. Key Terms.



14. Shell Features and Environment Customization.


Overview. Review of the Shell. Alias Shell Feature. Displaying Aliases. Removing an Alias in the Current Shell. Using the Shell History Feature and Repeating Commands. Command History in the Korn Shell. Repeating Commands in the Korn Shell. Command History in the Bash Shell. Repeating Commands in the Bash Shell. Command-Line Editing in the Korn and Bash Shells. Filename and Command Completion in the Korn and Bash Shells. Completing a Filename. Completing a Command. Shell Variables. Local (Shell) Variables. Environment (Global) Variables. Custom Prompts with the Korn and Bash Shells. Importance of Quotes. Shell Initialization Files. System-Wide Initialization Files for Korn and Bash Shell Users. User-Specific Initialization Files. Korn Shell User-Specific Initialization Files. .profile File. .kshrc File. Korn Shell Login Process. Bash Shell User-Specific Initialization Files. Summary. Check Your Understanding. UNIX Command Summary. Key Terms.



15. Introduction to Shell Scripts and Programming Languages.


Introduction. Shell Script Basics. Overview of Shell Scripts. Creating a Simple Shell Script. Executing a Script. Debugging a Script. Shell Programming Concepts. Overview. Variables in Scripts. Positional Parameters. Interactive Input. Conditional Programming in Scripts. if Command. Exit Status. test Command. test Command Operators. case Command. Flow Control. for Loop. while Loop. until Loop. Popular Programming Languages. Compilers and Interpreters. Conventional Languages. Scripting Languages. Summary. Check Your Understanding. UNIX Command Summary. Key Terms.



16. Network Concepts and Utilities.


Introduction. Client/Server Computing. Network and Remote Access Utilities. Ping Utility. Traceroute Utility. Telnet Utility. rlogin Utility. FTP Utility. rcp Utility. Secure Shell. Naming Services and Host Name Resolution. Name Services Overview. Centralized Administration. Domain Name Service (DNS). /etc/hosts File. Network Information Service (NIS). Network Information Service Plus (NIS+). Network Resource Sharing. Network File System. Server Message Block. Summary. Check Your Understanding. UNIX Command Summary. Key Terms.



17. Career Guidance.


Introduction. UNIX | more. Careers in UNIX System Administration. UNIX System Administrator Resources. Sun Solaris Certification. Sun Academic Initiative. Linux Certifications. CompTIA Linux Certification. Vendor-Specific Linux Certification. Cisco Courses Supporting Linux+ Certification. Summary.



Appendix A. Answers to Chapter "Check Your Understanding" Quizzes.


Appendix B. Master Command List.


Appendix C. vi Editor Quick Reference.


Appendix D. e-Lab Activities Master List.


Appendix E. Hands-On Lab Listing.


Appendix F. Website Resources.


Appendix G. Summary of Chapter Changes-From 1st Edition to 2nd Edition.


Glossary.