CCNP 3
Multilayer Switching Companion Guide (Cisco Networking Academy Program)
2nd Edition
Published on 9. December 2004
Book
Mixed media product
832 pages
978-1-58713-143-1 (ISBN)
Description
The only authorized textbook for the Cisco Networking Academy Program
CCNP 3: Multilayer Switching Companion Guide, Second Edition, contains all the information from the online curriculum. With this Companion Guide, you have access to the course information anytime, anywhere, plus the following reference, study, and review tools:
Chapter Objectives indicate the key concepts for focused study.
Highlighted key terms throughout the chapter where they are used in context. A comprehensive glossary provides key term definitions to serve as a study aid.
"Check Your Understanding" review questions, presented at the end of each chapter, act as a review and study guide. They reinforce the concepts introduced in the chapter and help test your understanding before you move on to a new chapter. The answers to the questions are provided in an appendix.
Lab activities from the CCNP 3: Multilayer Switching Lab Companion, Second Edition, are referenced throughout the book. Completing these labs gives you hands-on experience so that you can apply practice to theory.
This Cisco authorized textbook is a portable desk reference designed to complement the CCNP 3: Multilayer Switching course in the Cisco Networking Academy Program. Learn to build scalable multilayer-switched networks, create and deploy a global intranet, and implement basic troubleshooting techniques in environments that use Cisco multilayer switches for client hosts and services. Topics include network design principles, Cisco equipment deployment recommendations, Spanning Tree Protocol, switch security, Cisco AVVID, CEF, inter-VLAN routing with Cisco IOS devices, intercampus networking with transparent LAN services, and network redundancy. Use this Companion Guide to help prepare for the Building Cisco Multilayer Switched Networks (BCMSN) exam 642-811, which is one of the four required exams to obtain the CCNP certification.
Companion Title:
CCNP 3: Multilayer Switching Lab Companion Second Edition
ISBN: 1-58713-144-7
Companion CD-ROM
The CD-ROM contains 18 Interactive Media Activities and a test bank with 200 practice exam questions exclusive to Cisco Press covering topics for the CCNP BCMSN 642-811 exam.
The test engine is powered by Boson Software, Inc., a Cisco Learning Partner. www.boson.com
This book is part of the Cisco Networking Academy Program Series from Cisco Press. The products in this series support and complement the Cisco Networking Academy Program.
CCNP 3: Multilayer Switching Companion Guide, Second Edition, contains all the information from the online curriculum. With this Companion Guide, you have access to the course information anytime, anywhere, plus the following reference, study, and review tools:
Chapter Objectives indicate the key concepts for focused study.
Highlighted key terms throughout the chapter where they are used in context. A comprehensive glossary provides key term definitions to serve as a study aid.
"Check Your Understanding" review questions, presented at the end of each chapter, act as a review and study guide. They reinforce the concepts introduced in the chapter and help test your understanding before you move on to a new chapter. The answers to the questions are provided in an appendix.
Lab activities from the CCNP 3: Multilayer Switching Lab Companion, Second Edition, are referenced throughout the book. Completing these labs gives you hands-on experience so that you can apply practice to theory.
This Cisco authorized textbook is a portable desk reference designed to complement the CCNP 3: Multilayer Switching course in the Cisco Networking Academy Program. Learn to build scalable multilayer-switched networks, create and deploy a global intranet, and implement basic troubleshooting techniques in environments that use Cisco multilayer switches for client hosts and services. Topics include network design principles, Cisco equipment deployment recommendations, Spanning Tree Protocol, switch security, Cisco AVVID, CEF, inter-VLAN routing with Cisco IOS devices, intercampus networking with transparent LAN services, and network redundancy. Use this Companion Guide to help prepare for the Building Cisco Multilayer Switched Networks (BCMSN) exam 642-811, which is one of the four required exams to obtain the CCNP certification.
Companion Title:
CCNP 3: Multilayer Switching Lab Companion Second Edition
ISBN: 1-58713-144-7
Companion CD-ROM
The CD-ROM contains 18 Interactive Media Activities and a test bank with 200 practice exam questions exclusive to Cisco Press covering topics for the CCNP BCMSN 642-811 exam.
The test engine is powered by Boson Software, Inc., a Cisco Learning Partner. www.boson.com
This book is part of the Cisco Networking Academy Program Series from Cisco Press. The products in this series support and complement the Cisco Networking Academy Program.
More details
Edition
2nd edition
Language
English
Place of publication
Indianapolis
United States
Publishing group
Pearson Education (US)
Target group
College/higher education
Dimensions
Height: 243 mm
Width: 212 mm
Thickness: 51 mm
Weight
1724 gr
ISBN-13
978-1-58713-143-1 (9781587131431)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
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Cisco Systems, Inc. | Cisco Networking Academy Program | Wayne Lewis
CCNP Cisco Networking Academy Program
Multilayer Switching Companion Guide
Book
08/2002
Cisco Press
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Cisco Press is a collaboration between Cisco Systems, Inc., and Pearson Education that is charged with developing high-quality, cutting-edge educational and reference products for the networking industry. The products in the Cisco Networking Academy Program series are designed to prepare students for careers in the exciting networking field. These products have proven to be strong supplements to the web-based curriculum and are the only print companions that have been reviewed and endorsed by Cisco Systems for Cisco Networking Academy Program use.
Content
Foreword.
Introduction.
1. Campus Networks and Design Models.
Overview of a Campus Network.
Traditional Campus Networks.
Issues with Traditional Campus Network Designs.
Traditional 80/20 Rule of Network Traffic.
The New 20/80 Rule of Network Traffic.
Key Requirements of the Evolving Campus Structure.
Evolving Campus Structure.
Key Characteristics of Various Switching Technologies.
Overview.
Layer 2 Switching.
Layer 3 Switching.
Layer 4 Switching.
Multilayer Switching.
Quality of Service (QoS).
Multicast.
Hierarchical Design Model for Campus Networks.
Building-Block Approach.
The Switch Block.
Scaling the Switch Block.
Building the Core Block.
Layer 2 and Layer 3 Backbone Scaling.
Advantages of the Building-Block Approach.
Small Campus Networks.
Medium Campus Networks.
Large Campus Networks.
Basic Configuration of the Switch.
Cabling the Switch Block.
Connecting to the Console Port.
Connecting to an Ethernet Port.
Clearing a Configuration.
Setting a Password.
Naming the Switch.
Configuring the Switch for Remote Access.
Identifying Individual Ports.
Defining Port Speed and Line Mode on a Switch.
Important IOS Features.
Command-Line Recall.
Using the Help Feature.
Password Recovery.
Setting an Idle Timeout.
Verifying Connectivity.
Backup and Restoration of a Configuration Using a TFTP Server.
HTTP Access to the Switch.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
2. VLANs and VTP.
VLAN Basics.
Describe a VLAN.
Motivation for VLANs.
VLANs and Network Security.
VLANs and Broadcast Distribution.
VLANs and Bandwidth Utilization.
VLANs Versus Router Latency.
Wrong Motives for Implementing VLANs.
VLAN Security.
Overview.
Understanding Switch ACLs.
Router ACLs and VLAN Maps.
Configuring Router ACLs.
Configuring VLAN Maps.
Using VLAN Maps with Router ACLs.
Applying Router ACLs and VLAN Maps on VLANs.
VLAN Types.
VLAN Boundaries.
End-to-End VLANs.
Local VLANs.
Establishing VLAN Memberships.
Port-Based VLAN Membership.
Dynamic VLANs.
Configuring VLANs and VMPS.
Configuring Static VLANs.
Verifying VLAN Configuration.
Deleting VLANs.
VMPS Operation.
VMPS Configuration Guidelines.
Access Links and Trunk Links.
VLAN Trunking and Dynamic Trunking Protocol.
Trunking Overview.
Configuring a VLAN Trunk.
Removing VLANs from a Trunk.
Basics of Dynamic Trunking Protocol.
DTP Trunk and Access Modes.
DTP Combinations.
Verifying DTP.
VLAN Identification.
VLAN Frame Identification.
Inter-Switch Link (ISL).
The IEEE 802.1Q Protocol.
The IEEE 802.10 Protocol.
LAN Emulation (LANE).
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP).
VTP Benefits.
VTP Operation.
VTP Modes.
Adding a Switch to a VTP Domain.
VTP Advertisements.
VTP Configuration and VTP Pruning.
Basic Configuration Steps.
Configuring the VTP Version.
Configuring the VTP Domain.
Configuring the VTP Mode.
Verifying VTP Configuration.
Default Behavior of a Switch.
Configuring VTP Pruning.
Verifying VTP Pruning.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
3. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).
STP Operation.
STP Concepts.
Broadcast Loops.
Bridge Table Corruption.
Bridge Priority.
Path Cost.
Port ID.
STP Processes.
STP Decisions and BPDU Exchanges.
Three Steps of STP Convergence.
Electing the Root Switch.
Electing Root Ports.
Electing Designated Ports.
STP States.
STP Timers.
BPDU Format.
Topology Changes and STP.
STP Enhancements.
Delay in STP Updates.
PortFast.
UplinkFast.
BackboneFast.
802.1w Rapid STP.
RSTP States.
RSTP Port Roles.
RSTP Timers.
RSTP BPDU Format.
Evolution of Spanning Tree.
PVST (Per-VLAN Spanning Tree), PVST+, and Mono Spanning Tree Modes.
Enhanced PVST+.
MST (802.1s).
Load Sharing.
Switchport Tuning Using BPDU Guard.
Switchport Tuning Using Root Guard.
STP Configuration.
Default STP Configuration.
Enabling and Disabling STP.
Modifying the Root Switch.
Setting the Priority for Ports and VLANs.
Setting the Port Cost.
Configuring Switch Priority of a VLAN.
Modifying Default Timers.
Tuning, Verifying, and Troubleshooting STP.
Configuring PortFast.
Configuring UplinkFast.
Configuring BackboneFast.
Configuring BPDU Guard.
Configuring Root Guard.
Configuring Load Sharing.
Verifying STP, RSTP, and MSTP Configuration.
RSTP and MSTP Configuration.
Default RSTP and MSTP Configuration.
RSTP and MSTP Configuration Guidelines.
Enabling RSTP and MSTP.
Configuring the MST Root Switch.
Configuring MST Switch Priority.
Configuring MST Path Cost.
Configuring MST Port Priority.
Configuring MSTP Timers.
Configuring Maximum Hop Count.
EtherChannel.
EtherChannel Explained.
Frame Distribution.
EtherChannel Methods.
Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP).
Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP).
Modifying Port Cost for EtherChannel Groups.
EtherChannel Configuration Guidelines.
Configuring Fast EtherChannel.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
4. Inter-VLAN Routing.
Methods of Inter-VLAN Routing.
Key Components of Inter-VLAN Routing.
Comparison of Layer 2 and Layer 3 Operations in the Core.
Inter-VLAN Routing Performance and Scalability Issues.
Roles of the Different Types of VLANs.
Route Switch Processors.
Router-on-a-Stick.
When to Use the Router-on-a-Stick Design.
Cisco Layer 3 Feature Cards.
Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing.
Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing in a Switched Network.
Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing Via the Switch Virtual Interface.
Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing Via the Routed Port.
Configuring Routing Between an External Router and an Internal Route Processor.
Configuring the Router for the Native VLAN.
Configuring Router-on-a-Stick.
Verifying the Inter-VLAN Routing Configuration.
Troubleshooting Inter-VLAN Routing.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
5. Multilayer Switching.
Multilayer Switching.
MLS Hardware and Software Requirements.
MLS Components.
MLS Flows.
MLS Operation.
Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF).
Comparing MLS and CEF.
CEF Operation.
CEF Forwarding Information Base.
CEF Adjacency Table.
Packet Flow for Layer 2 and Layer 3 Forwarding Decisions.
Additional Benefits of CEF-Based Forwarding.
MLS and CEF Configuration Tasks.
MLS-RP Configuration.
MLS-SE Configuration.
Configuring MLS Optional Parameters.
MLS Configuration Example.
MLS Verification.
CEF Configuration and Verification.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
6. Redundancy.
Implementing Module Redundancy in a Multilayer Switched Network.
Implementing Redundant Supervisor Engines in Catalyst Switches.
Implementing Redundant Supervisor Uplink Modules in Catalyst Switches.
Implementing Redundant Distributed Forwarding Cards in Catalyst Switches.
Implementing Redundant Power Supplies.
Implementing Router Redundancy in a Switched Network.
Router Redundancy Operation.
ICMP Router Discovery Protocol (IRDP).
Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP).
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP).
Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP).
Single Router Mode (SRM) Redundancy.
Server Load Balancing (SLB).
HSRP Operations.
The Virtual Router MAC Address.
HSRP Messages.
HSRP States.
HSRP Configuration.
How HSRP Addresses Redundancy Issues.
HSRP Standby Priority.
HSRP Standby Preempt.
HSRP Hello Timers.
HSRP Interface Tracking.
Verify HSRP Configuration.
HSRP over Trunk Links.
Troubleshooting HSRP.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
7. Cisco AVVID.
Introduction to Cisco AVVID.
Examining the Cisco AVVID Framework.
Cisco AVVID Network Infrastructure.
Cisco AVVID Intelligent Network Services.
High Availability.
Cisco AVVID Network Solutions.
Cisco AVVID Network Implementation Example.
Legacy Migration.
Examining Multicast in a Multilayer Switched Network.
Multicast Overview.
Multicast Addressing.
Layer 3 Multicast Addressing.
Layer 2 Multicast Addressing.
IGMP.
IGMP Version 1.
IGMP Version 2.
IGMP Version 1 and Version 2 Interoperability.
IGMP Version 3.
IGMP Snooping.
CGMP Operation.
Routing Multicast Traffic.
Distribution Trees.
Managing Delivery of Multicast Packets.
Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF).
Multicast Routing Protocols.
Dense-Mode Routing Protocols.
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.
Protocol-Independent Multicast Dense Mode.
Multicast Open Shortest Path First.
Sparse Mode Routing Protocols.
Core-Based Trees.
PIM-SM.
Configure IP Multicast Routing.
Verify PIM Configuration.
Configure Auto-RP (Optional).
Optional IP Multicast Routing Tasks.
Cisco IP Telephony.
Introducing the Cisco IP Telephony Solution.
Cisco IP Telephony Designs.
Single-Site Model.
Multiple Sites with Independent Call Processing.
Multiple Sites with Distributed Call Processing.
Multisite IP WAN with Centralized Call Processing.
Voice Quality Issues.
Common Voice Issues.
Implementing QoS for Voice.
QoS.
Trust Boundaries.
Traffic Classification.
Traffic Classification at Layer 2.
Traffic Classification at Layer 3.
Summary Recommendations for QoS Implementation.
Network Design Issues for Voice.
IP Phone Physical Connectivity.
Power/Protection Options.
Power to IP Phones.
Infrastructure Considerations.
High Availability.
IP Addressing and Management.
Implementing IP Telephony with Auxiliary VLANs.
Voice VLAN Configuration.
Connecting to the Network with Auxiliary VLANs.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
8. Quality of Service.
Quality of Service Requirements.
Quality of Service Defined.
Loss.
Delay or Latency.
Delay Variation or Jitter.
Network Availability.
Provisioning.
Quality of Service Requirements for Data.
Quality of Service Requirements for Voice.
Quality of Service Requirements for Video.
Quality of Service Mechanisms.
Best-Effort Service.
Integrated Services Model.
Differentiated Services Model.
Traffic Marking.
Modular QoS Command-Line Interface (MQC).
Using the class-map Command to Define Traffic Classes.
Defining the QoS Policy Using the Policy Map.
Applying the Policy to an Interface Using the Service Policy.
Classification at the Access Layer.
Trusting the CoS.
Configuring CoS Trust Using the IOS.
Assigning CoS on a Per-Port Basis.
Rewriting the CoS.
Using a MAC ACL to Assign a DSCP Value.
Configuring DSCP Using a MAC ACL.
Using an IP ACL to Define the DSCP or Precedence.
Policing and Marking.
Individual Policers.
Aggregate Policers.
Token Bucket.
Classification and Policing Using Committed Access Rate (CAR).
Configuring the Policed DSCP Map.
Configuring Classification Using CAR.
Configuring Policing Using CAR.
Scheduling.
FIFO Queue.
Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ).
WFQ and IP Precedence.
Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ).
Configuring CBWFQ.
CBWFQ Bandwidth Allocation.
Congestion Avoidance.
Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED).
Configuring WRED on a Physical Interface.
Verifying WRED Configuration.
Configuring WRED with CBWFQ.
Low Latency Queuing (LLQ).
Configuring LLQ.
Traffic Shaping.
Generic Traffic Shaping (GTS).
Configuring GTS for an Interface.
GTS for Frame Relay Networks.
Configuring GTS for Frame Relay Networks.
Verifying GTS Configuration.
QoS Using Low-Speed Links.
Link Efficiency Mechanisms.
Link Fragmentation and Interleaving (LFI).
Link Fragmentation and Interleaving (LFI): Multilink PPP.
Compressed Real-Time Protocol (CRTP).
Configuring CRTP.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
9. Monitoring and Security.
Monitoring Switched Network Performance with SPAN and VSPAN.
Monitoring with SPAN on a Port Basis.
SPAN Interaction with Other Features.
SPAN Configuration Limitations.
Configuring SPAN Sessions.
VSPAN-SPAN Using VLANs as Monitored Source.
RSPAN.
RSPAN Reflector Ports.
RSPAN Interaction with Other Features.
RSPAN and RSPAN VLANs.
Configuring RSPAN.
Configuring RSPAN to Filter Trunks for Specific VLAN Traffic.
Network Analysis Modules and Switch Fabric Modules.
The Network Analysis Module.
Using the NAM.
Benefits of Deploying a NAM.
NAM Troubleshooting.
Increasing Switching Fabric in Catalyst 6500 Series Switches.
Configuring the Switch Fabric Module.
Monitoring the Switch Fabric Module.
Basic Security.
Access Control Policy.
Basic Security Measures.
Physical Security.
Connecting to the Switch.
Out-of-Band Management.
In-Band Management.
Basic Password Protection.
Securing Remote Management.
Remote Management Security Options.
Advanced Username Options.
Encrypting Communications Using Secure Shell.
Encryption Key Pairs.
Using VLANs to Restrict Remote Management.
Securing the Web Management Interface.
Using Access Lists to Restrict Remote Management.
Additional Remote Management Session Options.
Configuring, Verifying, and Troubleshooting SSH Server.
Securing User Access.
Using Port Security, Protected Ports, and Private VLANs.
Using Access Lists.
Router ACLs.
Port ACLs.
VLAN ACLs and VLAN Maps.
Configuring and Verifying Port Security.
Configuring and Verifying Protected Ports.
Configuring and Verifying Access Lists.
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA).
TACACS+.
RADIUS.
Cisco Secure Access Control Server (ACS).
Configuring AAA.
Configuring TACACS+ and RADIUS Clients.
Configuring AAA Authentication.
Configuring AAA Authorization.
Configuring AAA Accounting.
IEEE 802.1x Port-Based Authentication.
Authentication Initiation and Message Exchange.
Ports in Authorized and Unauthorized States.
Supported Topologies.
802.1x Configuration Guidelines.
Configuring 802.1x Port-Based Authentication.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
10. Transparent LAN Services.
Ethernet Solutions for Transparent LAN Services (TLS).
Same Network, New Services.
VLAN Tunneling.
Intermetro LAN Transport.
Interservice POP Connectivity.
Metro Segmentation.
Introducing Transparent LAN Services Architecture.
Metro Ethernet Services.
IP+Optical.
Point-to-Point Dedicated.
Point-to-Multipoint Shared.
Role of QoS in TLS.
Examining Fiber-Optic Transports.
Defining SONET and SDH.
Applications for SONET/SDH.
Implementing SONET/SDH Within a Metropolitan Network.
Defining Dynamic Packet Transport (DPT).
Defining CWDM and DWDM.
Implementing DWDM Over a MAN.
10 Gigabit Ethernet Standards.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
Appendix A. Check Your Understanding Answer Key.
Appendix B. Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet Standards and Operation.
Appendix C. Using the Catalyst Operating System.
Glossary.
Index.
Introduction.
1. Campus Networks and Design Models.
Overview of a Campus Network.
Traditional Campus Networks.
Issues with Traditional Campus Network Designs.
Traditional 80/20 Rule of Network Traffic.
The New 20/80 Rule of Network Traffic.
Key Requirements of the Evolving Campus Structure.
Evolving Campus Structure.
Key Characteristics of Various Switching Technologies.
Overview.
Layer 2 Switching.
Layer 3 Switching.
Layer 4 Switching.
Multilayer Switching.
Quality of Service (QoS).
Multicast.
Hierarchical Design Model for Campus Networks.
Building-Block Approach.
The Switch Block.
Scaling the Switch Block.
Building the Core Block.
Layer 2 and Layer 3 Backbone Scaling.
Advantages of the Building-Block Approach.
Small Campus Networks.
Medium Campus Networks.
Large Campus Networks.
Basic Configuration of the Switch.
Cabling the Switch Block.
Connecting to the Console Port.
Connecting to an Ethernet Port.
Clearing a Configuration.
Setting a Password.
Naming the Switch.
Configuring the Switch for Remote Access.
Identifying Individual Ports.
Defining Port Speed and Line Mode on a Switch.
Important IOS Features.
Command-Line Recall.
Using the Help Feature.
Password Recovery.
Setting an Idle Timeout.
Verifying Connectivity.
Backup and Restoration of a Configuration Using a TFTP Server.
HTTP Access to the Switch.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
2. VLANs and VTP.
VLAN Basics.
Describe a VLAN.
Motivation for VLANs.
VLANs and Network Security.
VLANs and Broadcast Distribution.
VLANs and Bandwidth Utilization.
VLANs Versus Router Latency.
Wrong Motives for Implementing VLANs.
VLAN Security.
Overview.
Understanding Switch ACLs.
Router ACLs and VLAN Maps.
Configuring Router ACLs.
Configuring VLAN Maps.
Using VLAN Maps with Router ACLs.
Applying Router ACLs and VLAN Maps on VLANs.
VLAN Types.
VLAN Boundaries.
End-to-End VLANs.
Local VLANs.
Establishing VLAN Memberships.
Port-Based VLAN Membership.
Dynamic VLANs.
Configuring VLANs and VMPS.
Configuring Static VLANs.
Verifying VLAN Configuration.
Deleting VLANs.
VMPS Operation.
VMPS Configuration Guidelines.
Access Links and Trunk Links.
VLAN Trunking and Dynamic Trunking Protocol.
Trunking Overview.
Configuring a VLAN Trunk.
Removing VLANs from a Trunk.
Basics of Dynamic Trunking Protocol.
DTP Trunk and Access Modes.
DTP Combinations.
Verifying DTP.
VLAN Identification.
VLAN Frame Identification.
Inter-Switch Link (ISL).
The IEEE 802.1Q Protocol.
The IEEE 802.10 Protocol.
LAN Emulation (LANE).
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP).
VTP Benefits.
VTP Operation.
VTP Modes.
Adding a Switch to a VTP Domain.
VTP Advertisements.
VTP Configuration and VTP Pruning.
Basic Configuration Steps.
Configuring the VTP Version.
Configuring the VTP Domain.
Configuring the VTP Mode.
Verifying VTP Configuration.
Default Behavior of a Switch.
Configuring VTP Pruning.
Verifying VTP Pruning.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
3. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).
STP Operation.
STP Concepts.
Broadcast Loops.
Bridge Table Corruption.
Bridge Priority.
Path Cost.
Port ID.
STP Processes.
STP Decisions and BPDU Exchanges.
Three Steps of STP Convergence.
Electing the Root Switch.
Electing Root Ports.
Electing Designated Ports.
STP States.
STP Timers.
BPDU Format.
Topology Changes and STP.
STP Enhancements.
Delay in STP Updates.
PortFast.
UplinkFast.
BackboneFast.
802.1w Rapid STP.
RSTP States.
RSTP Port Roles.
RSTP Timers.
RSTP BPDU Format.
Evolution of Spanning Tree.
PVST (Per-VLAN Spanning Tree), PVST+, and Mono Spanning Tree Modes.
Enhanced PVST+.
MST (802.1s).
Load Sharing.
Switchport Tuning Using BPDU Guard.
Switchport Tuning Using Root Guard.
STP Configuration.
Default STP Configuration.
Enabling and Disabling STP.
Modifying the Root Switch.
Setting the Priority for Ports and VLANs.
Setting the Port Cost.
Configuring Switch Priority of a VLAN.
Modifying Default Timers.
Tuning, Verifying, and Troubleshooting STP.
Configuring PortFast.
Configuring UplinkFast.
Configuring BackboneFast.
Configuring BPDU Guard.
Configuring Root Guard.
Configuring Load Sharing.
Verifying STP, RSTP, and MSTP Configuration.
RSTP and MSTP Configuration.
Default RSTP and MSTP Configuration.
RSTP and MSTP Configuration Guidelines.
Enabling RSTP and MSTP.
Configuring the MST Root Switch.
Configuring MST Switch Priority.
Configuring MST Path Cost.
Configuring MST Port Priority.
Configuring MSTP Timers.
Configuring Maximum Hop Count.
EtherChannel.
EtherChannel Explained.
Frame Distribution.
EtherChannel Methods.
Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP).
Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP).
Modifying Port Cost for EtherChannel Groups.
EtherChannel Configuration Guidelines.
Configuring Fast EtherChannel.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
4. Inter-VLAN Routing.
Methods of Inter-VLAN Routing.
Key Components of Inter-VLAN Routing.
Comparison of Layer 2 and Layer 3 Operations in the Core.
Inter-VLAN Routing Performance and Scalability Issues.
Roles of the Different Types of VLANs.
Route Switch Processors.
Router-on-a-Stick.
When to Use the Router-on-a-Stick Design.
Cisco Layer 3 Feature Cards.
Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing.
Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing in a Switched Network.
Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing Via the Switch Virtual Interface.
Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing Via the Routed Port.
Configuring Routing Between an External Router and an Internal Route Processor.
Configuring the Router for the Native VLAN.
Configuring Router-on-a-Stick.
Verifying the Inter-VLAN Routing Configuration.
Troubleshooting Inter-VLAN Routing.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
5. Multilayer Switching.
Multilayer Switching.
MLS Hardware and Software Requirements.
MLS Components.
MLS Flows.
MLS Operation.
Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF).
Comparing MLS and CEF.
CEF Operation.
CEF Forwarding Information Base.
CEF Adjacency Table.
Packet Flow for Layer 2 and Layer 3 Forwarding Decisions.
Additional Benefits of CEF-Based Forwarding.
MLS and CEF Configuration Tasks.
MLS-RP Configuration.
MLS-SE Configuration.
Configuring MLS Optional Parameters.
MLS Configuration Example.
MLS Verification.
CEF Configuration and Verification.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
6. Redundancy.
Implementing Module Redundancy in a Multilayer Switched Network.
Implementing Redundant Supervisor Engines in Catalyst Switches.
Implementing Redundant Supervisor Uplink Modules in Catalyst Switches.
Implementing Redundant Distributed Forwarding Cards in Catalyst Switches.
Implementing Redundant Power Supplies.
Implementing Router Redundancy in a Switched Network.
Router Redundancy Operation.
ICMP Router Discovery Protocol (IRDP).
Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP).
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP).
Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP).
Single Router Mode (SRM) Redundancy.
Server Load Balancing (SLB).
HSRP Operations.
The Virtual Router MAC Address.
HSRP Messages.
HSRP States.
HSRP Configuration.
How HSRP Addresses Redundancy Issues.
HSRP Standby Priority.
HSRP Standby Preempt.
HSRP Hello Timers.
HSRP Interface Tracking.
Verify HSRP Configuration.
HSRP over Trunk Links.
Troubleshooting HSRP.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
7. Cisco AVVID.
Introduction to Cisco AVVID.
Examining the Cisco AVVID Framework.
Cisco AVVID Network Infrastructure.
Cisco AVVID Intelligent Network Services.
High Availability.
Cisco AVVID Network Solutions.
Cisco AVVID Network Implementation Example.
Legacy Migration.
Examining Multicast in a Multilayer Switched Network.
Multicast Overview.
Multicast Addressing.
Layer 3 Multicast Addressing.
Layer 2 Multicast Addressing.
IGMP.
IGMP Version 1.
IGMP Version 2.
IGMP Version 1 and Version 2 Interoperability.
IGMP Version 3.
IGMP Snooping.
CGMP Operation.
Routing Multicast Traffic.
Distribution Trees.
Managing Delivery of Multicast Packets.
Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF).
Multicast Routing Protocols.
Dense-Mode Routing Protocols.
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.
Protocol-Independent Multicast Dense Mode.
Multicast Open Shortest Path First.
Sparse Mode Routing Protocols.
Core-Based Trees.
PIM-SM.
Configure IP Multicast Routing.
Verify PIM Configuration.
Configure Auto-RP (Optional).
Optional IP Multicast Routing Tasks.
Cisco IP Telephony.
Introducing the Cisco IP Telephony Solution.
Cisco IP Telephony Designs.
Single-Site Model.
Multiple Sites with Independent Call Processing.
Multiple Sites with Distributed Call Processing.
Multisite IP WAN with Centralized Call Processing.
Voice Quality Issues.
Common Voice Issues.
Implementing QoS for Voice.
QoS.
Trust Boundaries.
Traffic Classification.
Traffic Classification at Layer 2.
Traffic Classification at Layer 3.
Summary Recommendations for QoS Implementation.
Network Design Issues for Voice.
IP Phone Physical Connectivity.
Power/Protection Options.
Power to IP Phones.
Infrastructure Considerations.
High Availability.
IP Addressing and Management.
Implementing IP Telephony with Auxiliary VLANs.
Voice VLAN Configuration.
Connecting to the Network with Auxiliary VLANs.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
8. Quality of Service.
Quality of Service Requirements.
Quality of Service Defined.
Loss.
Delay or Latency.
Delay Variation or Jitter.
Network Availability.
Provisioning.
Quality of Service Requirements for Data.
Quality of Service Requirements for Voice.
Quality of Service Requirements for Video.
Quality of Service Mechanisms.
Best-Effort Service.
Integrated Services Model.
Differentiated Services Model.
Traffic Marking.
Modular QoS Command-Line Interface (MQC).
Using the class-map Command to Define Traffic Classes.
Defining the QoS Policy Using the Policy Map.
Applying the Policy to an Interface Using the Service Policy.
Classification at the Access Layer.
Trusting the CoS.
Configuring CoS Trust Using the IOS.
Assigning CoS on a Per-Port Basis.
Rewriting the CoS.
Using a MAC ACL to Assign a DSCP Value.
Configuring DSCP Using a MAC ACL.
Using an IP ACL to Define the DSCP or Precedence.
Policing and Marking.
Individual Policers.
Aggregate Policers.
Token Bucket.
Classification and Policing Using Committed Access Rate (CAR).
Configuring the Policed DSCP Map.
Configuring Classification Using CAR.
Configuring Policing Using CAR.
Scheduling.
FIFO Queue.
Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ).
WFQ and IP Precedence.
Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ).
Configuring CBWFQ.
CBWFQ Bandwidth Allocation.
Congestion Avoidance.
Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED).
Configuring WRED on a Physical Interface.
Verifying WRED Configuration.
Configuring WRED with CBWFQ.
Low Latency Queuing (LLQ).
Configuring LLQ.
Traffic Shaping.
Generic Traffic Shaping (GTS).
Configuring GTS for an Interface.
GTS for Frame Relay Networks.
Configuring GTS for Frame Relay Networks.
Verifying GTS Configuration.
QoS Using Low-Speed Links.
Link Efficiency Mechanisms.
Link Fragmentation and Interleaving (LFI).
Link Fragmentation and Interleaving (LFI): Multilink PPP.
Compressed Real-Time Protocol (CRTP).
Configuring CRTP.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
9. Monitoring and Security.
Monitoring Switched Network Performance with SPAN and VSPAN.
Monitoring with SPAN on a Port Basis.
SPAN Interaction with Other Features.
SPAN Configuration Limitations.
Configuring SPAN Sessions.
VSPAN-SPAN Using VLANs as Monitored Source.
RSPAN.
RSPAN Reflector Ports.
RSPAN Interaction with Other Features.
RSPAN and RSPAN VLANs.
Configuring RSPAN.
Configuring RSPAN to Filter Trunks for Specific VLAN Traffic.
Network Analysis Modules and Switch Fabric Modules.
The Network Analysis Module.
Using the NAM.
Benefits of Deploying a NAM.
NAM Troubleshooting.
Increasing Switching Fabric in Catalyst 6500 Series Switches.
Configuring the Switch Fabric Module.
Monitoring the Switch Fabric Module.
Basic Security.
Access Control Policy.
Basic Security Measures.
Physical Security.
Connecting to the Switch.
Out-of-Band Management.
In-Band Management.
Basic Password Protection.
Securing Remote Management.
Remote Management Security Options.
Advanced Username Options.
Encrypting Communications Using Secure Shell.
Encryption Key Pairs.
Using VLANs to Restrict Remote Management.
Securing the Web Management Interface.
Using Access Lists to Restrict Remote Management.
Additional Remote Management Session Options.
Configuring, Verifying, and Troubleshooting SSH Server.
Securing User Access.
Using Port Security, Protected Ports, and Private VLANs.
Using Access Lists.
Router ACLs.
Port ACLs.
VLAN ACLs and VLAN Maps.
Configuring and Verifying Port Security.
Configuring and Verifying Protected Ports.
Configuring and Verifying Access Lists.
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA).
TACACS+.
RADIUS.
Cisco Secure Access Control Server (ACS).
Configuring AAA.
Configuring TACACS+ and RADIUS Clients.
Configuring AAA Authentication.
Configuring AAA Authorization.
Configuring AAA Accounting.
IEEE 802.1x Port-Based Authentication.
Authentication Initiation and Message Exchange.
Ports in Authorized and Unauthorized States.
Supported Topologies.
802.1x Configuration Guidelines.
Configuring 802.1x Port-Based Authentication.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
10. Transparent LAN Services.
Ethernet Solutions for Transparent LAN Services (TLS).
Same Network, New Services.
VLAN Tunneling.
Intermetro LAN Transport.
Interservice POP Connectivity.
Metro Segmentation.
Introducing Transparent LAN Services Architecture.
Metro Ethernet Services.
IP+Optical.
Point-to-Point Dedicated.
Point-to-Multipoint Shared.
Role of QoS in TLS.
Examining Fiber-Optic Transports.
Defining SONET and SDH.
Applications for SONET/SDH.
Implementing SONET/SDH Within a Metropolitan Network.
Defining Dynamic Packet Transport (DPT).
Defining CWDM and DWDM.
Implementing DWDM Over a MAN.
10 Gigabit Ethernet Standards.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
Appendix A. Check Your Understanding Answer Key.
Appendix B. Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet Standards and Operation.
Appendix C. Using the Catalyst Operating System.
Glossary.
Index.