Routing Protocols Companion Guide
Published on 6. March 2014
Book
Hardback
792 pages
978-1-58713-323-7 (ISBN)
Description
Routing Protocols Companion Guide is the official supplemental textbook for the Routing Protocols course in the Cisco (R) Networking Academy (R) CCNA (R) Routing and Switching curriculum.
This course describes the architecture, components, and operations of routers, and explains the principles of routing and routing protocols. You learn how to configure a router for basic and advanced functionality. By the end of this course, you will be able to configure and troubleshoot routers and resolve common issues with RIPv1, RIPv2, EIGRP, and OSPF in both IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
The Companion Guide is designed as a portable desk reference to use anytime, anywhere to reinforce the material from the course and organize your time.
The book's features help you focus on important concepts to succeed in this course:
Chapter objectives-Review core concepts by answering the focus questions listed at the beginning of each chapter.
Key terms-Refer to the lists of networking vocabulary introduced and highlighted in context in each chapter.
Glossary-Consult the comprehensive Glossary with more than 150 terms.
Summary of Activities and Labs-Maximize your study time with this complete list of all associated practice exercises at the end of each chapter.
Check Your Understanding-Evaluate your readiness with the end-of-chapter questions that match the style of questions you see in the online course quizzes. The answer key explains each answer.
How To-Look for this icon to study the steps you need to learn to perform certain tasks.
Interactive Activities-Reinforce your understanding of topics by doing all the exercises from the online course identified throughout the book with this icon.
Videos-Watch the videos embedded within the online course.
Packet Tracer Activities-Explore and visualize networking concepts using Packet Tracer exercises interspersed throughout the chapters.
Hands-on Labs-Work through all the course labs and Class Activities that are included in the course and published in the separate Lab Manual.
This course describes the architecture, components, and operations of routers, and explains the principles of routing and routing protocols. You learn how to configure a router for basic and advanced functionality. By the end of this course, you will be able to configure and troubleshoot routers and resolve common issues with RIPv1, RIPv2, EIGRP, and OSPF in both IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
The Companion Guide is designed as a portable desk reference to use anytime, anywhere to reinforce the material from the course and organize your time.
The book's features help you focus on important concepts to succeed in this course:
Chapter objectives-Review core concepts by answering the focus questions listed at the beginning of each chapter.
Key terms-Refer to the lists of networking vocabulary introduced and highlighted in context in each chapter.
Glossary-Consult the comprehensive Glossary with more than 150 terms.
Summary of Activities and Labs-Maximize your study time with this complete list of all associated practice exercises at the end of each chapter.
Check Your Understanding-Evaluate your readiness with the end-of-chapter questions that match the style of questions you see in the online course quizzes. The answer key explains each answer.
How To-Look for this icon to study the steps you need to learn to perform certain tasks.
Interactive Activities-Reinforce your understanding of topics by doing all the exercises from the online course identified throughout the book with this icon.
Videos-Watch the videos embedded within the online course.
Packet Tracer Activities-Explore and visualize networking concepts using Packet Tracer exercises interspersed throughout the chapters.
Hands-on Labs-Work through all the course labs and Class Activities that are included in the course and published in the separate Lab Manual.
More details
Other editions
Previous edition
Rick Graziani | Allan Johnson
Routing Protocols and Concepts, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide
Book
12/2007
Cisco Press
€52.85
Article exhausted; check for reprint
Person
Cisco Networking Academy teaches hundreds of thousands of students annually the skills needed to build, design, and maintain, networks, improving their career prospects while filling the global demand for networking professionals. With 10,000 academies in 165 countries, it helps individuals prepare for industry-recognized certifications and entry-level information and communication technology careers in virtually every industry -- developing foundational technical skills while acquiring vital 21st-century career skills in problem solving, collaboration, and critical thinking. Cisco Networking Academy uses a public-private partnership model to create the "world's largest classroom."
Content
Introduction xxiv
Chapter 1 Routing Concepts 1
Objectives 1
Key Terms 1
Introduction (1.0.1.1) 3
Initial Configuration of a Router (1.1) 4
Characteristics of a Network (1.1.1.1) 4
Why Routing? (1.1.1.2) 5
Routers Are Computers (1.1.1.3) 6
Routers Interconnect Networks (1.1.1.4) 7
Routers Choose Best Paths (1.1.1.5) 9
Packet Forwarding Mechanisms (1.1.1.6) 9
Connect Devices (1.1.2) 12
Connect to a Network (1.1.2.1) 13
Default Gateways (1.1.2.2) 14
Document Network Addressing (1.1.2.3) 15
Enable IP on a Host (1.1.2.4) 16
Device LEDs (1.1.2.5) 18
Console Access (1.1.2.6) 19
Enable IP on a Switch (1.1.2.7) 20
Basic Settings on a Router (1.1.3) 22
Configure Basic Router Settings (1.1.3.1) 22
Configure an IPv4 Router Interface (1.1.3.2) 24
Configure an IPv6 Router Interface (1.1.3.3) 25
Configure an IPv4 Loopback Interface (1.1.3.4) 28
Verify Connectivity of Directly Connected Networks (1.1.4) 29
Verify Interface Settings (1.1.4.1) 29
Verify IPv6 Interface Settings (1.1.4.2) 31
Filter Show Command Output (1.1.4.3) 34
Command History Feature (1.1.4.4) 36
Routing Decisions (1.2) 38
Router Switching Function (1.2.1.1) 38
Send a Packet (1.2.1.2) 39
Forward to the Next Hop (1.2.1.3) 40
Packet Routing (1.2.1.4) 41
Reach the Destination (1.2.1.5) 42
Path Determination (1.2.2) 43
Routing Decisions (1.2.2.1) 43
Best Path (1.2.2.2) 44
Load Balancing (1.2.2.3) 45
Administrative Distance (1.2.2.4) 46
Router Operation (1.3) 47
Analyze the Routing Table (1.3.1) 47
The Routing Table (1.3.1.1) 47
Routing Table Sources (1.3.1.2) 48
Remote Network Routing Entries (1.3.1.3) 49
Directly Connected Routes (1.3.2) 51
Directly Connected Interfaces (1.3.2.1) 51
Directly Connected Route Table Entries (1.3.2.2) 51
Directly Connected Examples (1.3.2.3) 52
Directly Connected IPv6 Example (1.3.2.4) 53
Statically Learned Routes (1.3.3) 56
Static Routes (1.3.3.1) 56
Static Route Examples (1.3.3.2) 57
Static IPv6 Route Examples (1.3.3.3) 59
Dynamic Routing Protocols (1.3.4) 61
Dynamic Routing (1.3.4.1) 61
IPv4 Routing Protocols (1.3.4.2) 62
IPv4 Dynamic Routing Examples (1.3.4.3) 63
IPv6 Routing Protocols (1.3.4.4) 64
IPv6 Dynamic Routing Examples (1.3.4.5) 64
Summary (1.4) 66
Practice 67
Class Activities 67
Labs 67
Packet Tracer Activities 67
Check Your Understanding Questions 68
Chapter 2 Static Routing 73
Objectives 73
Key Terms 73
Introduction (2.0.1.1) 74
Static Routing Implementation (2.1) 75
Reach Remote Networks (2.1.1.1) 75
Why Use Static Routing? (2.1.1.2) 76
When to Use Static Routes (2.1.1.3) 77
Static Route Applications (2.1.2.1) 78
Standard Static Route (2.1.2.2) 79
Default Static Route (2.1.2.3) 79
Summary Static Route (2.1.2.4) 80
Floating Static Route (2.1.2.5) 81
Configure Static and Default Routes (2.2) 82
Configure IPv4 Static Routes (2.2.1) 82
ip route Command (2.2.1.1) 82
Next-Hop Options (2.2.1.2) 84
Configure a Next-Hop Static Route (2.2.1.3) 85
Configure a Directly Connected Static Route (2.2.1.4) 87
Configure a Fully Specified Static Route (2.2.1.5) 89
Verify a Static Route (2.2.1.6) 91
Configure IPv4 Default Routes (2.2.2) 93
Default Static Route (2.2.2.1) 93
Configure a Default Static Route (2.2.2.2) 94
Verify a Default Static Route (2.2.2.3) 94
Configure IPv6 Static Routes (2.2.3) 96
The ipv6 route Command (2.2.3.1) 96
Next-Hop Options (2.2.3.2) 97
Configure a Next-Hop Static IPv6 Route (2.2.3.3) 100
Configure a Directly Connected Static IPv6 Route (2.2.3.4) 102
Configure a Fully Specified Static IPv6 Route (2.2.3.5) 104
Verify IPv6 Static Routes (2.2.3.6) 105
Configure IPv6 Default Routes (2.2.4) 106
Default Static IPv6 Route (2.2.4.1) 106
Configure a Default Static IPv6 Route (2.2.4.2) 107
Verify a Default Static Route (2.2.4.3) 108
Review of CIDR and VLSM (2.3) 109
Classful Addressing (2.3.1) 109
Classful Network Addressing (2.3.1.1) 109
Classful Subnet Masks (2.3.1.2) 110
Classful Routing Protocol Example (2.3.1.3) 112
Classful Addressing Waste (2.3.1.4) 113
CIDR (2.3.2) 114
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (2.3.2.1) 114
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (2.3.2.2) 115
Static Routing CIDR Example (2.3.2.3) 117
Classless Routing Protocol Example (2.3.2.4) 118
VLSM (2.3.3) 119
Fixed-Length Subnet Masking (2.3.3.1) 119
Variable-Length Subnet Masking (2.3.3.2) 121
VLSM in Action (2.3.3.3) 122
Subnetting Subnets (2.3.3.4) 123
VLSM Example (2.3.3.5) 125
Configure Summary and Floating Static Routes (2.4) 128
Configure IPv4 Summary Routes (2.4.1) 128
Route Summarization (2.4.1.1) 128
Calculate a Summary Route (2.4.1.2) 129
Summary Static Route Example (2.4.1.3) 130
Configure IPv6 Summary Routes (2.4.1) 133
Summarize IPv6 Network Addresses (2.4.2.1) 133
Calculate IPv6 Network Addresses (2.4.2.2) 134
Configure an IPv6 Summary Address (2.4.2.3) 137
Configure Floating Static Routes (2.4.3) 138
Floating Static Routes (2.4.3.1) 138
Configure a Floating Static Route (2.4.3.2) 140
Test the Floating Static Route (2.4.3.3) 141
Troubleshoot Static and Default Route Issues (2.5) 142
Packet Processing with Static Routes (2.5.1) 143
Static Routes and Packet Forwarding (2.5.1.1) 143
Troubleshoot IPv4 Static and Default Route Configuration (2.5.2) 144
Troubleshooting a Missing Route (2.5.2.1) 144
Solve a Connectivity Problem (2.5.2.2) 147
Summary (2.6) 150
Practice 151
Class Activities 151
Labs 152
Packet Tracer Activities 152
Check Your Understanding Questions 152
Chapter 3 Routing Dynamically 155
Objectives 155
Key Terms 155
Introduction (3.0.1.1) 157
Dynamic Routing Protocols (3.1) 158
The Evolution of Dynamic Routing Protocols (3.1.1.1) 158
Purpose of Dynamic Routing Protocols (3.1.1.2) 159
The Role of Dynamic Routing Protocols (3.1.1.3) 160
Dynamic versus Static Routing (3.1.2) 161
Using Static Routing (3.1.2.1) 161
Static Routing Scorecard (3.1.2.2) 162
Using Dynamic Routing Protocols (3.1.2.3) 163
Dynamic Routing Scorecard (3.1.2.4) 163
Routing Protocol Operating Fundamentals (3.1.3) 164
Dynamic Routing Protocol Operation (3.1.3.1) 165
Cold Start (3.1.3.2) 165
Network Discovery (3.1.3.3) 166
Exchanging the Routing Information (3.1.3.4) 168
Achieving Convergence (3.1.3.5) 170
Types of Routing Protocols (3.1.4) 171
Classifying Routing Protocols (3.1.4.1) 171
IGP and EGP Routing Protocols (3.1.4.2) 172
Distance Vector Routing Protocols (3.1.4.3) 173
Link-State Routing Protocols (3.1.4.4) 174
Classful Routing Protocols (3.1.4.5) 175
Classless Routing Protocols (3.1.4.6) 177
Routing Protocol Characteristics (3.1.4.7) 179
Routing Protocol Metrics (3.1.4.8) 180
Distance Vector Dynamic Routing (3.2) 181
Distance Vector Technologies (3.2.1.1) 181
Distance Vector Algorithm (3.2.1.2) 182
Types of Distance Vector Routing Protocols (3.2.2) 183
Routing Information Protocol (3.2.2.1) 183
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (3.2.2.2) 184
RIP and RIPng Routing (3.3) 186
Configuring the RIP Protocol (3.3.1) 186
Router RIP Configuration Mode (3.3.1.1) 186
Advertising Networks (3.3.1.2) 188
Examining Default RIP Settings (3.3.1.3) 189
Enabling RIPv2 (3.3.1.4) 190
Disabling Auto Summarization (3.3.1.5) 192
Configuring Passive Interfaces (3.3.1.6) 193
Propagating a Default Route (3.3.1.7) 195
Configuring the RIPng Protocol (3.3.2) 196
Advertising IPv6 Networks (3.3.2.1) 196
Examining the RIPng Configuration (3.3.2.2) 198
Link-State Dynamic Routing (3.4) 200
Link-State Routing Protocol Operation (3.4.1) 200
Shortest Path First Protocols (3.4.1.1) 200
Dijkstra's Algorithm (3.4.1.2) 201
SPF Example (3.4.1.3) 202
Link-State Updates (3.4.2) 203
Link-State Routing Process (3.4.2.1) 203
Link and Link-State (3.4.2.2) 204
Say Hello (3.4.2.3) 207
Building the Link-State Packet (3.4.2.4) 208
Flooding the LSP (3.4.2.5) 209
Building the Link-State Database (3.4.2.6) 210
Building the SPF Tree (3.4.2.7) 211
Adding OSPF Routes to the Routing Table (3.4.2.8) 212
Why Use Link-State Routing Protocols? (3.4.3) 213
Why Use Link-State Protocols? (3.4.3.1) 213
Link-State Protocols Support Multiple Areas (3.4.3.2) 214
Protocols that Use Link-State (3.4.3.3) 214
The Routing Table (3.5) 215
Parts of an IPv4 Route Entry (3.5.1) 215
Routing Table Entries (3.5.1.1) 215
Directly Connected Entries (3.5.1.2) 217
Remote Network Entries (3.5.1.3) 218
Dynamically Learned IPv4 Routes (3.5.2) 219
Routing Table Terms (3.5.2.1) 219
Ultimate Route (3.5.2.2) 220
Level 1 Route (3.5.2.3) 220
Level 1 Parent Route (3.5.2.4) 221
Level 2 Child Route (3.5.2.5) 222
The IPv4 Route Lookup Process (3.5.3) 224
Route Lookup Process (3.5.3.1) 224
Best Route = Longest Match (3.5.3.2) 226
Analyze an IPv6 Routing Table (3.5.4) 227
IPv6 Routing Table Entries (3.5.4.1) 227
Directly Connected Entries (3.5.4.2) 228
Remote IPv6 Network Entries (3.5.4.3) 230
Summary (3.6) 232
Practice 233
Class Activities 233
Lab 233
Packet Tracer Activities 234
Check Your Understanding Questions 234
Chapter 4 EIGRP 239
Objectives 239
Key Terms 239
Introduction (4.0.1) 240
Characteristics of EIGRP (4.1) 240
Basic Features of EIGRP (4.1.1) 240
Features of EIGRP (4.1.1.1) 241
Protocol-Dependent Modules (4.1.1.2) 242
Reliable Transport Protocol (4.1.1.3) 243
Authentication (4.1.1.4) 244
Types of EIGRP Packets (4.1.2) 245
EIGRP Packet Types (4.1.2.1) 245
EIGRP Hello Packets (4.1.2.2) 247
EIGRP Update and Acknowledgment Packets (4.1.2.3) 248
EIGRP Query and Reply Packets (4.1.2.4) 249
EIGRP Messages (4.1.3) 251
Encapsulating EIGRP Messages (4.1.3.1) 251
EIGRP Packet Header and TLV (4.1.3.2) 252
Configuring EIGRP for IPv4 (4.2) 255
Configuring EIGRP with IPv4 (4.2.1) 255
EIGRP Network Topology (4.2.1.1) 255
Autonomous System Numbers (4.2.1.2) 257
The Router EIGRP Command (4.2.1.3) 259
EIGRP Router ID (4.2.1.4) 261
Configuring the EIGRP Router ID (4.2.1.5) 262
The Network Command (4.2.1.6) 264
The Network Command and Wildcard Mask (4.2.1.7) 266
Passive Interface (4.2.1.8) 268
Verifying EIGRP with IPv4 (4.2.2) 270
Verifying EIGRP: Examining Neighbors (4.2.2.1) 270
Verifying EIGRP: show ip protocols Command (4.2.2.2) 272
Verifying EIGRP: Examine the IPv4 Routing Table (4.2.2.3) 273
Operation of EIGRP (4.3) 277
EIGRP Initial Route Discover (4.3.1) 277
EIGRP Neighbor Adjacency (4.3.1.1) 277
EIGRP Topology Table (4.3.1.2) 278
EIGRP Convergence (4.3.1.3) 280
Metrics (4.3.2) 280
EIGRP Composite Metric (4.3.2.1) 281
Examining Interface Values (4.3.2.2) 283
Bandwidth Metric (4.3.2.3) 284
Delay Metric (4.3.2.4) 286
Calculating the EIGRP Metric (4.3.2.5) 287
Calculating the EIGRP Metric: Example (4.3.2.6) 288
DUAL and the Topology Table (4.3.3) 290
DUAL Concepts (4.3.3.1) 291
Introduction to DUAL (4.3.3.2) 291
Successor and Feasible Distance (4.3.3.3) 293
Feasible Successors, Feasibility Condition, and Reported Distance (4.3.3.4) 295
Topology Table: show ip eigrp topology Command (4.3.3.5) 297
Topology Table: No Feasible Successor (4.3.3.7) 300
DUAL and Convergence (4.3.4) 302
DUAL Finite State Machine (FSM) (4.3.4.1) 302
DUAL: Feasible Successor (4.3.4.2) 304
DUAL: No Feasible Successor (4.3.4.3) 306
Configuring EIGRP for IPv6 (4.4) 308
EIGRP for IPv4 vs. IPv6 (4.4.1) 308
EIGRP for IPv6 (4.4.1.1) 308
Comparing EIGRP for IPv4 and IPv6 (4.4.1.2) 310
IPv6 Link-local Addresses (4.4.1.3) 311
Configuring EIGRP for IPv6 (4.4.2) 312
EIGRP for IPv6 Network Topology (4.4.2.1) 312
Configuring IPv6 Link-local Addresses (4.4.2.2) 314
Configuring the EIGRP for IPv6 Routing Process (4.4.2.3) 316
ipv6 eigrp Interface Command (4.4.2.4) 318
Verifying EIGRP for IPv6 (4.4.3) 319
Verifying EIGRP for IPv6: Examining Neighbors (4.4.3.1) 319
Verifying EIGRP for IPv6: show ip protocols Command (4.4.3.2) 321
Verifying EIGRP for IPv6: Examine the IPv6 Routing Table (4.4.3.3) 322
Summary (4.5) 326
Practice 327
Class Activities 328
Labs 328
Packet Tracer Activities 328
Check Your Understanding Questions 328
Chapter 5 EIGRP Advanced Configurations and Troubleshooting 333
Objectives 333
Key Terms 333
Introduction (5.0.1.1) 334
Advanced EIGRP Configurations (5.1) 334
Auto-summarization (5.1.1) 335
Network Topology (5.1.1.1) 335
EIGRP Auto-summarization (5.1.1.2) 337
Configuring EIGRP Auto-summarization (5.1.1.3) 338
Verifying Auto-Summary: show ip protocols (5.1.1.4) 340
Verifying Auto-Summary: Topology Table (5.1.1.5) 342
Verifying Auto-Summary: Routing Table (5.1.1.6) 343
Summary Route (5.1.1.7, 5.1.1.8) 345
Manual Summarization (5.1.2) 347
Manual Summary Routes (5.1.2.1) 347
Configuring EIGRP Manual Summary Routes (5.1.2.2) 349
Verifying Manual Summary Routes (5.1.2.3) 351
EIGRP for IPv6: Manual Summary Routes (5.1.2.4) 351
Default Route Propagation (5.1.3) 353
Propagating a Default Static Route (5.1.3.1) 353
Verifying the Propagated Default Route (5.1.3.2) 355
EIGRP for IPv6: Default Route (5.1.3.3) 355
Fine-tuning EIGRP Interfaces (5.1.4) 357
EIGRP Bandwidth Utilization (5.1.4.1) 357
Hello and Hold Timers (5.1.4.2) 359
Load Balancing IPv4 (5.1.4.3) 361
Load Balancing IPv6 (5.1.4.4) 363
Secure EIGRP (5.1.5) 364
Routing Protocol Authentication Overview (5.1.5.1) 364
Configuring EIGRP with MD5 Authentication (5.1.5.2) 365
EIGRP Authentication Example (5.1.5.3) 366
Verify Authentication (5.1.5.4) 369
Troubleshoot EIGRP (5.2) 370
Components of Troubleshooting EIGRP (5.2.1) 370
Basic EIGRP Troubleshooting Commands (5.2.1.1) 370
Components (5.2.1.2) 372
Troubleshoot EIGRP Neighbor Issues (5.2.2) 374
Layer 3 Connectivity (5.2.2.1) 374
EIGRP Parameters (5.2.2.2) 375
EIGRP Interfaces (5.2.2.3) 376
Troubleshooting EIGRP Routing Table Issues (5.2.3) 378
Passive Interface (5.2.3.1) 378
Missing Network Statement (5.2.3.2) 380
Auto-summarization (5.2.3.3) 382
Summary (5.3) 386
Practice 388
Class Activities 388
Labs 388
Packet Tracer Activities 388
Check Your Understanding Questions 389
Chapter 6 Single-Area OSPF 393
Objectives 393
Key Terms 393
Introduction (6.0.1.1) 394
Characteristics of OSPF (6.1) 394
Evolution of OSPF (6.1.1.1) 394
Features of OSPF (6.1.1.2) 395
Components of OSPF (6.1.1.3) 396
Link-State Operation (6.1.1.4) 398
Single-Area and Multiarea OSPF (6.1.1.5) 399
OSPF Messages (6.1.2) 401
Encapsulating OSPF Messages (6.1.2.1) 402
Types of OSPF Packets (6.1.2.2) 402
Hello Packet (6.1.2.3) 403
Hello Packet Intervals (6.1.2.4) 404
Link-State Updates (6.1.2.5) 405
OSPF Operation (6.1.3) 406
OSPF Operational States (6.1.3.1) 406
Establish Neighbor Adjacencies (6.1.3.2) 407
OSPF DR and BDR (6.1.3.3) 408
Synchronizing OSPF Databases (6.1.3.4) 411
Configuring Single-Area OSPFv2 (6.2) 414
OSPF Network Topology (6.2.1.1) 414
Router OSPF Configuration Mode (6.2.1.2) 415
Router IDs (6.2.1.3) 415
Configuring an OSPF Router ID (6.2.1.4) 417
Modifying a Router ID (6.2.1.5) 418
Using a Loopback Interface as the Router ID (6.2.1.6) 419
Configure Single-Area OSPFv2 (6.2.2) 420
Enabling OSPF on Interfaces (6.2.2.1) 420
Wildcard Mask (6.2.2.2) 420
The network Command (6.2.2.3) 421
Passive Interface (6.2.2.4) 422
Configuring Passive Interfaces (6.2.2.5) 423
OSPF Cost (6.2.3) 425
OSPF Metric = Cost (6.2.3.1) 425
OSPF Accumulates Costs (6.2.3.2) 426
Adjusting the Reference Bandwidth (6.2.3.3) 427
Default Interface Bandwidths (6.2.3.4) 430
Adjusting the Interface Bandwidths (6.2.3.5) 433
Manually Setting the OSPF Cost (6.2.3.6) 434
Verify OSPF (6.2.4) 435
Verify OSPF Neighbors (6.2.4.1) 435
Verify OSPF Protocol Settings (6.2.4.2) 436
Verify OSPF Process Information (6.2.4.3) 437
Verify OSPF Interface Settings (6.2.4.4) 438
Configure Single-Area OSPFv3 (6.3) 439
OSPFv3 (6.3.1.1) 439
Similarities Between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 (6.3.1.2) 440
Differences Between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 (6.3.1.3) 441
Link-Local Addresses (6.3.1.4) 442
Configuring OSPFv3 (6.3.2) 443
OSPFv3 Network Topology (6.3.2.1) 443
Link-Local Addresses (6.3.2.2) 444
Assigning Link-Local Addresses (6.3.2.3) 445
Configuring the OSPFv3 Router ID (6.3.2.4) 446
Modifying an OSPFv3 Router ID (6.3.2.5) 449
Enabling OSPFv3 on Interfaces (6.3.2.6) 450
Verify OSPFv3 (6.3.3) 451
Verify OSPFv3 Neighbors (6.3.3.1) 451
Verify OSPFv3 Protocol Settings (6.3.3.2) 452
Verify OSPFv3 Interfaces (6.3.3.3) 453
Verify the IPv6 Routing Table (6.3.3.4) 453
Summary (6.4) 455
Practice 456
Class Activities 456
Labs 456
Packet Tracer Activities 456
Check Your Understanding Questions 457
Chapter 7 Adjust and Troubleshoot Single-Area OSPF 461
Objectives 461
Key Terms 461
Introduction (7.0.1.1) 462
Advanced Single-Area OSPF Configurations (7.1) 462
OSPF Network Types (7.1.1.1) 462
Challenges in Multiaccess Networks (7.1.1.2) 465
OSPF Designated Router (7.1.1.3) 467
Verifying DR/BDR Roles (7.1.1.4) 469
Verifying DR/BDR Adjacencies (7.1.1.5) 472
Default DR/BDR Election Process (7.1.1.6) 474
DR/BDR Election Process (7.1.1.7) 475
The OSPF Priority (7.1.1.8) 477
Changing the OSPF Priority (7.1.1.9) 478
Default Route Propagation (7.1.2) 480
Propagating a Default Static Route in OSPFv2 (7.1.2.1) 480
Verifying the Propagated Default Route (7.1.2.2) 481
Propagating a Default Static Route in OSPFv3 (7.1.2.3) 482
Verifying the Propagated IPv6 Default Route (7.1.2.4) 484
Fine-tuning OSPF Interfaces (7.1.3) 485
OSPF Hello and Dead Intervals (7.1.3.1) 485
Modifying OSPFv2 Intervals (7.1.3.2) 486
Modifying OSPFv3 Intervals (7.1.3.3) 488
Secure OSPF (7.1.4) 489
Routers Are Targets (7.1.4.1) 489
Secure Routing Updates (7.1.4.2) 492
MD5 Authentication (7.1.4.3) 495
Configuring OSPF MD5 Authentication (7.1.4.4) 496
OSPF MD5 Authentication Example (7.1.4.5) 497
Verifying OSPF MD5 Authentication (7.1.4.6) 499
Troubleshooting Single-Area OSPF Implementations (7.2) 501
OSPF States (7.2.1.2) 501
OSPF Troubleshooting Commands (7.2.1.3) 502
Components of Troubleshooting OSPF (7.2.1.4) 505
Troubleshoot Single-Area OSPFv2 Routing Issues (7.2.2) 508
Troubleshooting Neighbor Issues (7.2.2.1) 508
Troubleshooting OSPF Routing Table Issues (7.2.2.2) 511
Troubleshoot Single-Area OSPFv3 Routing Issues (7.2.3) 514
OSPFv3 Troubleshooting Commands (7.2.3.1) 514
Troubleshooting OSPFv3 (7.2.3.2) 517
Summary (7.3) 521
Practice 523
Class Activities 523
Labs 523
Packet Tracer Activities 523
Check Your Understanding Questions 524
Chapter 8 Multiarea OSPF 527
Objectives 527
Key Terms 527
Introduction (8.0.1.1) 528
Multiarea OSPF Operation (8.1) 528
Single-Area OSPF (8.1.1.1) 528
Multiarea OSPF (8.1.1.2) 529
OSPF Two-Layer Area Hierarchy (8.1.1.3) 530
Types of OSPF Routers (8.1.1.4) 532
Multiarea OSPF LSA Operation (8.1.2) 534
OSPF LSA Types (8.1.2.1) 534
OSPF LSA Type 1 (8.1.2.2) 535
OSPF LSA Type 2 (8.1.2.3) 536
OSPF LSA Type 3 (8.1.2.4) 536
OSPF LSA Type 4 (8.1.2.5) 537
OSPF LSA Type 5 (8.1.2.6) 538
OSPF Routing Table and Types of Routes (8.1.3) 539
OSPF Routing Table Entries (8.1.3.1) 539
OSPF Route Calculation (8.1.3.2) 540
Configuring Multiarea OSPF (8.2) 541
Implementing Multiarea OSPF (8.2.1.1) 541
Configuring Multiarea OSPF (8.2.1.2) 542
Configuring Multiarea OSPFv3 (8.2.1.3) 544
OSPF Route Summarization (8.2.2.1) 545
Interarea and External Route Summarization (8.2.2.2) 546
Interarea Route Summarization (8.2.2.3) 548
Calculating the Summary Route (8.2.2.4) 550
Configuring Interarea Route Summarization (8.2.2.5) 550
Verifying Multiarea OSPF (8.2.3.1) 552
Verify General Multiarea OSPF Settings (8.2.3.2) 553
Verify the OSPF Routes (8.2.3.3) 554
Verify the Multiarea OSPF LSDB (8.2.3.4) 555
Verify Multiarea OSPFv3 (8.2.3.5) 556
Summary (8.3) 560
Practice 562
Class Activities 562
Labs 562
Packet Tracer Activities 562
Check Your Understanding Questions 562
Chapter 9 Access Control Lists 565
Objectives 565
Key Terms 565
Introduction (9.0.1.1) 566
IP ACL Operation (9.1) 567
Purpose of ACLs (9.1.1) 567
What Is an ACL? (9.1.1.1) 567
A TCP Conversation (9.1.1.2) 568
Packet Filtering (9.1.1.3) 572
Packet Filtering Example (9.1.1.4) 573
ACL Operation (9.1.1.5) 574
Standard Versus Extended IPv4 ACLs (9.1.2) 575
Types of Cisco IPv4 ACLs (9.1.2.1) 575
Numbering and Naming ACLs (9.1.2.2) 576
Wildcard Masks in ACLs (9.1.3) 577
Introducing ACL Wildcard Masking (9.1.3.1) 577
Wildcard Mask Examples (9.1.3.2) 579
Calculating the Wildcard Mask (9.1.3.3) 581
Wildcard Mask Keywords (9.1.3.4) 582
Examples Wildcard Mask Keywords (9.1.3.5) 584
Guidelines for ACL Creation (9.1.4) 584
General Guidelines for Creating ACLs (9.1.4.1) 585
ACL Best Practices (9.1.4.2) 586
Guidelines for ACL Placement (9.1.5) 587
Where to Place ACLs (9.1.5.1) 587
Standard ACL Placement (9.1.5.2) 588
Extended ACL Placement (9.1.5.3) 589
Standard IPv4 ACLs (9.2) 591
Configure Standard IPv4 ACLs (9.2.1) 591
Entering Criteria Statements (9.2.1.1) 591
Standard ACL Logic (9.2.1.2) 592
Configuring a Standard ACL (9.2.1.3) 593
Internal Logic (9.2.1.4) 595
Applying Standard ACLs to Interfaces: Permit a Specific Subnet (9.2.1.5) 596
Applying Standard ACLs to Interfaces: Deny a Specific Host (9.2.1.6) 598
Creating Named Standard ACLs (9.2.1.7) 600
Commenting ACLs (9.2.1.8) 601
Modifying IPv4 ACLs (9.2.2) 603
Editing Standard Numbered ACLs: Using a Text Editor (9.2.2.1) 603
Editing Standard Numbered ACLs: Using the Sequence Number (9.2.2.2) 604
Editing Standard Named ACLs (9.2.2.3) 605
Verifying ACLs (9.2.2.4) 606
ACL Statistics (9.2.2.5) 607
Standard ACL Sequence Numbers (9.2.2.6) 608
Securing VTY Ports with a Standard IPv4 ACL (9.2.3) 611
Configuring a Standard ACL to Secure a VTY Port (9.2.3.1) 611
Verifying a Standard ACL Used to Secure a VTY Port (9.2.3.2) 612
Extended IPv4 ACLs (9.3) 614
Structure of an Extended IPv4 ACL (9.3.1) 614
Extended ACLs: Testing Packets (9.3.1.1) 614
Extended ACLs: Testing Ports and Services (9.3.1.2) 615
Configure Extended IPv4 ACLs (9.3.2) 616
Configuring Extended ACLs (9.3.2.1) 616
Applying Extended ACLs to Interfaces (9.3.2.2) 618
Filtering Traffic with Extended ACLs (9.3.2.3) 620
Creating Named Extended ACLs (9.3.2.4) 621
Verifying Extended ACLs (9.3.2.5) 622
Editing Extended ACLs (9.3.2.6) 623
Troubleshoot ACLs (9.4) 625
Processing Packets with ACLs (9.4.1) 625
Inbound and Outbound ACL Logic (9.4.1.1) 625
ACL Logic Operations (9.4.1.2) 627
Standard ACL Decision Process (9.4.1.3) 628
Extended ACL Decision Process (9.4.1.4) 629
Common ACL Errors (9.4.2) 629
Troubleshooting Common ACL Errors - Example 1 (9.4.2.1) 629
Troubleshooting Common ACL Errors - Example 2 (9.4.2.2) 630
Troubleshooting Common ACL Errors - Example 3 (9.4.2.3) 632
Troubleshooting Common ACL Errors - Example 4 (9.4.2.4) 632
Troubleshooting Common ACL Errors - Example 5 (9.4.2.5) 633
IPv6 ACLs (9.5) 635
IPv6 ACL Creation (9.5.1) 635
Type of IPv6 ACLs (9.5.1.1) 635
Comparing IPv4 and IPv6 ACLs (9.5.1.2) 636
Configuring IPv6 ACLs (9.5.2) 637
Configuring IPv6 Topology (9.5.2.1) 637
Syntax for Configuring IPv6 ACLs (9.5.2.2) 639
Applying an IPv6 ACL to an Interface (9.5.2.3) 641
IPv6 ACL Examples (9.5.2.4) 642
Verifying IPv6 ACLs (9.5.2.5) 643
Summary (9.6) 646
Practice 648
Class Activities 648
Labs 648
Packet Tracer Activities 648
Check Your Understanding Questions 649
Chapter 10 IOS Images and Licensing 653
Objectives 653
Key Terms 653
Introduction (10.0.1.1) 654
Managing IOS System Files (10.1) 654
Naming Conventions (10.1.1) 654
Cisco IOS Software Release Families and Trains (10.1.1.1) 655
Cisco IOS 12.4 Mainline and T Trains (10.1.1.2) 655
Cisco IOS 12.4 Mainline and T Numbering (10.1.1.3) 657
Cisco IOS 12.4 System Image Packaging (10.1.1.4) 658
Cisco IOS 15.0 M and T Trains (10.1.1.5) 659
Cisco IOS 15 Train Numbering (10.1.1.6) 661
IOS 15 System Image Packaging (10.1.1.7) 662
IOS Image Filenames (10.1.1.8) 663
Managing Cisco IOS Images (10.1.2) 667
TFTP Servers as a Backup Location (10.1.2.1) 667
Creating Cisco IOS Image Backup (10.1.2.2) 667
Copying a Cisco IOS Image (10.1.2.3) 669
Boot System (10.1.2.4) 670
IOS Licensing (10.2) 672
Software Licensing (10.2.1) 672
Licensing Overview (10.2.1.1) 672
Licensing Process (10.2.1.2) 674
Step 1. Purchase the Software Package or Feature to Install (10.2.1.3) 675
Step 2. Obtain a License (10.2.1.4) 675
Step 3. Install the License (10.2.1.5) 677
License Verification and Management (10.2.2) 678
License Verification (10.2.2.1) 678
Activate an Evaluation Right-To-Use License (10.2.2.2) 680
Back Up the License (10.2.2.3) 682
Uninstall the License (10.2.2.4) 682
Summary (10.3) 685
Practice 688
Class Activities 688
Packet Tracer Activities 688
Check Your Understanding Questions 688
Appendix A Answers to the "Check Your Understanding" Questions 693
Glossary 709
9781587133237, TOC, 1/24/2014
Chapter 1 Routing Concepts 1
Objectives 1
Key Terms 1
Introduction (1.0.1.1) 3
Initial Configuration of a Router (1.1) 4
Characteristics of a Network (1.1.1.1) 4
Why Routing? (1.1.1.2) 5
Routers Are Computers (1.1.1.3) 6
Routers Interconnect Networks (1.1.1.4) 7
Routers Choose Best Paths (1.1.1.5) 9
Packet Forwarding Mechanisms (1.1.1.6) 9
Connect Devices (1.1.2) 12
Connect to a Network (1.1.2.1) 13
Default Gateways (1.1.2.2) 14
Document Network Addressing (1.1.2.3) 15
Enable IP on a Host (1.1.2.4) 16
Device LEDs (1.1.2.5) 18
Console Access (1.1.2.6) 19
Enable IP on a Switch (1.1.2.7) 20
Basic Settings on a Router (1.1.3) 22
Configure Basic Router Settings (1.1.3.1) 22
Configure an IPv4 Router Interface (1.1.3.2) 24
Configure an IPv6 Router Interface (1.1.3.3) 25
Configure an IPv4 Loopback Interface (1.1.3.4) 28
Verify Connectivity of Directly Connected Networks (1.1.4) 29
Verify Interface Settings (1.1.4.1) 29
Verify IPv6 Interface Settings (1.1.4.2) 31
Filter Show Command Output (1.1.4.3) 34
Command History Feature (1.1.4.4) 36
Routing Decisions (1.2) 38
Router Switching Function (1.2.1.1) 38
Send a Packet (1.2.1.2) 39
Forward to the Next Hop (1.2.1.3) 40
Packet Routing (1.2.1.4) 41
Reach the Destination (1.2.1.5) 42
Path Determination (1.2.2) 43
Routing Decisions (1.2.2.1) 43
Best Path (1.2.2.2) 44
Load Balancing (1.2.2.3) 45
Administrative Distance (1.2.2.4) 46
Router Operation (1.3) 47
Analyze the Routing Table (1.3.1) 47
The Routing Table (1.3.1.1) 47
Routing Table Sources (1.3.1.2) 48
Remote Network Routing Entries (1.3.1.3) 49
Directly Connected Routes (1.3.2) 51
Directly Connected Interfaces (1.3.2.1) 51
Directly Connected Route Table Entries (1.3.2.2) 51
Directly Connected Examples (1.3.2.3) 52
Directly Connected IPv6 Example (1.3.2.4) 53
Statically Learned Routes (1.3.3) 56
Static Routes (1.3.3.1) 56
Static Route Examples (1.3.3.2) 57
Static IPv6 Route Examples (1.3.3.3) 59
Dynamic Routing Protocols (1.3.4) 61
Dynamic Routing (1.3.4.1) 61
IPv4 Routing Protocols (1.3.4.2) 62
IPv4 Dynamic Routing Examples (1.3.4.3) 63
IPv6 Routing Protocols (1.3.4.4) 64
IPv6 Dynamic Routing Examples (1.3.4.5) 64
Summary (1.4) 66
Practice 67
Class Activities 67
Labs 67
Packet Tracer Activities 67
Check Your Understanding Questions 68
Chapter 2 Static Routing 73
Objectives 73
Key Terms 73
Introduction (2.0.1.1) 74
Static Routing Implementation (2.1) 75
Reach Remote Networks (2.1.1.1) 75
Why Use Static Routing? (2.1.1.2) 76
When to Use Static Routes (2.1.1.3) 77
Static Route Applications (2.1.2.1) 78
Standard Static Route (2.1.2.2) 79
Default Static Route (2.1.2.3) 79
Summary Static Route (2.1.2.4) 80
Floating Static Route (2.1.2.5) 81
Configure Static and Default Routes (2.2) 82
Configure IPv4 Static Routes (2.2.1) 82
ip route Command (2.2.1.1) 82
Next-Hop Options (2.2.1.2) 84
Configure a Next-Hop Static Route (2.2.1.3) 85
Configure a Directly Connected Static Route (2.2.1.4) 87
Configure a Fully Specified Static Route (2.2.1.5) 89
Verify a Static Route (2.2.1.6) 91
Configure IPv4 Default Routes (2.2.2) 93
Default Static Route (2.2.2.1) 93
Configure a Default Static Route (2.2.2.2) 94
Verify a Default Static Route (2.2.2.3) 94
Configure IPv6 Static Routes (2.2.3) 96
The ipv6 route Command (2.2.3.1) 96
Next-Hop Options (2.2.3.2) 97
Configure a Next-Hop Static IPv6 Route (2.2.3.3) 100
Configure a Directly Connected Static IPv6 Route (2.2.3.4) 102
Configure a Fully Specified Static IPv6 Route (2.2.3.5) 104
Verify IPv6 Static Routes (2.2.3.6) 105
Configure IPv6 Default Routes (2.2.4) 106
Default Static IPv6 Route (2.2.4.1) 106
Configure a Default Static IPv6 Route (2.2.4.2) 107
Verify a Default Static Route (2.2.4.3) 108
Review of CIDR and VLSM (2.3) 109
Classful Addressing (2.3.1) 109
Classful Network Addressing (2.3.1.1) 109
Classful Subnet Masks (2.3.1.2) 110
Classful Routing Protocol Example (2.3.1.3) 112
Classful Addressing Waste (2.3.1.4) 113
CIDR (2.3.2) 114
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (2.3.2.1) 114
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (2.3.2.2) 115
Static Routing CIDR Example (2.3.2.3) 117
Classless Routing Protocol Example (2.3.2.4) 118
VLSM (2.3.3) 119
Fixed-Length Subnet Masking (2.3.3.1) 119
Variable-Length Subnet Masking (2.3.3.2) 121
VLSM in Action (2.3.3.3) 122
Subnetting Subnets (2.3.3.4) 123
VLSM Example (2.3.3.5) 125
Configure Summary and Floating Static Routes (2.4) 128
Configure IPv4 Summary Routes (2.4.1) 128
Route Summarization (2.4.1.1) 128
Calculate a Summary Route (2.4.1.2) 129
Summary Static Route Example (2.4.1.3) 130
Configure IPv6 Summary Routes (2.4.1) 133
Summarize IPv6 Network Addresses (2.4.2.1) 133
Calculate IPv6 Network Addresses (2.4.2.2) 134
Configure an IPv6 Summary Address (2.4.2.3) 137
Configure Floating Static Routes (2.4.3) 138
Floating Static Routes (2.4.3.1) 138
Configure a Floating Static Route (2.4.3.2) 140
Test the Floating Static Route (2.4.3.3) 141
Troubleshoot Static and Default Route Issues (2.5) 142
Packet Processing with Static Routes (2.5.1) 143
Static Routes and Packet Forwarding (2.5.1.1) 143
Troubleshoot IPv4 Static and Default Route Configuration (2.5.2) 144
Troubleshooting a Missing Route (2.5.2.1) 144
Solve a Connectivity Problem (2.5.2.2) 147
Summary (2.6) 150
Practice 151
Class Activities 151
Labs 152
Packet Tracer Activities 152
Check Your Understanding Questions 152
Chapter 3 Routing Dynamically 155
Objectives 155
Key Terms 155
Introduction (3.0.1.1) 157
Dynamic Routing Protocols (3.1) 158
The Evolution of Dynamic Routing Protocols (3.1.1.1) 158
Purpose of Dynamic Routing Protocols (3.1.1.2) 159
The Role of Dynamic Routing Protocols (3.1.1.3) 160
Dynamic versus Static Routing (3.1.2) 161
Using Static Routing (3.1.2.1) 161
Static Routing Scorecard (3.1.2.2) 162
Using Dynamic Routing Protocols (3.1.2.3) 163
Dynamic Routing Scorecard (3.1.2.4) 163
Routing Protocol Operating Fundamentals (3.1.3) 164
Dynamic Routing Protocol Operation (3.1.3.1) 165
Cold Start (3.1.3.2) 165
Network Discovery (3.1.3.3) 166
Exchanging the Routing Information (3.1.3.4) 168
Achieving Convergence (3.1.3.5) 170
Types of Routing Protocols (3.1.4) 171
Classifying Routing Protocols (3.1.4.1) 171
IGP and EGP Routing Protocols (3.1.4.2) 172
Distance Vector Routing Protocols (3.1.4.3) 173
Link-State Routing Protocols (3.1.4.4) 174
Classful Routing Protocols (3.1.4.5) 175
Classless Routing Protocols (3.1.4.6) 177
Routing Protocol Characteristics (3.1.4.7) 179
Routing Protocol Metrics (3.1.4.8) 180
Distance Vector Dynamic Routing (3.2) 181
Distance Vector Technologies (3.2.1.1) 181
Distance Vector Algorithm (3.2.1.2) 182
Types of Distance Vector Routing Protocols (3.2.2) 183
Routing Information Protocol (3.2.2.1) 183
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (3.2.2.2) 184
RIP and RIPng Routing (3.3) 186
Configuring the RIP Protocol (3.3.1) 186
Router RIP Configuration Mode (3.3.1.1) 186
Advertising Networks (3.3.1.2) 188
Examining Default RIP Settings (3.3.1.3) 189
Enabling RIPv2 (3.3.1.4) 190
Disabling Auto Summarization (3.3.1.5) 192
Configuring Passive Interfaces (3.3.1.6) 193
Propagating a Default Route (3.3.1.7) 195
Configuring the RIPng Protocol (3.3.2) 196
Advertising IPv6 Networks (3.3.2.1) 196
Examining the RIPng Configuration (3.3.2.2) 198
Link-State Dynamic Routing (3.4) 200
Link-State Routing Protocol Operation (3.4.1) 200
Shortest Path First Protocols (3.4.1.1) 200
Dijkstra's Algorithm (3.4.1.2) 201
SPF Example (3.4.1.3) 202
Link-State Updates (3.4.2) 203
Link-State Routing Process (3.4.2.1) 203
Link and Link-State (3.4.2.2) 204
Say Hello (3.4.2.3) 207
Building the Link-State Packet (3.4.2.4) 208
Flooding the LSP (3.4.2.5) 209
Building the Link-State Database (3.4.2.6) 210
Building the SPF Tree (3.4.2.7) 211
Adding OSPF Routes to the Routing Table (3.4.2.8) 212
Why Use Link-State Routing Protocols? (3.4.3) 213
Why Use Link-State Protocols? (3.4.3.1) 213
Link-State Protocols Support Multiple Areas (3.4.3.2) 214
Protocols that Use Link-State (3.4.3.3) 214
The Routing Table (3.5) 215
Parts of an IPv4 Route Entry (3.5.1) 215
Routing Table Entries (3.5.1.1) 215
Directly Connected Entries (3.5.1.2) 217
Remote Network Entries (3.5.1.3) 218
Dynamically Learned IPv4 Routes (3.5.2) 219
Routing Table Terms (3.5.2.1) 219
Ultimate Route (3.5.2.2) 220
Level 1 Route (3.5.2.3) 220
Level 1 Parent Route (3.5.2.4) 221
Level 2 Child Route (3.5.2.5) 222
The IPv4 Route Lookup Process (3.5.3) 224
Route Lookup Process (3.5.3.1) 224
Best Route = Longest Match (3.5.3.2) 226
Analyze an IPv6 Routing Table (3.5.4) 227
IPv6 Routing Table Entries (3.5.4.1) 227
Directly Connected Entries (3.5.4.2) 228
Remote IPv6 Network Entries (3.5.4.3) 230
Summary (3.6) 232
Practice 233
Class Activities 233
Lab 233
Packet Tracer Activities 234
Check Your Understanding Questions 234
Chapter 4 EIGRP 239
Objectives 239
Key Terms 239
Introduction (4.0.1) 240
Characteristics of EIGRP (4.1) 240
Basic Features of EIGRP (4.1.1) 240
Features of EIGRP (4.1.1.1) 241
Protocol-Dependent Modules (4.1.1.2) 242
Reliable Transport Protocol (4.1.1.3) 243
Authentication (4.1.1.4) 244
Types of EIGRP Packets (4.1.2) 245
EIGRP Packet Types (4.1.2.1) 245
EIGRP Hello Packets (4.1.2.2) 247
EIGRP Update and Acknowledgment Packets (4.1.2.3) 248
EIGRP Query and Reply Packets (4.1.2.4) 249
EIGRP Messages (4.1.3) 251
Encapsulating EIGRP Messages (4.1.3.1) 251
EIGRP Packet Header and TLV (4.1.3.2) 252
Configuring EIGRP for IPv4 (4.2) 255
Configuring EIGRP with IPv4 (4.2.1) 255
EIGRP Network Topology (4.2.1.1) 255
Autonomous System Numbers (4.2.1.2) 257
The Router EIGRP Command (4.2.1.3) 259
EIGRP Router ID (4.2.1.4) 261
Configuring the EIGRP Router ID (4.2.1.5) 262
The Network Command (4.2.1.6) 264
The Network Command and Wildcard Mask (4.2.1.7) 266
Passive Interface (4.2.1.8) 268
Verifying EIGRP with IPv4 (4.2.2) 270
Verifying EIGRP: Examining Neighbors (4.2.2.1) 270
Verifying EIGRP: show ip protocols Command (4.2.2.2) 272
Verifying EIGRP: Examine the IPv4 Routing Table (4.2.2.3) 273
Operation of EIGRP (4.3) 277
EIGRP Initial Route Discover (4.3.1) 277
EIGRP Neighbor Adjacency (4.3.1.1) 277
EIGRP Topology Table (4.3.1.2) 278
EIGRP Convergence (4.3.1.3) 280
Metrics (4.3.2) 280
EIGRP Composite Metric (4.3.2.1) 281
Examining Interface Values (4.3.2.2) 283
Bandwidth Metric (4.3.2.3) 284
Delay Metric (4.3.2.4) 286
Calculating the EIGRP Metric (4.3.2.5) 287
Calculating the EIGRP Metric: Example (4.3.2.6) 288
DUAL and the Topology Table (4.3.3) 290
DUAL Concepts (4.3.3.1) 291
Introduction to DUAL (4.3.3.2) 291
Successor and Feasible Distance (4.3.3.3) 293
Feasible Successors, Feasibility Condition, and Reported Distance (4.3.3.4) 295
Topology Table: show ip eigrp topology Command (4.3.3.5) 297
Topology Table: No Feasible Successor (4.3.3.7) 300
DUAL and Convergence (4.3.4) 302
DUAL Finite State Machine (FSM) (4.3.4.1) 302
DUAL: Feasible Successor (4.3.4.2) 304
DUAL: No Feasible Successor (4.3.4.3) 306
Configuring EIGRP for IPv6 (4.4) 308
EIGRP for IPv4 vs. IPv6 (4.4.1) 308
EIGRP for IPv6 (4.4.1.1) 308
Comparing EIGRP for IPv4 and IPv6 (4.4.1.2) 310
IPv6 Link-local Addresses (4.4.1.3) 311
Configuring EIGRP for IPv6 (4.4.2) 312
EIGRP for IPv6 Network Topology (4.4.2.1) 312
Configuring IPv6 Link-local Addresses (4.4.2.2) 314
Configuring the EIGRP for IPv6 Routing Process (4.4.2.3) 316
ipv6 eigrp Interface Command (4.4.2.4) 318
Verifying EIGRP for IPv6 (4.4.3) 319
Verifying EIGRP for IPv6: Examining Neighbors (4.4.3.1) 319
Verifying EIGRP for IPv6: show ip protocols Command (4.4.3.2) 321
Verifying EIGRP for IPv6: Examine the IPv6 Routing Table (4.4.3.3) 322
Summary (4.5) 326
Practice 327
Class Activities 328
Labs 328
Packet Tracer Activities 328
Check Your Understanding Questions 328
Chapter 5 EIGRP Advanced Configurations and Troubleshooting 333
Objectives 333
Key Terms 333
Introduction (5.0.1.1) 334
Advanced EIGRP Configurations (5.1) 334
Auto-summarization (5.1.1) 335
Network Topology (5.1.1.1) 335
EIGRP Auto-summarization (5.1.1.2) 337
Configuring EIGRP Auto-summarization (5.1.1.3) 338
Verifying Auto-Summary: show ip protocols (5.1.1.4) 340
Verifying Auto-Summary: Topology Table (5.1.1.5) 342
Verifying Auto-Summary: Routing Table (5.1.1.6) 343
Summary Route (5.1.1.7, 5.1.1.8) 345
Manual Summarization (5.1.2) 347
Manual Summary Routes (5.1.2.1) 347
Configuring EIGRP Manual Summary Routes (5.1.2.2) 349
Verifying Manual Summary Routes (5.1.2.3) 351
EIGRP for IPv6: Manual Summary Routes (5.1.2.4) 351
Default Route Propagation (5.1.3) 353
Propagating a Default Static Route (5.1.3.1) 353
Verifying the Propagated Default Route (5.1.3.2) 355
EIGRP for IPv6: Default Route (5.1.3.3) 355
Fine-tuning EIGRP Interfaces (5.1.4) 357
EIGRP Bandwidth Utilization (5.1.4.1) 357
Hello and Hold Timers (5.1.4.2) 359
Load Balancing IPv4 (5.1.4.3) 361
Load Balancing IPv6 (5.1.4.4) 363
Secure EIGRP (5.1.5) 364
Routing Protocol Authentication Overview (5.1.5.1) 364
Configuring EIGRP with MD5 Authentication (5.1.5.2) 365
EIGRP Authentication Example (5.1.5.3) 366
Verify Authentication (5.1.5.4) 369
Troubleshoot EIGRP (5.2) 370
Components of Troubleshooting EIGRP (5.2.1) 370
Basic EIGRP Troubleshooting Commands (5.2.1.1) 370
Components (5.2.1.2) 372
Troubleshoot EIGRP Neighbor Issues (5.2.2) 374
Layer 3 Connectivity (5.2.2.1) 374
EIGRP Parameters (5.2.2.2) 375
EIGRP Interfaces (5.2.2.3) 376
Troubleshooting EIGRP Routing Table Issues (5.2.3) 378
Passive Interface (5.2.3.1) 378
Missing Network Statement (5.2.3.2) 380
Auto-summarization (5.2.3.3) 382
Summary (5.3) 386
Practice 388
Class Activities 388
Labs 388
Packet Tracer Activities 388
Check Your Understanding Questions 389
Chapter 6 Single-Area OSPF 393
Objectives 393
Key Terms 393
Introduction (6.0.1.1) 394
Characteristics of OSPF (6.1) 394
Evolution of OSPF (6.1.1.1) 394
Features of OSPF (6.1.1.2) 395
Components of OSPF (6.1.1.3) 396
Link-State Operation (6.1.1.4) 398
Single-Area and Multiarea OSPF (6.1.1.5) 399
OSPF Messages (6.1.2) 401
Encapsulating OSPF Messages (6.1.2.1) 402
Types of OSPF Packets (6.1.2.2) 402
Hello Packet (6.1.2.3) 403
Hello Packet Intervals (6.1.2.4) 404
Link-State Updates (6.1.2.5) 405
OSPF Operation (6.1.3) 406
OSPF Operational States (6.1.3.1) 406
Establish Neighbor Adjacencies (6.1.3.2) 407
OSPF DR and BDR (6.1.3.3) 408
Synchronizing OSPF Databases (6.1.3.4) 411
Configuring Single-Area OSPFv2 (6.2) 414
OSPF Network Topology (6.2.1.1) 414
Router OSPF Configuration Mode (6.2.1.2) 415
Router IDs (6.2.1.3) 415
Configuring an OSPF Router ID (6.2.1.4) 417
Modifying a Router ID (6.2.1.5) 418
Using a Loopback Interface as the Router ID (6.2.1.6) 419
Configure Single-Area OSPFv2 (6.2.2) 420
Enabling OSPF on Interfaces (6.2.2.1) 420
Wildcard Mask (6.2.2.2) 420
The network Command (6.2.2.3) 421
Passive Interface (6.2.2.4) 422
Configuring Passive Interfaces (6.2.2.5) 423
OSPF Cost (6.2.3) 425
OSPF Metric = Cost (6.2.3.1) 425
OSPF Accumulates Costs (6.2.3.2) 426
Adjusting the Reference Bandwidth (6.2.3.3) 427
Default Interface Bandwidths (6.2.3.4) 430
Adjusting the Interface Bandwidths (6.2.3.5) 433
Manually Setting the OSPF Cost (6.2.3.6) 434
Verify OSPF (6.2.4) 435
Verify OSPF Neighbors (6.2.4.1) 435
Verify OSPF Protocol Settings (6.2.4.2) 436
Verify OSPF Process Information (6.2.4.3) 437
Verify OSPF Interface Settings (6.2.4.4) 438
Configure Single-Area OSPFv3 (6.3) 439
OSPFv3 (6.3.1.1) 439
Similarities Between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 (6.3.1.2) 440
Differences Between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 (6.3.1.3) 441
Link-Local Addresses (6.3.1.4) 442
Configuring OSPFv3 (6.3.2) 443
OSPFv3 Network Topology (6.3.2.1) 443
Link-Local Addresses (6.3.2.2) 444
Assigning Link-Local Addresses (6.3.2.3) 445
Configuring the OSPFv3 Router ID (6.3.2.4) 446
Modifying an OSPFv3 Router ID (6.3.2.5) 449
Enabling OSPFv3 on Interfaces (6.3.2.6) 450
Verify OSPFv3 (6.3.3) 451
Verify OSPFv3 Neighbors (6.3.3.1) 451
Verify OSPFv3 Protocol Settings (6.3.3.2) 452
Verify OSPFv3 Interfaces (6.3.3.3) 453
Verify the IPv6 Routing Table (6.3.3.4) 453
Summary (6.4) 455
Practice 456
Class Activities 456
Labs 456
Packet Tracer Activities 456
Check Your Understanding Questions 457
Chapter 7 Adjust and Troubleshoot Single-Area OSPF 461
Objectives 461
Key Terms 461
Introduction (7.0.1.1) 462
Advanced Single-Area OSPF Configurations (7.1) 462
OSPF Network Types (7.1.1.1) 462
Challenges in Multiaccess Networks (7.1.1.2) 465
OSPF Designated Router (7.1.1.3) 467
Verifying DR/BDR Roles (7.1.1.4) 469
Verifying DR/BDR Adjacencies (7.1.1.5) 472
Default DR/BDR Election Process (7.1.1.6) 474
DR/BDR Election Process (7.1.1.7) 475
The OSPF Priority (7.1.1.8) 477
Changing the OSPF Priority (7.1.1.9) 478
Default Route Propagation (7.1.2) 480
Propagating a Default Static Route in OSPFv2 (7.1.2.1) 480
Verifying the Propagated Default Route (7.1.2.2) 481
Propagating a Default Static Route in OSPFv3 (7.1.2.3) 482
Verifying the Propagated IPv6 Default Route (7.1.2.4) 484
Fine-tuning OSPF Interfaces (7.1.3) 485
OSPF Hello and Dead Intervals (7.1.3.1) 485
Modifying OSPFv2 Intervals (7.1.3.2) 486
Modifying OSPFv3 Intervals (7.1.3.3) 488
Secure OSPF (7.1.4) 489
Routers Are Targets (7.1.4.1) 489
Secure Routing Updates (7.1.4.2) 492
MD5 Authentication (7.1.4.3) 495
Configuring OSPF MD5 Authentication (7.1.4.4) 496
OSPF MD5 Authentication Example (7.1.4.5) 497
Verifying OSPF MD5 Authentication (7.1.4.6) 499
Troubleshooting Single-Area OSPF Implementations (7.2) 501
OSPF States (7.2.1.2) 501
OSPF Troubleshooting Commands (7.2.1.3) 502
Components of Troubleshooting OSPF (7.2.1.4) 505
Troubleshoot Single-Area OSPFv2 Routing Issues (7.2.2) 508
Troubleshooting Neighbor Issues (7.2.2.1) 508
Troubleshooting OSPF Routing Table Issues (7.2.2.2) 511
Troubleshoot Single-Area OSPFv3 Routing Issues (7.2.3) 514
OSPFv3 Troubleshooting Commands (7.2.3.1) 514
Troubleshooting OSPFv3 (7.2.3.2) 517
Summary (7.3) 521
Practice 523
Class Activities 523
Labs 523
Packet Tracer Activities 523
Check Your Understanding Questions 524
Chapter 8 Multiarea OSPF 527
Objectives 527
Key Terms 527
Introduction (8.0.1.1) 528
Multiarea OSPF Operation (8.1) 528
Single-Area OSPF (8.1.1.1) 528
Multiarea OSPF (8.1.1.2) 529
OSPF Two-Layer Area Hierarchy (8.1.1.3) 530
Types of OSPF Routers (8.1.1.4) 532
Multiarea OSPF LSA Operation (8.1.2) 534
OSPF LSA Types (8.1.2.1) 534
OSPF LSA Type 1 (8.1.2.2) 535
OSPF LSA Type 2 (8.1.2.3) 536
OSPF LSA Type 3 (8.1.2.4) 536
OSPF LSA Type 4 (8.1.2.5) 537
OSPF LSA Type 5 (8.1.2.6) 538
OSPF Routing Table and Types of Routes (8.1.3) 539
OSPF Routing Table Entries (8.1.3.1) 539
OSPF Route Calculation (8.1.3.2) 540
Configuring Multiarea OSPF (8.2) 541
Implementing Multiarea OSPF (8.2.1.1) 541
Configuring Multiarea OSPF (8.2.1.2) 542
Configuring Multiarea OSPFv3 (8.2.1.3) 544
OSPF Route Summarization (8.2.2.1) 545
Interarea and External Route Summarization (8.2.2.2) 546
Interarea Route Summarization (8.2.2.3) 548
Calculating the Summary Route (8.2.2.4) 550
Configuring Interarea Route Summarization (8.2.2.5) 550
Verifying Multiarea OSPF (8.2.3.1) 552
Verify General Multiarea OSPF Settings (8.2.3.2) 553
Verify the OSPF Routes (8.2.3.3) 554
Verify the Multiarea OSPF LSDB (8.2.3.4) 555
Verify Multiarea OSPFv3 (8.2.3.5) 556
Summary (8.3) 560
Practice 562
Class Activities 562
Labs 562
Packet Tracer Activities 562
Check Your Understanding Questions 562
Chapter 9 Access Control Lists 565
Objectives 565
Key Terms 565
Introduction (9.0.1.1) 566
IP ACL Operation (9.1) 567
Purpose of ACLs (9.1.1) 567
What Is an ACL? (9.1.1.1) 567
A TCP Conversation (9.1.1.2) 568
Packet Filtering (9.1.1.3) 572
Packet Filtering Example (9.1.1.4) 573
ACL Operation (9.1.1.5) 574
Standard Versus Extended IPv4 ACLs (9.1.2) 575
Types of Cisco IPv4 ACLs (9.1.2.1) 575
Numbering and Naming ACLs (9.1.2.2) 576
Wildcard Masks in ACLs (9.1.3) 577
Introducing ACL Wildcard Masking (9.1.3.1) 577
Wildcard Mask Examples (9.1.3.2) 579
Calculating the Wildcard Mask (9.1.3.3) 581
Wildcard Mask Keywords (9.1.3.4) 582
Examples Wildcard Mask Keywords (9.1.3.5) 584
Guidelines for ACL Creation (9.1.4) 584
General Guidelines for Creating ACLs (9.1.4.1) 585
ACL Best Practices (9.1.4.2) 586
Guidelines for ACL Placement (9.1.5) 587
Where to Place ACLs (9.1.5.1) 587
Standard ACL Placement (9.1.5.2) 588
Extended ACL Placement (9.1.5.3) 589
Standard IPv4 ACLs (9.2) 591
Configure Standard IPv4 ACLs (9.2.1) 591
Entering Criteria Statements (9.2.1.1) 591
Standard ACL Logic (9.2.1.2) 592
Configuring a Standard ACL (9.2.1.3) 593
Internal Logic (9.2.1.4) 595
Applying Standard ACLs to Interfaces: Permit a Specific Subnet (9.2.1.5) 596
Applying Standard ACLs to Interfaces: Deny a Specific Host (9.2.1.6) 598
Creating Named Standard ACLs (9.2.1.7) 600
Commenting ACLs (9.2.1.8) 601
Modifying IPv4 ACLs (9.2.2) 603
Editing Standard Numbered ACLs: Using a Text Editor (9.2.2.1) 603
Editing Standard Numbered ACLs: Using the Sequence Number (9.2.2.2) 604
Editing Standard Named ACLs (9.2.2.3) 605
Verifying ACLs (9.2.2.4) 606
ACL Statistics (9.2.2.5) 607
Standard ACL Sequence Numbers (9.2.2.6) 608
Securing VTY Ports with a Standard IPv4 ACL (9.2.3) 611
Configuring a Standard ACL to Secure a VTY Port (9.2.3.1) 611
Verifying a Standard ACL Used to Secure a VTY Port (9.2.3.2) 612
Extended IPv4 ACLs (9.3) 614
Structure of an Extended IPv4 ACL (9.3.1) 614
Extended ACLs: Testing Packets (9.3.1.1) 614
Extended ACLs: Testing Ports and Services (9.3.1.2) 615
Configure Extended IPv4 ACLs (9.3.2) 616
Configuring Extended ACLs (9.3.2.1) 616
Applying Extended ACLs to Interfaces (9.3.2.2) 618
Filtering Traffic with Extended ACLs (9.3.2.3) 620
Creating Named Extended ACLs (9.3.2.4) 621
Verifying Extended ACLs (9.3.2.5) 622
Editing Extended ACLs (9.3.2.6) 623
Troubleshoot ACLs (9.4) 625
Processing Packets with ACLs (9.4.1) 625
Inbound and Outbound ACL Logic (9.4.1.1) 625
ACL Logic Operations (9.4.1.2) 627
Standard ACL Decision Process (9.4.1.3) 628
Extended ACL Decision Process (9.4.1.4) 629
Common ACL Errors (9.4.2) 629
Troubleshooting Common ACL Errors - Example 1 (9.4.2.1) 629
Troubleshooting Common ACL Errors - Example 2 (9.4.2.2) 630
Troubleshooting Common ACL Errors - Example 3 (9.4.2.3) 632
Troubleshooting Common ACL Errors - Example 4 (9.4.2.4) 632
Troubleshooting Common ACL Errors - Example 5 (9.4.2.5) 633
IPv6 ACLs (9.5) 635
IPv6 ACL Creation (9.5.1) 635
Type of IPv6 ACLs (9.5.1.1) 635
Comparing IPv4 and IPv6 ACLs (9.5.1.2) 636
Configuring IPv6 ACLs (9.5.2) 637
Configuring IPv6 Topology (9.5.2.1) 637
Syntax for Configuring IPv6 ACLs (9.5.2.2) 639
Applying an IPv6 ACL to an Interface (9.5.2.3) 641
IPv6 ACL Examples (9.5.2.4) 642
Verifying IPv6 ACLs (9.5.2.5) 643
Summary (9.6) 646
Practice 648
Class Activities 648
Labs 648
Packet Tracer Activities 648
Check Your Understanding Questions 649
Chapter 10 IOS Images and Licensing 653
Objectives 653
Key Terms 653
Introduction (10.0.1.1) 654
Managing IOS System Files (10.1) 654
Naming Conventions (10.1.1) 654
Cisco IOS Software Release Families and Trains (10.1.1.1) 655
Cisco IOS 12.4 Mainline and T Trains (10.1.1.2) 655
Cisco IOS 12.4 Mainline and T Numbering (10.1.1.3) 657
Cisco IOS 12.4 System Image Packaging (10.1.1.4) 658
Cisco IOS 15.0 M and T Trains (10.1.1.5) 659
Cisco IOS 15 Train Numbering (10.1.1.6) 661
IOS 15 System Image Packaging (10.1.1.7) 662
IOS Image Filenames (10.1.1.8) 663
Managing Cisco IOS Images (10.1.2) 667
TFTP Servers as a Backup Location (10.1.2.1) 667
Creating Cisco IOS Image Backup (10.1.2.2) 667
Copying a Cisco IOS Image (10.1.2.3) 669
Boot System (10.1.2.4) 670
IOS Licensing (10.2) 672
Software Licensing (10.2.1) 672
Licensing Overview (10.2.1.1) 672
Licensing Process (10.2.1.2) 674
Step 1. Purchase the Software Package or Feature to Install (10.2.1.3) 675
Step 2. Obtain a License (10.2.1.4) 675
Step 3. Install the License (10.2.1.5) 677
License Verification and Management (10.2.2) 678
License Verification (10.2.2.1) 678
Activate an Evaluation Right-To-Use License (10.2.2.2) 680
Back Up the License (10.2.2.3) 682
Uninstall the License (10.2.2.4) 682
Summary (10.3) 685
Practice 688
Class Activities 688
Packet Tracer Activities 688
Check Your Understanding Questions 688
Appendix A Answers to the "Check Your Understanding" Questions 693
Glossary 709
9781587133237, TOC, 1/24/2014