Network Basics Companion Guide
Published on 18. December 2013
Book
Hardback
720 pages
978-1-58713-317-6 (ISBN)
Description
Network Basics Companion Guide is the official supplemental textbook for the Network Basics course in the Cisco (R) Networking Academy (R) CCNA (R) Routing and Switching curriculum.
Using a top-down OSI model approach, the course introduces the architecture, structure, functions, components, and models of the Internet and computer networks. The principles of IP addressing and fundamentals of Ethernet concepts, media, and operations are introduced to provide a foundation for the curriculum. By the end of the course, you will be able to build simple LANs, perform basic configurations for routers and switches, and implement IP addressing schemes.
The Companion Guide is designed as a portable desk reference to use anytime, anywhere to reinforce the material from the course and organize your time.
The book's features help you focus on important concepts to succeed in this course:
Chapter Objectives-Review core concepts by answering the focus questions listed at the beginning of each chapter.
Key Terms-Refer to the lists of networking vocabulary introduced and highlighted in context in each chapter.
Glossary-Consult the comprehensive Glossary with more than 250 terms.
Summary of Activities and Labs-Maximize your study time with this complete list of all associated practice exercises at the end of each chapter.
Check Your Understanding-Evaluate your readiness with the end-ofchapter questions that match the style of questions you see in the online course quizzes. The answer key explains each answer.
How To-Look for this icon to study the steps you need to learn to performcertain tasks.
Interactive Activities-Reinforce your understanding of topics with more than 50 different exercises from the online course identified throughout the book with this icon.
Videos-Watch the videos embedded within the online course.
Packet Tracer Activities-Explore and visualize networking concepts using Packet Tracer exercises interspersed throughout the chapters.
Hands-on Labs-Work through all 68 course labs and Class Activities that are included in the course and published in the separate Lab Manual.
Using a top-down OSI model approach, the course introduces the architecture, structure, functions, components, and models of the Internet and computer networks. The principles of IP addressing and fundamentals of Ethernet concepts, media, and operations are introduced to provide a foundation for the curriculum. By the end of the course, you will be able to build simple LANs, perform basic configurations for routers and switches, and implement IP addressing schemes.
The Companion Guide is designed as a portable desk reference to use anytime, anywhere to reinforce the material from the course and organize your time.
The book's features help you focus on important concepts to succeed in this course:
Chapter Objectives-Review core concepts by answering the focus questions listed at the beginning of each chapter.
Key Terms-Refer to the lists of networking vocabulary introduced and highlighted in context in each chapter.
Glossary-Consult the comprehensive Glossary with more than 250 terms.
Summary of Activities and Labs-Maximize your study time with this complete list of all associated practice exercises at the end of each chapter.
Check Your Understanding-Evaluate your readiness with the end-ofchapter questions that match the style of questions you see in the online course quizzes. The answer key explains each answer.
How To-Look for this icon to study the steps you need to learn to performcertain tasks.
Interactive Activities-Reinforce your understanding of topics with more than 50 different exercises from the online course identified throughout the book with this icon.
Videos-Watch the videos embedded within the online course.
Packet Tracer Activities-Explore and visualize networking concepts using Packet Tracer exercises interspersed throughout the chapters.
Hands-on Labs-Work through all 68 course labs and Class Activities that are included in the course and published in the separate Lab Manual.
More details
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Book
03/2012
Cisco Press
€67.04
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Person
Antoon (Tony) W. Rufi is Campus Director of Academic Affairs, ECPI University, Newport News, Virginia. Tony is a networking professional who retired from the U.S. Air Force in June 2000 after 29 years. He worked on communication systems. Since retirement, Tony has worked for ECPI University teaching a variety of networking courses. The courses he has led include CCNA, CCNP, and Fundamentals of Network Security in the Cisco Academy at ECPI University, as well as numerous courses in the university's Cloud Computing program. Tony is a PhD candidate, Applied Management and Decision Science, with an Information Systems Management specialty at Walden University.
Rick McDonald is an Associate Professor in the Information Systems department at the University of Alaska Southeast, in Ketchikan, Alaska, where he teaches computer and networking courses. He specializes in developing and delivering networking courses via e-learning. Rick worked in the airline industry for several years before returning to full-time teaching. He taught CCNA and CCNP courses in North Carolina before moving to Alaska in 2003.
Rick McDonald is an Associate Professor in the Information Systems department at the University of Alaska Southeast, in Ketchikan, Alaska, where he teaches computer and networking courses. He specializes in developing and delivering networking courses via e-learning. Rick worked in the airline industry for several years before returning to full-time teaching. He taught CCNA and CCNP courses in North Carolina before moving to Alaska in 2003.
Content
Introduction xxiv
Chapter 1 Exploring the Network 1
Objectives 1
Key Terms 1
Introduction (1.0.1.1) 3
Communicating in a Network-Centric World (1.1) 4
Interconnecting Our Lives (1.1.1) 4
Networks in Our Daily Lives (1.1.1.1) 4
Technology Then and Now (1.1.1.2) 5
The Global Community (1.1.1.3) 6
Networks Support the Way We Learn (1.1.1.4) 6
Networks Support the Way We Communicate (1.1.1.5) 7
Networks Support the Way We Work (1.1.1.6) 9
Networks Support the Way We Play (1.1.1.7) 9
Supporting Communication (1.1.2) 10
What Is Communication? (1.1.2.1) 10
Quality of Communication (1.1.2.2) 12
The Network as a Platform (1.2) 13
Converged Networks (1.2.1) 13
Traditional Service Networks (1.2.1.1) 13
Planning for the Future (1.2.1.2) 14
Reliable Network (1.2.2) 15
The Supporting Network Architecture (1.2.2.1) 15
Fault Tolerance in Circuit-Switched Networks (1.2.2.2) 15
Packet-Switched Networks (1.2.2.3) 17
Scalable Networks (1.2.2.4) 18
Providing QoS (1.2.2.5) 20
Providing Network Security (1.2.2.6) 21
LANs, WANs, and the Internet (1.3) 23
Components of a Network (1.3.1) 23
Components of the Network (1.3.1.1) 23
End Devices (1.3.1.2) 24
Intermediary Devices (1.3.1.3) 25
Network Media (1.3.1.4) 25
Network Representations (1.3.1.5) 26
Topology Diagrams (1.3.1.6) 28
LANs and WANs (1.3.2) 28
Types of Networks (1.3.2.1) 28
Local-Area Networks (1.3.2.2) 29
Wide-Area Networks (1.3.2.3) 30
The Internet (1.3.3) 30
The Internet (1.3.3.1) 30
Intranet and Extranet (1.3.3.2) 31
Connecting to the Internet (1.3.4) 32
Internet Access Technologies (1.3.4.1) 32
Connecting Remote Users to the Internet (1.3.4.2) 33
Connecting Businesses to the Internet (1.3.4.3) 34
The Expanding Network (1.4) 35
Network Trends (1.4.1) 36
New Trends (1.4.1.1) 36
Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) (1.4.1.2) 36
BYOD Considerations (1.4.1.3) 37
Online Collaboration (1.4.1.4) 38
Collaboration Considerations (1.4.1.5) 38
Video Communication (1.4.1.6) 39
Cloud Computing (1.4.1.7) 40
Types of Clouds (1.4.1.8) 41
Data Centers (1.4.1.9) 41
Network Security (1.4.2) 42
Security Threats (1.4.2.1) 42
Security Solutions (1.4.2.2) 44
Network Architectures (1.4.3) 45
Cisco Network Architectures (1.4.3.1) 45
Cisco Borderless Network (1.4.3.2) 46
Collaboration Architecture (1.4.3.3) 46
Data Center Architecture (1.4.3.4) 47
CCNA (1.4.3.5) 47
Summary (1.5) 49
Practice 50
Class Activities 50
Labs 50
Packet Tracer Activity 50
Check Your Understanding 50
Chapter 2 Configuring a Network Operating System 55
Objectives 55
Key Terms 55
Introduction (2.0.1.1) 56
IOS Bootcamp (2.1) 56
Cisco IOS (2.1.1) 56
Purpose of OS (2.1.1.1) 56
Location of the Cisco IOS (2.1.1.2) 57
IOS Functions (2.1.1.3) 58
Accessing a Cisco IOS Device (2.1.2) 59
Console Access Method (2.1.2.1) 59
Telnet, SSH, and AUX Access Methods (2.1.2.2) 60
Terminal Emulation Programs (2.1.2.3) 61
Navigating the IOS (2.1.3) 61
Cisco IOS Modes of Operation (2.1.3.1) 62
Primary Modes (2.1.3.2) 63
Global Configuration Mode and Submodes (2.1.3.3) 64
Navigating Between IOS Modes (2.1.3.4, 2.1.3.5) 65
The Command Structure (2.1.4) 66
IOS Command Structure (2.1.4.1) 67
Cisco IOS Command Reference (2.1.4.2) 68
Context-Sensitive Help (2.1.4.3) 70
Command Syntax Check (2.1.4.4) 71
Hot Keys and Shortcuts (2.1.4.5) 72
IOS Examination Commands (2.1.4.6) 74
The show version Command (2.1.4.7) 75
Getting Basic (2.2) 76
Hostnames (2.2.1) 76
Why the Switch (2.2.1.1) 76
Device Names (2.2.1.2) 76
Hostnames (2.2.1.3) 78
Configuring Hostnames (2.2.1.4) 78
Limiting Access to Device Configurations (2.2.2) 79
Securing Device Access (2.2.2.1) 79
Securing Privileged EXEC Access (2.2.2.2) 80
Securing User EXEC Access (2.2.2.3) 81
Encrypting Password Display (2.2.2.4) 82
Banner Messages (2.2.2.5) 83
Saving Configurations (2.2.3) 84
Configuration Files (2.2.3.1) 84
Capturing Text (2.2.3.2) 87
Address Schemes (2.3) 88
Ports and Addresses (2.3.1) 88
IP Addressing of Devices (2.3.1.1) 88
Interfaces and Ports (2.3.1.2) 89
Addressing Devices (2.3.2) 90
Configuring a Switch Virtual Interface (2.3.2.1) 90
Manual IP Address Configuration for End Devices (2.3.2.2) 91
Automatic IP Address Configuration for End Devices (2.3.2.3) 91
IP Address Conflicts (2.3.2.4) 92
Verifying Connectivity (2.3.3) 93
Test the Loopback Address on an End Device (2.3.3.1) 93
Testing the Interface Assignment (2.3.3.2) 94
Testing End-to-End Connectivity (2.3.3.3) 94
Summary (2.4) 96
Practice 97
Class Activities 97
Labs 97
Packet Tracer Activities 97
Check Your Understanding 97
Chapter 3 Network Protocols and Communications 101
Objectives 101
Key Terms 101
Introduction (3.0.1.1) 103
Network Protocols and Standards (3.1) 103
Protocols (3.1.1) 103
Protocols: Rules that Govern Communications (3.1.1.1) 103
Network Protocols (3.1.1.2) 105
Interaction of Protocols (3.1.1.3) 105
Protocol Suites (3.1.2) 106
Protocol Suites and Industry Standards (3.1.2.1) 106
Creation of the Internet and Development of TCP/IP (3.1.2.2) 107
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Communication Process (3.1.2.3) 108
Standards Organizations (3.1.3) 109
Open Standards (3.1.3.1) 109
ISOC, IAB, and IETF (3.1.3.2) 110
IEEE (3.1.3.3) 111
ISO (3.1.3.4) 112
Other Standards Organizations (3.1.3.5) 112
Reference Models (3.1.4) 113
The Benefits of Using a Layered Model (3.1.4.1) 113
The OSI Reference Model (3.1.4.2) 115
The TCP/IP Protocol Model (3.1.4.3) 116
Comparing the OSI Model with the TCP/IP Model (3.1.4.4) 116
Using Requests for Comments (3.2) 118
Why RFCs (3.2.1) 118
Request for Comments (RFC) (3.2.1.1) 118
History of RFCs (3.2.1.2) 119
Sample RFC (3.2.1.3) 119
RFC Processes (3.2.2) 120
RFC Process (3.2.2.1) 120
RFC Types (3.2.2.2) 121
Moving Data in the Network (3.3) 123
Data Encapsulation (3.3.1) 123
Elements of Communication (3.3.1.1) 123
Communicating the Messages (3.3.1.2) 124
Protocol Data Units (PDUs) (3.3.1.3) 125
Encapsulation (3.3.1.4) 126
De-encapsulation (3.3.1.5) 127
Accessing Local Resources (3.3.2) 127
Network Addresses and Data Link Addresses (3.3.2.1) 127
Communicating with a Device on the Same Network (3.3.2.2) 128
MAC and IP Addresses (3.3.2.3) 129
Accessing Remote Resources (3.3.3) 130
Default Gateway (3.3.3.1) 130
Communicating with a Device on a Remote Network (3.3.3.2) 131
Summary (3.4) 134
Practice 135
Class Activities 135
Labs 135
Packet Tracer Activities 135
Check Your Understanding 135
Chapter 4 Application Layer 139
Objectives 139
Key Terms 139
Introduction (4.0.1.1) 140
Application Layer Protocols (4.1) 140
Application, Session, and Presentation (4.1.1) 140
OSI and TCP/IP Models Revisited (4.1.1.1) 140
Application Layer (4.1.1.2) 141
Presentation and Session Layers (4.1.1.3) 141
TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols (4.1.1.4) 143
Services at the Application Layer (4.1.1.5; 4.1.1.6) 144
Applications Interface with People and Other Applications (4.1.1.7) 145
How Application Protocols Interact with End-User Applications (4.1.2) 145
Peer-to-Peer Networks (4.1.2.1) 145
Peer-to-Peer Applications (4.1.2.2) 146
Common P2P Applications (4.1.2.3) 147
Client-Server Model (4.1.2.5) 148
Well-Known Application Layer Protocols and Services (4.2) 149
Everyday Application Layer Protocols (4.2.1) 149
Application Layer Protocols Revisited (4.2.1.1) 149
Hypertext Transfer Protocol and Hypertext Markup Language (4.2.1.2) 150
HTTP and HTTPS (4.2.1.3) 151
SMTP and POP (4.2.1.4-4.2.1.7) 152
Providing IP Addressing Services (4.2.2) 154
Domain Name Service (4.2.2.1) 154
DNS Message Format (4.2.2.2) 155
DNS Hierarchy (4.2.2.3) 156
nslookup (4.2.2.4) 157
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (4.2.2.6) 158
DHCP Operation (4.2.2.7) 159
Providing File Sharing Services (4.2.3) 161
File Transfer Protocol (4.2.3.1) 161
Server Message Block (4.2.3.4) 162
Summary (4.3) 164
Practice 165
Class Activities 165
Labs 165
Packet Tracer Activities 165
Check Your Understanding 166
Chapter 5 Transport Layer 169
Objectives 169
Key Terms 169
Introduction (5.0.1.1) 170
Transport Layer Protocols (5.1) 170
Transportation of Data (5.1.1) 170
Role of the Transport Layer (5.1.1.1, 5.1.1.2) 170
Conversation Multiplexing (5.1.1.3) 173
Transport Layer Reliability (5.1.1.4) 174
TCP (5.1.1.5) 175
UDP (5.1.1.6) 176
The Right Transport Layer Protocol for the Right
Application (5.1.1.7) 176
Introducing TCP and UDP (5.1.2) 178
Introducing TCP (5.1.2.1) 178
Role of TCP (5.1.2.2) 179
Introducing UDP (5.1.2.3) 180
Role of UDP (5.1.2.4) 181
Separating Multiple Communications (5.1.2.5) 181
TCP and UDP Port Addressing (5.1.2.6-5.1.2.9) 183
TCP and UDP Segmentation (5.1.2.10) 187
TCP and UDP (5.2) 188
TCP Communication (5.2.1) 188
TCP Reliable Delivery (5.2.1.1) 188
TCP Server Processes (5.2.1.2) 189
TCP Connection Establishment (5.2.1.3) 189
TCP Three-way Handshake Analysis: Step 1 (5.2.1.4) 191
TCP Three-way Handshake Analysis: Step 2 (5.2.1.5) 192
TCP Three-way Handshake Analysis: Step 3 (5.2.1.6) 193
TCP Session Termination Analysis (5.2.1.7) 194
Protocol Data Units (5.2.2) 195
TCP Reliability-Ordered Delivery (5.2.2.1) 195
TCP Reliability-Acknowledgement and Window Size (5.2.2.2) 196
TCP Reliability-Data Loss and Retransmission (5.2.2.3) 197
TCP Flow Control-Window Size and Acknowledgements (5.2.2.4) 198
TCP Flow Control-Congestion Avoidance (5.2.2.5) 199
UDP Communication (5.2.3) 201
UDP Low Overhead Versus Reliability (5.2.3.1) 201
UDP Datagram Reassembly (5.2.3.2) 201
UDP Server Processes and Requests (5.2.3.3) 202
UDP Client Processes (5.2.3.4) 202
TCP or UDP-That Is the Question (5.2.4) 203
Applications That Use TCP (5.2.4.1) 203
Applications That Use UDP (5.2.4.2) 203
Summary (5.3) 205
Practice 206
Class Activities 206
Labs 206
Packet Tracer Activity 206
Check Your Understanding 206
Chapter 6 Network Layer 211
Objectives 211
Key Terms 211
Introduction (6.0.1.1) 213
Network Layer Protocols (6.1) 213
Network Layer in Communication (6.1.1) 213
The Network Layer (6.1.1.1) 213
Network Layer Protocols (6.1.1.2) 214
Characteristics of the IP Protocol (6.1.2) 215
Characteristics of IP (6.1.2.1) 215
IP - Connectionless (6.1.2.2) 215
IP - Best-Effort Delivery (6.1.2.3) 216
IP - Media Independent (6.1.2.4) 217
Encapsulating IP (6.1.2.5) 217
IPv4 Packet (6.1.3) 218
IPv4 Packet Header (6.1.3.1) 218
IPv4 Header Fields (6.1.3.2) 220
Sample IPv4 Headers (6.1.3.3) 221
IPv6 Packet (6.1.4) 221
Limitations of IPv4 (6.1.4.1) 221
Introducing IPv6 (6.1.4.2) 222
Encapsulating IPv6 (6.1.4.3) 223
IPv6 Packet Header (6.1.4.4) 224
Sample IPv6 Headers (6.1.4.5) 225
Routing (6.2) 226
Host Routing Tables (6.2.1) 226
Host Packet Forwarding Decision (6.2.1.1) 226
IPv4 Host Routing Table (6.2.1.2) 227
IPv4 Host Routing Entries (6.2.1.3) 228
Sample IPv4 Host Routing Table (6.2.1.4) 229
Sample IPv6 Host Routing Table (6.2.1.5) 231
Router Routing Tables (6.2.2) 232
Router Packet Forwarding Decision (6.2.2.1) 232
IPv4 Router Routing Table (6.2.2.2) 233
Directly Connected Routing Table Entries (6.2.2.3) 234
Remote Network Routing Table Entries (6.2.2.4) 235
Next-Hop Address (6.2.2.5) 236
Sample Router IPv4 Routing Table (6.2.2.6) 236
Routers (6.3) 240
Anatomy of a Router (6.3.1) 240
A Router Is a Computer (6.3.1.1) 240
Router CPU and OS (6.3.1.2) 241
Router Memory (6.3.1.3) 241
Inside a Router (6.3.1.4) 243
Router Backplane (6.3.1.5) 244
Connecting to a Router (6.3.1.6) 245
LAN and WAN Interfaces (6.3.1.7) 245
Router Bootup (6.3.2) 247
Cisco IOS (6.3.2.1) 247
Bootset Files (6.3.2.2) 247
Router Bootup Process (6.3.2.3) 248
Show Version Output (6.3.2.4) 249
Configuring a Cisco Router (6.4) 251
Configure Initial Settings (6.4.1) 251
Router Configuration Steps (6.4.1.1) 251
Configure Interfaces (6.4.2) 252
Configure LAN Interfaces (6.4.2.1) 252
Verify Interface Configuration (6.4.2.2) 253
Configuring the Default Gateway (6.4.3) 254
Default Gateway on a Host (6.4.3.1) 254
Default Gateway on a Switch (6.4.3.2) 255
Summary (6.5) 258
Practice 259
Class Activities 259
Labs 259
Packet Tracer Activities 259
Check Your Understanding 260
Chapter 7 IP Addressing 265
Objectives 265
Key Terms 265
Introduction (7.0.1.1) 267
IPv4 Network Addresses (7.1) 267
IPv4 Address Structure (7.1.1) 267
Binary Notation (7.1.1.1) 267
Binary Number System (7.1.1.2) 269
Converting a Binary Address to Decimal (7.1.1.3) 271
Converting from Decimal to Binary (7.1.1.5, 7.1.1.6) 272
IPv4 Subnet Mask (7.1.2) 278
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address (7.1.2.1) 278
Examining the Prefix Length (7.1.2.2) 279
IPv4 Network, Host, and Broadcast Addresses (7.1.2.3) 281
First Host and Last Host Addresses (7.1.2.4) 284
Bitwise AND Operation (7.1.2.5) 286
Importance of ANDing (7.1.2.6) 288
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast (7.1.3) 290
Assigning a Static IPv4 Address to a Host (7.1.3.1) 290
Assigning a Dynamic IPv4 Address to a Host (7.1.3.2) 292
Unicast Transmission (7.1.3.3) 293
Broadcast Transmission (7.1.3.4) 294
Multicast Transmission (7.1.3.5) 296
Types of IPv4 Addresses (7.1.4) 298
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses (7.1.4.1) 298
Special-Use IPv4 Addresses (7.1.4.3) 299
Legacy Classful Addressing (7.1.4.4) 301
Assignment of IP Addresses (7.1.4.5, 7.1.4.6) 304
IPv6 Network Addresses (7.2) 307
IPv4 Issues (7.2.1) 307
The Need for IPv6 (7.2.1.1) 307
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence (7.2.1.2) 309
IPv6 Addressing (7.2.2) 310
Hexadecimal Number System (7.2.2.1) 310
IPv6 Address Representation (7.2.2.2) 312
Rule 1: Omitting Leading 0s (7.2.2.3) 313
Rule 2: Omitting All 0 Segments (7.2.2.4) 315
Types of IPv6 Addresses (7.2.3) 317
IPv6 Address Types (7.2.3.1) 317
IPv6 Prefix Length (7.2.3.2) 318
IPv6 Unicast Addresses (7.2.3.3) 319
IPv6 Link-Local Unicast Addresses (7.2.3.4) 321
IPv6 Unicast Addresses (7.2.4) 322
Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address (7.2.4.1) 322
Static Configuration of a Global Unicast Address (7.2.4.2) 324
Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast Address Using SLAAC (7.2.4.3) 326
Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast Address Using DHCPv6 (7.2.4.4) 329
EUI-64 Process or Randomly Generated (7.2.4.5) 330
Dynamic Link-Local Addresses (7.2.4.6) 332
Static Link-Local Addresses (7.2.4.7) 333
Verifying IPv6 Address Configuration (7.2.4.8) 334
IPv6 Multicast Addresses (7.2.5) 337
Solicited-Node IPv6 Multicast Addresses (7.2.5.2) 338
Connectivity Verification (7.3) 340
ICMP (7.3.1) 340
ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 Messages (7.3.1.1) 340
ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement Messages (7.3.1.2) 342
ICMPv6 Neighbor Solicitation and Neighbor
Advertisement Messages (7.3.1.3) 343
Testing and Verification (7.3.2) 344
Ping: Testing the Local Stack (7.3.2.1) 344
Ping: Testing Connectivity to the Local LAN (7.3.2.2) 345
Ping: Testing Connectivity to Remote Device (7.3.2.3) 346
Traceroute: Testing the Path (7.3.2.4) 347
Summary (7.4) 349
Practice 350
Class Activities 350
Labs 350
Packet Tracer Activities 350
Check Your Understanding 351
Chapter 8 Subnetting IP Networks 355
Objectives 355
Key Terms 355
Introduction (8.0.1.1) 356
Subnetting an IPv4 Network (8.1) 357
Network Segmentation (8.1.1) 357
Reasons for Subnetting (8.1.1.1) 357
Communication Between Subnets (8.1.1.2) 358
Subnetting an IPv4 Network (8.1.2) 359
Basic Subnetting (8.1.2.1) 359
Subnets in Use (8.1.2.2) 361
Subnetting Formulas (8.1.2.3) 364
Creating 4 Subnets (8.1.2.4) 365
Creating 8 Subnets (8.1.2.5) 368
Creating 100 Subnets with a /16 Prefix (8.1.2.10) 372
Calculating the Hosts (8.1.2.11) 374
Creating 1000 Subnets with a /8 Prefix (8.1.2.12) 375
Determining the Subnet Mask (8.1.3) 378
Subnetting Based on Host Requirements (8.1.3.1) 378
Subnetting Network-Based Requirements (8.1.3.2) 379
Subnetting to Meet Network Requirements (8.1.3.3, 8.1.3.4) 380
Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masking (8.1.4) 384
Traditional Subnetting Wastes Addresses (8.1.4.1) 384
VLSM (8.1.4.2) 386
Basic VLSM (8.1.4.3) 387
VLSM in Practice (8.1.4.4) 389
VLSM Chart (8.1.4.5) 391
Addressing Schemes (8.2) 393
Structured Design (8.2.1) 393
Planning to Address the Network (8.2.1.1) 393
Assigning Addresses to Devices (8.2.1.2) 394
Design Considerations for IPv6 (8.3) 397
Subnetting an IPv6 Network (8.3.1) 397
Subnetting Using the Subnet ID (8.3.1.1) 397
IPv6 Subnet Allocation (8.3.1.2) 399
Subnetting into the Interface ID (8.3.1.3) 400
Summary (8.4) 402
Practice 404
Class Activities 404
Labs 404
Packet Tracer Activities 404
Check Your Understanding 405
Chapter 9 Network Access 409
Objectives 409
Key Terms 409
Introduction (9.0.1.1) 411
Data Link Layer (9.1) 412
The Data Link Layer (9.1.1.1) 412
Data Link Sublayers (9.1.1.2) 413
Media Access Control (9.1.1.3) 414
Providing Access to Media (9.1.1.4) 415
Layer 2 Frame Structure (9.1.2) 416
Formatting Data for Transmission (9.1.2.1) 416
Creating a Frame (9.1.2.2) 417
Layer 2 Standards (9.1.3) 418
Data Link Layer Standards (9.1.3.1) 418
Media Access Control (9.2) 419
Topologies (9.2.1) 419
Controlling Access to the Media (9.2.1.1) 419
Physical and Logical Topologies (9.2.1.2) 420
WAN Topologies (9.2.2) 421
Common Physical WAN Topologies (9.2.2.1) 421
Physical Point-to-Point Topology (9.2.2.2) 422
Logical Point-to-Point Topology (9.2.2.3) 423
Half and Full Duplex (9.2.2.4) 424
LAN Topologies (9.2.3) 425
Physical LAN Topologies (9.2.3.1) 425
Logical Topology for Shared Media (9.2.3.2) 426
Contention-Based Access (9.2.3.3) 427
Multi-Access Topology (9.2.3.4) 429
Controlled Access (9.2.3.5) 429
Ring Topology (9.2.3.6) 431
Data Link Frame (9.2.4) 431
The Frame (9.2.4.1) 431
The Header (9.2.4.2) 433
Layer 2 Address (9.2.4.3) 433
The Trailer (9.2.4.4) 435
LAN and WAN Frames (9.2.4.5) 435
Ethernet Frame (9.2.4.6) 436
Point-to-Point (PPP) Frame (9.2.4.7) 437
802.11 Wireless Frame (9.2.4.8) 438
Physical Layer (9.3) 441
Purpose of the Physical Layer (9.3.1) 441
The Physical Layer (9.3.1.1) 441
Physical Layer Media (9.3.1.2) 442
Physical Layer Standards (9.3.1.3) 443
Characteristics of the Physical Layer (9.3.2) 444
Physical Layer Functions (9.3.2.1) 445
Physical Components (9.3.2.2) 445
Frame Encoding Techniques (9.3.2.3) 446
Signaling Method (9.3.2.4) 447
Bandwidth (9.3.2.5) 449
Throughput (9.3.2.6) 450
Network Media (9.4) 451
Copper Cabling (9.4.1) 452
Characteristics of Copper Media (9.4.1.1) 452
Copper Media (9.4.1.2) 453
UTP Cable (9.4.1.3) 454
STP Cable (9.4.1.4) 454
Coaxial Cable (9.4.1.5) 455
Copper Media Safety (9.4.1.6) 457
UTP Cabling (9.4.2) 458
Properties of UTP Cabling (9.4.2.1) 458
UTP Cabling Standards (9.4.2.2) 459
UTP Connectors (9.4.2.3) 460
Types of UTP Cable (9.4.2.4) 461
LAN Cabling Areas (9.4.2.5) 462
Testing UTP Cables (9.4.2.6) 464
Fiber Optic Cabling (9.4.3) 465
Properties of Fiber Optic Cabling (9.4.3.1) 465
Fiber Media Cable Design (9.4.3.2) 466
Types of Fiber Media (9.4.3.3) 466
Network Fiber Connectors (9.4.3.4) 468
Testing Fiber Cables (9.4.3.5) 470
Fiber Versus Copper (9.4.3.6) 471
Wireless Media (9.4.4) 472
Properties of Wireless Media (9.4.4.1) 472
Types of Wireless Media (9.4.4.2) 473
Wireless LAN (9.4.4.3) 475
802.11 Wi-Fi Standards (9.4.4.4) 476
Summary (9.5) 478
Practice 480
Class Activities 480
Labs 480
Packet Tracer Activity 480
Check Your Understanding 481
Chapter 10 Ethernet 485
Objectives 485
Key Terms 485
Introduction (10.0.1.1) 486
Ethernet Protocol (10.1) 487
Ethernet Operation (10.1.1) 487
LLC and MAC Sublayers (10.1.1.1) 487
MAC Sublayer (10.1.1.2) 489
Media Access Control (10.1.1.3) 490
MAC Address: Ethernet Identity (10.1.1.4) 492
Frame Processing (10.1.1.5) 493
Ethernet Frame Attributes (10.1.2) 494
Ethernet Encapsulation (10.1.2.1) 494
Ethernet Frame Size (10.1.2.2) 495
Introduction to the Ethernet Frame (10.1.2.3) 496
Ethernet MAC (10.1.3) 497
MAC Addresses and Hexadecimal (10.1.3.1) 497
MAC Address Representations (10.1.3.2) 500
Unicast MAC Address (10.1.3.3) 500
Broadcast MAC Address (10.1.3.4) 501
Multicast MAC Address (10.1.3.5) 501
Mac and IP (10.1.4) 502
MAC and IP (10.1.4.1) 502
End-to-End Connectivity, MAC, and IP (10.1.4.2) 503
Address Resolution Protocol (10.2) 504
Introduction to ARP (10.2.1.1) 504
ARP Functions (10.2.1.2) 504
ARP Operation (10.2.1.3) 505
ARP Role in Remote Communication (10.2.1.4) 508
Removing Entries from an ARP Table (10.2.1.5) 512
ARP Tables on Networking Devices (10.2.1.6) 512
ARP Issues (10.2.2) 514
How ARP Can Create Problems (10.2.2.1) 514
Mitigating ARP Problems (10.2.2.2) 515
LAN Switches (10.3) 516
Switching (10.3.1) 516
Switch Port Fundamentals (10.3.1.1) 516
Switch MAC Address Table (10.3.1.2) 517
Duplex Settings (10.3.1.3) 521
Auto-MDIX (10.3.1.4) 522
Frame Forwarding Methods on Cisco Switches (10.3.1.5) 523
Cut-Through Switching (10.3.1.6) 524
Memory Buffering on Switches (10.3.1.8) 525
Fixed or Modular (10.3.2) 526
Fixed Versus Modular Configuration (10.3.2.1) 526
Fixed Configuration Cisco Switches (10.3.2.2) 528
Modular Configuration Cisco Switches (10.3.2.3) 531
Module Options for Cisco Switch Slots (10.3.2.4) 533
Layer 3 Switching (10.3.3) 535
Layer 2 Versus Layer 3 Switching (10.3.3.1) 535
Cisco Express Forwarding (10.3.3.2) 536
Types of Layer 3 Interfaces (10.3.3.3) 537
Configuring a Routed Port on a Layer 3 Switch (10.3.3.4) 538
Summary (10.4) 540
Practice 541
Class Activities 542
Labs 542
Packet Tracer Activities 542
Check Your Understanding 542
Chapter 11 It's a Network 545
Objectives 545
Key Terms 545
Introduction (11.0.1.1) 547
Create and Grow (11.1) 547
Devices in a Small Network (11.1.1) 547
Small Network Topologies (11.1.1.1) 547
Device Selection for a Small Network (11.1.1.2) 548
IP Addressing for a Small Network (11.1.1.3) 550
Redundancy in a Small Network (11.1.1.4) 551
Design Considerations for a Small Network (11.1.1.5) 552
Protocols in a Small Network (11.1.2) 553
Common Applications in a Small Network (11.1.2.1) 554
Common Protocols in a Small Network (11.1.2.2) 555
Real-Time Applications for a Small Network (11.1.2.3) 556
Growing to Larger Networks (11.1.3) 557
Scaling a Small Network (11.1.3.1) 557
Protocol Analysis of a Small Network (11.1.3.2) 558
Evolving Protocol Requirements (11.1.3.3) 559
Keeping the Network Safe (11.2) 560
Network Device Security Measures (11.2.1) 560
Categories of Threats to Network Security (11.2.1.1) 560
Physical Security (11.2.1.2) 561
Types of Security Vulnerabilities (11.2.1.3) 562
Vulnerabilities and Network Attacks (11.2.2) 564
Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses (11.2.2.1) 564
Network Attacks (11.2.2.2) 565
Mitigating Network Attacks (11.2.3) 567
Backup, Upgrade, Update, and Patch (11.2.3.1) 567
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (11.2.3.2) 568
Firewalls (11.2.3.3) 570
Endpoint Security (11.2.3.4) 571
Securing Devices (11.2.4) 572
Introduction to Securing Devices (11.2.4.1) 572
Passwords (11.2.4.2) 573
Basic Security Practices (11.2.4.3) 574
Enable SSH (11.2.4.4) 576
Basic Network Performance (11.3) 578
Ping (11.3.1) 578
Interpreting Ping Results (11.3.1.1) 578
Extended Ping (11.3.1.2) 580
Network Baseline (11.3.1.3) 581
Tracert (11.3.2) 583
Interpreting Tracert Messages (11.3.2.1) 583
show Commands (11.3.3) 585
Common show Commands Revisited (11.3.3.1) 585
Viewing Router Settings with the show version Command (11.3.3.2) 588
Viewing Switch Settings with the show version Command (11.3.3.3) 589
Host and IOS Commands (11.3.4) 590
ipconfig Command Options (11.3.4.1) 590
arp Command Options (11.3.4.2) 591
show cdp neighbors Command Options (11.3.4.3) 592
Using the show ip interface brief Command (11.3.4.4) 594
Managing IOS Configuration Files (11.4) 596
Router and Switch File Systems (11.4.1) 596
Router File Systems (11.4.1.1) 596
Switch File Systems (11.4.1.2) 598
Back Up and Restore Configuration Files (11.4.2) 599
Backing Up and Restoring Using Text Files (11.4.2.1) 600
Backing Up and Restoring Using TFTP (11.4.2.2) 601
Using USB Ports on a Cisco Router (11.4.2.3) 602
Backing Up and Restoring Using a USB (11.4.2.4) 603
Summary (11.5) 607
Practice 608
Class Activities 609
Labs 609
Packet Tracer Activities 609
Check Your Understanding 609
Appendix A Answers to the "Check Your Understanding" Questions 613
Glossary 625
TOC, 9781587133176, MF
Chapter 1 Exploring the Network 1
Objectives 1
Key Terms 1
Introduction (1.0.1.1) 3
Communicating in a Network-Centric World (1.1) 4
Interconnecting Our Lives (1.1.1) 4
Networks in Our Daily Lives (1.1.1.1) 4
Technology Then and Now (1.1.1.2) 5
The Global Community (1.1.1.3) 6
Networks Support the Way We Learn (1.1.1.4) 6
Networks Support the Way We Communicate (1.1.1.5) 7
Networks Support the Way We Work (1.1.1.6) 9
Networks Support the Way We Play (1.1.1.7) 9
Supporting Communication (1.1.2) 10
What Is Communication? (1.1.2.1) 10
Quality of Communication (1.1.2.2) 12
The Network as a Platform (1.2) 13
Converged Networks (1.2.1) 13
Traditional Service Networks (1.2.1.1) 13
Planning for the Future (1.2.1.2) 14
Reliable Network (1.2.2) 15
The Supporting Network Architecture (1.2.2.1) 15
Fault Tolerance in Circuit-Switched Networks (1.2.2.2) 15
Packet-Switched Networks (1.2.2.3) 17
Scalable Networks (1.2.2.4) 18
Providing QoS (1.2.2.5) 20
Providing Network Security (1.2.2.6) 21
LANs, WANs, and the Internet (1.3) 23
Components of a Network (1.3.1) 23
Components of the Network (1.3.1.1) 23
End Devices (1.3.1.2) 24
Intermediary Devices (1.3.1.3) 25
Network Media (1.3.1.4) 25
Network Representations (1.3.1.5) 26
Topology Diagrams (1.3.1.6) 28
LANs and WANs (1.3.2) 28
Types of Networks (1.3.2.1) 28
Local-Area Networks (1.3.2.2) 29
Wide-Area Networks (1.3.2.3) 30
The Internet (1.3.3) 30
The Internet (1.3.3.1) 30
Intranet and Extranet (1.3.3.2) 31
Connecting to the Internet (1.3.4) 32
Internet Access Technologies (1.3.4.1) 32
Connecting Remote Users to the Internet (1.3.4.2) 33
Connecting Businesses to the Internet (1.3.4.3) 34
The Expanding Network (1.4) 35
Network Trends (1.4.1) 36
New Trends (1.4.1.1) 36
Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) (1.4.1.2) 36
BYOD Considerations (1.4.1.3) 37
Online Collaboration (1.4.1.4) 38
Collaboration Considerations (1.4.1.5) 38
Video Communication (1.4.1.6) 39
Cloud Computing (1.4.1.7) 40
Types of Clouds (1.4.1.8) 41
Data Centers (1.4.1.9) 41
Network Security (1.4.2) 42
Security Threats (1.4.2.1) 42
Security Solutions (1.4.2.2) 44
Network Architectures (1.4.3) 45
Cisco Network Architectures (1.4.3.1) 45
Cisco Borderless Network (1.4.3.2) 46
Collaboration Architecture (1.4.3.3) 46
Data Center Architecture (1.4.3.4) 47
CCNA (1.4.3.5) 47
Summary (1.5) 49
Practice 50
Class Activities 50
Labs 50
Packet Tracer Activity 50
Check Your Understanding 50
Chapter 2 Configuring a Network Operating System 55
Objectives 55
Key Terms 55
Introduction (2.0.1.1) 56
IOS Bootcamp (2.1) 56
Cisco IOS (2.1.1) 56
Purpose of OS (2.1.1.1) 56
Location of the Cisco IOS (2.1.1.2) 57
IOS Functions (2.1.1.3) 58
Accessing a Cisco IOS Device (2.1.2) 59
Console Access Method (2.1.2.1) 59
Telnet, SSH, and AUX Access Methods (2.1.2.2) 60
Terminal Emulation Programs (2.1.2.3) 61
Navigating the IOS (2.1.3) 61
Cisco IOS Modes of Operation (2.1.3.1) 62
Primary Modes (2.1.3.2) 63
Global Configuration Mode and Submodes (2.1.3.3) 64
Navigating Between IOS Modes (2.1.3.4, 2.1.3.5) 65
The Command Structure (2.1.4) 66
IOS Command Structure (2.1.4.1) 67
Cisco IOS Command Reference (2.1.4.2) 68
Context-Sensitive Help (2.1.4.3) 70
Command Syntax Check (2.1.4.4) 71
Hot Keys and Shortcuts (2.1.4.5) 72
IOS Examination Commands (2.1.4.6) 74
The show version Command (2.1.4.7) 75
Getting Basic (2.2) 76
Hostnames (2.2.1) 76
Why the Switch (2.2.1.1) 76
Device Names (2.2.1.2) 76
Hostnames (2.2.1.3) 78
Configuring Hostnames (2.2.1.4) 78
Limiting Access to Device Configurations (2.2.2) 79
Securing Device Access (2.2.2.1) 79
Securing Privileged EXEC Access (2.2.2.2) 80
Securing User EXEC Access (2.2.2.3) 81
Encrypting Password Display (2.2.2.4) 82
Banner Messages (2.2.2.5) 83
Saving Configurations (2.2.3) 84
Configuration Files (2.2.3.1) 84
Capturing Text (2.2.3.2) 87
Address Schemes (2.3) 88
Ports and Addresses (2.3.1) 88
IP Addressing of Devices (2.3.1.1) 88
Interfaces and Ports (2.3.1.2) 89
Addressing Devices (2.3.2) 90
Configuring a Switch Virtual Interface (2.3.2.1) 90
Manual IP Address Configuration for End Devices (2.3.2.2) 91
Automatic IP Address Configuration for End Devices (2.3.2.3) 91
IP Address Conflicts (2.3.2.4) 92
Verifying Connectivity (2.3.3) 93
Test the Loopback Address on an End Device (2.3.3.1) 93
Testing the Interface Assignment (2.3.3.2) 94
Testing End-to-End Connectivity (2.3.3.3) 94
Summary (2.4) 96
Practice 97
Class Activities 97
Labs 97
Packet Tracer Activities 97
Check Your Understanding 97
Chapter 3 Network Protocols and Communications 101
Objectives 101
Key Terms 101
Introduction (3.0.1.1) 103
Network Protocols and Standards (3.1) 103
Protocols (3.1.1) 103
Protocols: Rules that Govern Communications (3.1.1.1) 103
Network Protocols (3.1.1.2) 105
Interaction of Protocols (3.1.1.3) 105
Protocol Suites (3.1.2) 106
Protocol Suites and Industry Standards (3.1.2.1) 106
Creation of the Internet and Development of TCP/IP (3.1.2.2) 107
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Communication Process (3.1.2.3) 108
Standards Organizations (3.1.3) 109
Open Standards (3.1.3.1) 109
ISOC, IAB, and IETF (3.1.3.2) 110
IEEE (3.1.3.3) 111
ISO (3.1.3.4) 112
Other Standards Organizations (3.1.3.5) 112
Reference Models (3.1.4) 113
The Benefits of Using a Layered Model (3.1.4.1) 113
The OSI Reference Model (3.1.4.2) 115
The TCP/IP Protocol Model (3.1.4.3) 116
Comparing the OSI Model with the TCP/IP Model (3.1.4.4) 116
Using Requests for Comments (3.2) 118
Why RFCs (3.2.1) 118
Request for Comments (RFC) (3.2.1.1) 118
History of RFCs (3.2.1.2) 119
Sample RFC (3.2.1.3) 119
RFC Processes (3.2.2) 120
RFC Process (3.2.2.1) 120
RFC Types (3.2.2.2) 121
Moving Data in the Network (3.3) 123
Data Encapsulation (3.3.1) 123
Elements of Communication (3.3.1.1) 123
Communicating the Messages (3.3.1.2) 124
Protocol Data Units (PDUs) (3.3.1.3) 125
Encapsulation (3.3.1.4) 126
De-encapsulation (3.3.1.5) 127
Accessing Local Resources (3.3.2) 127
Network Addresses and Data Link Addresses (3.3.2.1) 127
Communicating with a Device on the Same Network (3.3.2.2) 128
MAC and IP Addresses (3.3.2.3) 129
Accessing Remote Resources (3.3.3) 130
Default Gateway (3.3.3.1) 130
Communicating with a Device on a Remote Network (3.3.3.2) 131
Summary (3.4) 134
Practice 135
Class Activities 135
Labs 135
Packet Tracer Activities 135
Check Your Understanding 135
Chapter 4 Application Layer 139
Objectives 139
Key Terms 139
Introduction (4.0.1.1) 140
Application Layer Protocols (4.1) 140
Application, Session, and Presentation (4.1.1) 140
OSI and TCP/IP Models Revisited (4.1.1.1) 140
Application Layer (4.1.1.2) 141
Presentation and Session Layers (4.1.1.3) 141
TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols (4.1.1.4) 143
Services at the Application Layer (4.1.1.5; 4.1.1.6) 144
Applications Interface with People and Other Applications (4.1.1.7) 145
How Application Protocols Interact with End-User Applications (4.1.2) 145
Peer-to-Peer Networks (4.1.2.1) 145
Peer-to-Peer Applications (4.1.2.2) 146
Common P2P Applications (4.1.2.3) 147
Client-Server Model (4.1.2.5) 148
Well-Known Application Layer Protocols and Services (4.2) 149
Everyday Application Layer Protocols (4.2.1) 149
Application Layer Protocols Revisited (4.2.1.1) 149
Hypertext Transfer Protocol and Hypertext Markup Language (4.2.1.2) 150
HTTP and HTTPS (4.2.1.3) 151
SMTP and POP (4.2.1.4-4.2.1.7) 152
Providing IP Addressing Services (4.2.2) 154
Domain Name Service (4.2.2.1) 154
DNS Message Format (4.2.2.2) 155
DNS Hierarchy (4.2.2.3) 156
nslookup (4.2.2.4) 157
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (4.2.2.6) 158
DHCP Operation (4.2.2.7) 159
Providing File Sharing Services (4.2.3) 161
File Transfer Protocol (4.2.3.1) 161
Server Message Block (4.2.3.4) 162
Summary (4.3) 164
Practice 165
Class Activities 165
Labs 165
Packet Tracer Activities 165
Check Your Understanding 166
Chapter 5 Transport Layer 169
Objectives 169
Key Terms 169
Introduction (5.0.1.1) 170
Transport Layer Protocols (5.1) 170
Transportation of Data (5.1.1) 170
Role of the Transport Layer (5.1.1.1, 5.1.1.2) 170
Conversation Multiplexing (5.1.1.3) 173
Transport Layer Reliability (5.1.1.4) 174
TCP (5.1.1.5) 175
UDP (5.1.1.6) 176
The Right Transport Layer Protocol for the Right
Application (5.1.1.7) 176
Introducing TCP and UDP (5.1.2) 178
Introducing TCP (5.1.2.1) 178
Role of TCP (5.1.2.2) 179
Introducing UDP (5.1.2.3) 180
Role of UDP (5.1.2.4) 181
Separating Multiple Communications (5.1.2.5) 181
TCP and UDP Port Addressing (5.1.2.6-5.1.2.9) 183
TCP and UDP Segmentation (5.1.2.10) 187
TCP and UDP (5.2) 188
TCP Communication (5.2.1) 188
TCP Reliable Delivery (5.2.1.1) 188
TCP Server Processes (5.2.1.2) 189
TCP Connection Establishment (5.2.1.3) 189
TCP Three-way Handshake Analysis: Step 1 (5.2.1.4) 191
TCP Three-way Handshake Analysis: Step 2 (5.2.1.5) 192
TCP Three-way Handshake Analysis: Step 3 (5.2.1.6) 193
TCP Session Termination Analysis (5.2.1.7) 194
Protocol Data Units (5.2.2) 195
TCP Reliability-Ordered Delivery (5.2.2.1) 195
TCP Reliability-Acknowledgement and Window Size (5.2.2.2) 196
TCP Reliability-Data Loss and Retransmission (5.2.2.3) 197
TCP Flow Control-Window Size and Acknowledgements (5.2.2.4) 198
TCP Flow Control-Congestion Avoidance (5.2.2.5) 199
UDP Communication (5.2.3) 201
UDP Low Overhead Versus Reliability (5.2.3.1) 201
UDP Datagram Reassembly (5.2.3.2) 201
UDP Server Processes and Requests (5.2.3.3) 202
UDP Client Processes (5.2.3.4) 202
TCP or UDP-That Is the Question (5.2.4) 203
Applications That Use TCP (5.2.4.1) 203
Applications That Use UDP (5.2.4.2) 203
Summary (5.3) 205
Practice 206
Class Activities 206
Labs 206
Packet Tracer Activity 206
Check Your Understanding 206
Chapter 6 Network Layer 211
Objectives 211
Key Terms 211
Introduction (6.0.1.1) 213
Network Layer Protocols (6.1) 213
Network Layer in Communication (6.1.1) 213
The Network Layer (6.1.1.1) 213
Network Layer Protocols (6.1.1.2) 214
Characteristics of the IP Protocol (6.1.2) 215
Characteristics of IP (6.1.2.1) 215
IP - Connectionless (6.1.2.2) 215
IP - Best-Effort Delivery (6.1.2.3) 216
IP - Media Independent (6.1.2.4) 217
Encapsulating IP (6.1.2.5) 217
IPv4 Packet (6.1.3) 218
IPv4 Packet Header (6.1.3.1) 218
IPv4 Header Fields (6.1.3.2) 220
Sample IPv4 Headers (6.1.3.3) 221
IPv6 Packet (6.1.4) 221
Limitations of IPv4 (6.1.4.1) 221
Introducing IPv6 (6.1.4.2) 222
Encapsulating IPv6 (6.1.4.3) 223
IPv6 Packet Header (6.1.4.4) 224
Sample IPv6 Headers (6.1.4.5) 225
Routing (6.2) 226
Host Routing Tables (6.2.1) 226
Host Packet Forwarding Decision (6.2.1.1) 226
IPv4 Host Routing Table (6.2.1.2) 227
IPv4 Host Routing Entries (6.2.1.3) 228
Sample IPv4 Host Routing Table (6.2.1.4) 229
Sample IPv6 Host Routing Table (6.2.1.5) 231
Router Routing Tables (6.2.2) 232
Router Packet Forwarding Decision (6.2.2.1) 232
IPv4 Router Routing Table (6.2.2.2) 233
Directly Connected Routing Table Entries (6.2.2.3) 234
Remote Network Routing Table Entries (6.2.2.4) 235
Next-Hop Address (6.2.2.5) 236
Sample Router IPv4 Routing Table (6.2.2.6) 236
Routers (6.3) 240
Anatomy of a Router (6.3.1) 240
A Router Is a Computer (6.3.1.1) 240
Router CPU and OS (6.3.1.2) 241
Router Memory (6.3.1.3) 241
Inside a Router (6.3.1.4) 243
Router Backplane (6.3.1.5) 244
Connecting to a Router (6.3.1.6) 245
LAN and WAN Interfaces (6.3.1.7) 245
Router Bootup (6.3.2) 247
Cisco IOS (6.3.2.1) 247
Bootset Files (6.3.2.2) 247
Router Bootup Process (6.3.2.3) 248
Show Version Output (6.3.2.4) 249
Configuring a Cisco Router (6.4) 251
Configure Initial Settings (6.4.1) 251
Router Configuration Steps (6.4.1.1) 251
Configure Interfaces (6.4.2) 252
Configure LAN Interfaces (6.4.2.1) 252
Verify Interface Configuration (6.4.2.2) 253
Configuring the Default Gateway (6.4.3) 254
Default Gateway on a Host (6.4.3.1) 254
Default Gateway on a Switch (6.4.3.2) 255
Summary (6.5) 258
Practice 259
Class Activities 259
Labs 259
Packet Tracer Activities 259
Check Your Understanding 260
Chapter 7 IP Addressing 265
Objectives 265
Key Terms 265
Introduction (7.0.1.1) 267
IPv4 Network Addresses (7.1) 267
IPv4 Address Structure (7.1.1) 267
Binary Notation (7.1.1.1) 267
Binary Number System (7.1.1.2) 269
Converting a Binary Address to Decimal (7.1.1.3) 271
Converting from Decimal to Binary (7.1.1.5, 7.1.1.6) 272
IPv4 Subnet Mask (7.1.2) 278
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address (7.1.2.1) 278
Examining the Prefix Length (7.1.2.2) 279
IPv4 Network, Host, and Broadcast Addresses (7.1.2.3) 281
First Host and Last Host Addresses (7.1.2.4) 284
Bitwise AND Operation (7.1.2.5) 286
Importance of ANDing (7.1.2.6) 288
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast (7.1.3) 290
Assigning a Static IPv4 Address to a Host (7.1.3.1) 290
Assigning a Dynamic IPv4 Address to a Host (7.1.3.2) 292
Unicast Transmission (7.1.3.3) 293
Broadcast Transmission (7.1.3.4) 294
Multicast Transmission (7.1.3.5) 296
Types of IPv4 Addresses (7.1.4) 298
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses (7.1.4.1) 298
Special-Use IPv4 Addresses (7.1.4.3) 299
Legacy Classful Addressing (7.1.4.4) 301
Assignment of IP Addresses (7.1.4.5, 7.1.4.6) 304
IPv6 Network Addresses (7.2) 307
IPv4 Issues (7.2.1) 307
The Need for IPv6 (7.2.1.1) 307
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence (7.2.1.2) 309
IPv6 Addressing (7.2.2) 310
Hexadecimal Number System (7.2.2.1) 310
IPv6 Address Representation (7.2.2.2) 312
Rule 1: Omitting Leading 0s (7.2.2.3) 313
Rule 2: Omitting All 0 Segments (7.2.2.4) 315
Types of IPv6 Addresses (7.2.3) 317
IPv6 Address Types (7.2.3.1) 317
IPv6 Prefix Length (7.2.3.2) 318
IPv6 Unicast Addresses (7.2.3.3) 319
IPv6 Link-Local Unicast Addresses (7.2.3.4) 321
IPv6 Unicast Addresses (7.2.4) 322
Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address (7.2.4.1) 322
Static Configuration of a Global Unicast Address (7.2.4.2) 324
Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast Address Using SLAAC (7.2.4.3) 326
Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast Address Using DHCPv6 (7.2.4.4) 329
EUI-64 Process or Randomly Generated (7.2.4.5) 330
Dynamic Link-Local Addresses (7.2.4.6) 332
Static Link-Local Addresses (7.2.4.7) 333
Verifying IPv6 Address Configuration (7.2.4.8) 334
IPv6 Multicast Addresses (7.2.5) 337
Solicited-Node IPv6 Multicast Addresses (7.2.5.2) 338
Connectivity Verification (7.3) 340
ICMP (7.3.1) 340
ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 Messages (7.3.1.1) 340
ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement Messages (7.3.1.2) 342
ICMPv6 Neighbor Solicitation and Neighbor
Advertisement Messages (7.3.1.3) 343
Testing and Verification (7.3.2) 344
Ping: Testing the Local Stack (7.3.2.1) 344
Ping: Testing Connectivity to the Local LAN (7.3.2.2) 345
Ping: Testing Connectivity to Remote Device (7.3.2.3) 346
Traceroute: Testing the Path (7.3.2.4) 347
Summary (7.4) 349
Practice 350
Class Activities 350
Labs 350
Packet Tracer Activities 350
Check Your Understanding 351
Chapter 8 Subnetting IP Networks 355
Objectives 355
Key Terms 355
Introduction (8.0.1.1) 356
Subnetting an IPv4 Network (8.1) 357
Network Segmentation (8.1.1) 357
Reasons for Subnetting (8.1.1.1) 357
Communication Between Subnets (8.1.1.2) 358
Subnetting an IPv4 Network (8.1.2) 359
Basic Subnetting (8.1.2.1) 359
Subnets in Use (8.1.2.2) 361
Subnetting Formulas (8.1.2.3) 364
Creating 4 Subnets (8.1.2.4) 365
Creating 8 Subnets (8.1.2.5) 368
Creating 100 Subnets with a /16 Prefix (8.1.2.10) 372
Calculating the Hosts (8.1.2.11) 374
Creating 1000 Subnets with a /8 Prefix (8.1.2.12) 375
Determining the Subnet Mask (8.1.3) 378
Subnetting Based on Host Requirements (8.1.3.1) 378
Subnetting Network-Based Requirements (8.1.3.2) 379
Subnetting to Meet Network Requirements (8.1.3.3, 8.1.3.4) 380
Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masking (8.1.4) 384
Traditional Subnetting Wastes Addresses (8.1.4.1) 384
VLSM (8.1.4.2) 386
Basic VLSM (8.1.4.3) 387
VLSM in Practice (8.1.4.4) 389
VLSM Chart (8.1.4.5) 391
Addressing Schemes (8.2) 393
Structured Design (8.2.1) 393
Planning to Address the Network (8.2.1.1) 393
Assigning Addresses to Devices (8.2.1.2) 394
Design Considerations for IPv6 (8.3) 397
Subnetting an IPv6 Network (8.3.1) 397
Subnetting Using the Subnet ID (8.3.1.1) 397
IPv6 Subnet Allocation (8.3.1.2) 399
Subnetting into the Interface ID (8.3.1.3) 400
Summary (8.4) 402
Practice 404
Class Activities 404
Labs 404
Packet Tracer Activities 404
Check Your Understanding 405
Chapter 9 Network Access 409
Objectives 409
Key Terms 409
Introduction (9.0.1.1) 411
Data Link Layer (9.1) 412
The Data Link Layer (9.1.1.1) 412
Data Link Sublayers (9.1.1.2) 413
Media Access Control (9.1.1.3) 414
Providing Access to Media (9.1.1.4) 415
Layer 2 Frame Structure (9.1.2) 416
Formatting Data for Transmission (9.1.2.1) 416
Creating a Frame (9.1.2.2) 417
Layer 2 Standards (9.1.3) 418
Data Link Layer Standards (9.1.3.1) 418
Media Access Control (9.2) 419
Topologies (9.2.1) 419
Controlling Access to the Media (9.2.1.1) 419
Physical and Logical Topologies (9.2.1.2) 420
WAN Topologies (9.2.2) 421
Common Physical WAN Topologies (9.2.2.1) 421
Physical Point-to-Point Topology (9.2.2.2) 422
Logical Point-to-Point Topology (9.2.2.3) 423
Half and Full Duplex (9.2.2.4) 424
LAN Topologies (9.2.3) 425
Physical LAN Topologies (9.2.3.1) 425
Logical Topology for Shared Media (9.2.3.2) 426
Contention-Based Access (9.2.3.3) 427
Multi-Access Topology (9.2.3.4) 429
Controlled Access (9.2.3.5) 429
Ring Topology (9.2.3.6) 431
Data Link Frame (9.2.4) 431
The Frame (9.2.4.1) 431
The Header (9.2.4.2) 433
Layer 2 Address (9.2.4.3) 433
The Trailer (9.2.4.4) 435
LAN and WAN Frames (9.2.4.5) 435
Ethernet Frame (9.2.4.6) 436
Point-to-Point (PPP) Frame (9.2.4.7) 437
802.11 Wireless Frame (9.2.4.8) 438
Physical Layer (9.3) 441
Purpose of the Physical Layer (9.3.1) 441
The Physical Layer (9.3.1.1) 441
Physical Layer Media (9.3.1.2) 442
Physical Layer Standards (9.3.1.3) 443
Characteristics of the Physical Layer (9.3.2) 444
Physical Layer Functions (9.3.2.1) 445
Physical Components (9.3.2.2) 445
Frame Encoding Techniques (9.3.2.3) 446
Signaling Method (9.3.2.4) 447
Bandwidth (9.3.2.5) 449
Throughput (9.3.2.6) 450
Network Media (9.4) 451
Copper Cabling (9.4.1) 452
Characteristics of Copper Media (9.4.1.1) 452
Copper Media (9.4.1.2) 453
UTP Cable (9.4.1.3) 454
STP Cable (9.4.1.4) 454
Coaxial Cable (9.4.1.5) 455
Copper Media Safety (9.4.1.6) 457
UTP Cabling (9.4.2) 458
Properties of UTP Cabling (9.4.2.1) 458
UTP Cabling Standards (9.4.2.2) 459
UTP Connectors (9.4.2.3) 460
Types of UTP Cable (9.4.2.4) 461
LAN Cabling Areas (9.4.2.5) 462
Testing UTP Cables (9.4.2.6) 464
Fiber Optic Cabling (9.4.3) 465
Properties of Fiber Optic Cabling (9.4.3.1) 465
Fiber Media Cable Design (9.4.3.2) 466
Types of Fiber Media (9.4.3.3) 466
Network Fiber Connectors (9.4.3.4) 468
Testing Fiber Cables (9.4.3.5) 470
Fiber Versus Copper (9.4.3.6) 471
Wireless Media (9.4.4) 472
Properties of Wireless Media (9.4.4.1) 472
Types of Wireless Media (9.4.4.2) 473
Wireless LAN (9.4.4.3) 475
802.11 Wi-Fi Standards (9.4.4.4) 476
Summary (9.5) 478
Practice 480
Class Activities 480
Labs 480
Packet Tracer Activity 480
Check Your Understanding 481
Chapter 10 Ethernet 485
Objectives 485
Key Terms 485
Introduction (10.0.1.1) 486
Ethernet Protocol (10.1) 487
Ethernet Operation (10.1.1) 487
LLC and MAC Sublayers (10.1.1.1) 487
MAC Sublayer (10.1.1.2) 489
Media Access Control (10.1.1.3) 490
MAC Address: Ethernet Identity (10.1.1.4) 492
Frame Processing (10.1.1.5) 493
Ethernet Frame Attributes (10.1.2) 494
Ethernet Encapsulation (10.1.2.1) 494
Ethernet Frame Size (10.1.2.2) 495
Introduction to the Ethernet Frame (10.1.2.3) 496
Ethernet MAC (10.1.3) 497
MAC Addresses and Hexadecimal (10.1.3.1) 497
MAC Address Representations (10.1.3.2) 500
Unicast MAC Address (10.1.3.3) 500
Broadcast MAC Address (10.1.3.4) 501
Multicast MAC Address (10.1.3.5) 501
Mac and IP (10.1.4) 502
MAC and IP (10.1.4.1) 502
End-to-End Connectivity, MAC, and IP (10.1.4.2) 503
Address Resolution Protocol (10.2) 504
Introduction to ARP (10.2.1.1) 504
ARP Functions (10.2.1.2) 504
ARP Operation (10.2.1.3) 505
ARP Role in Remote Communication (10.2.1.4) 508
Removing Entries from an ARP Table (10.2.1.5) 512
ARP Tables on Networking Devices (10.2.1.6) 512
ARP Issues (10.2.2) 514
How ARP Can Create Problems (10.2.2.1) 514
Mitigating ARP Problems (10.2.2.2) 515
LAN Switches (10.3) 516
Switching (10.3.1) 516
Switch Port Fundamentals (10.3.1.1) 516
Switch MAC Address Table (10.3.1.2) 517
Duplex Settings (10.3.1.3) 521
Auto-MDIX (10.3.1.4) 522
Frame Forwarding Methods on Cisco Switches (10.3.1.5) 523
Cut-Through Switching (10.3.1.6) 524
Memory Buffering on Switches (10.3.1.8) 525
Fixed or Modular (10.3.2) 526
Fixed Versus Modular Configuration (10.3.2.1) 526
Fixed Configuration Cisco Switches (10.3.2.2) 528
Modular Configuration Cisco Switches (10.3.2.3) 531
Module Options for Cisco Switch Slots (10.3.2.4) 533
Layer 3 Switching (10.3.3) 535
Layer 2 Versus Layer 3 Switching (10.3.3.1) 535
Cisco Express Forwarding (10.3.3.2) 536
Types of Layer 3 Interfaces (10.3.3.3) 537
Configuring a Routed Port on a Layer 3 Switch (10.3.3.4) 538
Summary (10.4) 540
Practice 541
Class Activities 542
Labs 542
Packet Tracer Activities 542
Check Your Understanding 542
Chapter 11 It's a Network 545
Objectives 545
Key Terms 545
Introduction (11.0.1.1) 547
Create and Grow (11.1) 547
Devices in a Small Network (11.1.1) 547
Small Network Topologies (11.1.1.1) 547
Device Selection for a Small Network (11.1.1.2) 548
IP Addressing for a Small Network (11.1.1.3) 550
Redundancy in a Small Network (11.1.1.4) 551
Design Considerations for a Small Network (11.1.1.5) 552
Protocols in a Small Network (11.1.2) 553
Common Applications in a Small Network (11.1.2.1) 554
Common Protocols in a Small Network (11.1.2.2) 555
Real-Time Applications for a Small Network (11.1.2.3) 556
Growing to Larger Networks (11.1.3) 557
Scaling a Small Network (11.1.3.1) 557
Protocol Analysis of a Small Network (11.1.3.2) 558
Evolving Protocol Requirements (11.1.3.3) 559
Keeping the Network Safe (11.2) 560
Network Device Security Measures (11.2.1) 560
Categories of Threats to Network Security (11.2.1.1) 560
Physical Security (11.2.1.2) 561
Types of Security Vulnerabilities (11.2.1.3) 562
Vulnerabilities and Network Attacks (11.2.2) 564
Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses (11.2.2.1) 564
Network Attacks (11.2.2.2) 565
Mitigating Network Attacks (11.2.3) 567
Backup, Upgrade, Update, and Patch (11.2.3.1) 567
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (11.2.3.2) 568
Firewalls (11.2.3.3) 570
Endpoint Security (11.2.3.4) 571
Securing Devices (11.2.4) 572
Introduction to Securing Devices (11.2.4.1) 572
Passwords (11.2.4.2) 573
Basic Security Practices (11.2.4.3) 574
Enable SSH (11.2.4.4) 576
Basic Network Performance (11.3) 578
Ping (11.3.1) 578
Interpreting Ping Results (11.3.1.1) 578
Extended Ping (11.3.1.2) 580
Network Baseline (11.3.1.3) 581
Tracert (11.3.2) 583
Interpreting Tracert Messages (11.3.2.1) 583
show Commands (11.3.3) 585
Common show Commands Revisited (11.3.3.1) 585
Viewing Router Settings with the show version Command (11.3.3.2) 588
Viewing Switch Settings with the show version Command (11.3.3.3) 589
Host and IOS Commands (11.3.4) 590
ipconfig Command Options (11.3.4.1) 590
arp Command Options (11.3.4.2) 591
show cdp neighbors Command Options (11.3.4.3) 592
Using the show ip interface brief Command (11.3.4.4) 594
Managing IOS Configuration Files (11.4) 596
Router and Switch File Systems (11.4.1) 596
Router File Systems (11.4.1.1) 596
Switch File Systems (11.4.1.2) 598
Back Up and Restore Configuration Files (11.4.2) 599
Backing Up and Restoring Using Text Files (11.4.2.1) 600
Backing Up and Restoring Using TFTP (11.4.2.2) 601
Using USB Ports on a Cisco Router (11.4.2.3) 602
Backing Up and Restoring Using a USB (11.4.2.4) 603
Summary (11.5) 607
Practice 608
Class Activities 609
Labs 609
Packet Tracer Activities 609
Check Your Understanding 609
Appendix A Answers to the "Check Your Understanding" Questions 613
Glossary 625
TOC, 9781587133176, MF