Water-Quality Engineering in Natural Systems

1. Introduction 1 1.1 The Problem 1 1.2 Sources of Water Pollution 3 1.3 Control of Water Pollution 10 2. Water Quality 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Physical Measures 14 2.3 Chemical Measures 19 2.4 Biological Measures 40 Problems 52 3. Fundamentals of Fate and Transport 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 The Advection-Diffusion Equation 57 3.3 Fundamental Solutions of the Advection-Diffusion Equation 70 3.4 Transport of Suspended Particles 123 3.5 Turbulent Diffusion 127 3.6 Dispersion 139 Problems 147 4. Rivers and Streams 159 4.1 Introduction 159 4.2 Transport Processes 162 4.3 Models of Spills 184 4.4 Models of Dissolved Oxygen 195 4.5 Models of Nutrients 238 4.6 Models of Pathogens 241 4.7 Contaminant Loads 244 4.8 Management and Restoration 267 Problems 274 5. Ground Water 289 5.1 Introduction 289 5.2 Contaminant Sources 290 5.3 Fate and Transport Models 300 5.4 Transport Processes 326 5.5 Fate Processes 313 5.6 Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids 345 5.7 Monitoring Wells 356 5.8 Remediation of Subsurface Contamination 364 Problems 399 6. Watersheds 413 6.1 Introduction 413 6.2 Urban Watersheds 415 6.3 Agricultural Watersheds 454 6.4 Airsheds 489 Problems 490 7. Lakes and Reservoirs 495 7.1 Introduction 495 7.2 Physical Processes 500 7.3 Eutrophication 507 7.4 Thermal Stratification 522 7.5 Water-Quality Models 534 7.6 Management and Restoration 561 Problems 576 8. Wetlands 585 8.1 Introduction 585 8.2 Natural Wetlands 585 8.3 Constructed Treatment Wetlands 599 Problems 626 9. Oceans and Estuaries 629 9.1 Introduction 629 9.2 Ocean-Outfall Discharges 730 9.3 Estuaries 672 Problems 691 10. Analysis of Water Quality Measurements 697 10.1 Introduction 697 10.2 Probability Distributions 698 10.3 Fundamental Probability Distributions 701 10.4 Derived Probability Distributions 710 10.5 Estimation of Population Distribution from Sample Data 715 10.6 Estimation of Parameters of Population Distribution 723 10.7 Probability Distributions of Sample Statistics 731 10.8 Confidence Intervals 737 10.9 Hypothesis Testing 741 10.10 Relationships between Variables 757 10.11 Functions of Random Variables 766 10.12 Kriging 773 Problems 788 11. Modeling of Water-Quality 799 11.1 Introduction 799 11.2 Code Selection 801 11.3 Calibration 802 11.4 Validation 833 11.5 Simulation 834 11.6 Uncertainty Analysis 834 A. Units and Conversion Factors 843 B. Fluid Properties 849 C. Statistical Tables 855 D. Special Functions 863