Detonation of Condensed Explosives
Published on 18. December 1992
Book
Hardback
XXII, 427 pages
978-0-387-97898-7 (ISBN)
Description
This work marks a stage in the evolution of a scientific and technical field which has been developed by the Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA) over several decades. Many members of the staff of the CEA have won re nown in this field, and their work has brought it to the high degree of excel lence for which it is internationally recognized today. These scientists had to consider every aspect of the field, as it concerned: modeling, which has recourse to fluid thermodynamics, molecular phys ics, and chemistry; numerical evaluation, which relies on mathematical analysis and data processing; and experiments in the firing area, which require specific stress generators and instrumentation. Whilst this book is a testament to the activity and success of staff of the CEA, it also reviews a number ofthe advances made in the discipline. How ever, it is not intended to be an exhaustive account of those advances; it is assumed that the reader can, if desired, consult the standard monographs, and more recent, more specialized works (notably W.C. Davis and W. Fickett, and C.L. Mader). The history of the discipline is interesting in itself, and also as an illustra tion of the causes which lead to progress in a coherent body of scientific work. I should like to make some comments on this progress, of which there is a fascinating summary in the introduction, and which will figure largely throughout the work.
More details
Series
Edition
1993
Language
English
Place of publication
NY
United States
Target group
Research
Product notice
sewn/stitched
Cloth over boards
Illustrations
Bibliography
Dimensions
Height: 0 mm
Width: 0 mm
Weight
940 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-387-97898-7 (9780387978987)
DOI
10.1007/978-1-4613-9284-2
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Additional editions
Content
0 and v(?p/?e)(v, e) > ?2.- 1.4. Properties if, in Addition, (?p/?v)(v, e) < 0.- 1.5. Conclusion.- 2. Properties of the Crussard Curve (H).- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Differential Relations on (H).- 2.3. Chapman-Jouguet Points on (H).- 2.4. Hugoniot Curves over (D).- 2.5. Point at Infinity.- 2.6. Intersection of (H) and (Rµ0).- 3. Considerations Specific to Detonations.- 3.1. Properties of the Detonation Arc (H+).- 3.2. Jouguet's Conjecture.- 3.3. Current Experimental Results.- 3.4. Interpretation of Observed Detonations.- 4. Particular Case of a Polytropic Fluid.- 4.1. Definition and General Properties.- 4.2. Shock: Pressure and Mass Volume Jumps.- 4.3. Shock: Normal Velocity Jump and Deflection.- 5. Some Mathematical Aspects.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Characteristic Curves.- 5.3. Weak Solutions.- 5.4. Nonuniqueness and Selection Criteria.- 5.5. The Case of Systems.- III The Detonation Layer.- 1. General Features of the Model.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Conservation Equations in Local Variables.- 1.3. Evolution of Chemical Species.- 1.4. Characteristic Quantities and External Variables.- 1.5. Perturbation Parameter and Internal Variables.- 1.6. Zero-Order Structures: Notion of Quasi C-J Detonation.- 2. Zero-Order Internal Structure.- 2.1. Equations.- 2.2. Existence and Behavior at Infinity.- 3. Zero-Order External Downstream Structure.- 3.1. Equations.- 3.2. Behavior in Downstream State of a Simple Detonation.- 4. Zero-Order Composite Structure of a Simple Detonation.- 4.1. Description in the Neighborhood of the Downstream State.- 4.2. Rules of Propagation; Notion of Autonomous Detonation.- 5. One-Dimensional Detonations.- 5.1. Zero-Order External Structure Equations.- 5.2. Divergent Simple Detonation (N = 1 or 2).- 5.3. Convergent Simple Detonation.- 6. The Beginnings and Limits of Detonation.- 6.1. Priming Boundary and Free Boundaries.- 6.2. Birth of a Simple Detonation.- 6.3. Extinction or Bifurcation of an Autonomous Simple Detonation.- References to Part One.- Two Molecular Mechanisms of Explosive Decomposition.- IV Sensitivity to "Shock" and Molecular Structure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Concept of Explosophore Group.- 3. The Case of Nitro Explosives.- 3.1. Sensitivity to "Shock" and Amount of NO2 Released.- 3.2. Sensitivity to "Shock" and Conditions of Release of NO2.- V Sensitivity to "Shock" and Electronic Structure.- 1. Electronic Structure in the Fundamental State.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Distribution of Electrons in the Isolated Molecule.- 1.3. Influence of the Crystalline Environment.- 1.4. Electronic Structure Before Excitation.- 2. Electronic Structure After Excitation.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Molecular Parameter of Sensitivity to "Shock".- 2.3. Notion of Explosophore Bond.- 2.4. Sensitivity Scale.- 3. Conclusion.- VI Explosive Decomposition.- 1. Reaction Mechanisms.- 1.1. Monomolecular Decomposition.- 1.2. Polymolecular Decomposition.- 2. Theoretical Approach.- 2.1. Molecular Population Downstream of a Shock Wave.- 2.2. Birth of Explosive Decomposition.- 3. Experimental Approach.- 3.1. The Principles of High-Speed Raman Spectrometry.- 3.2. Experimental Set-Up.- 3.3. Results and Discussion.- 4. Conclusion.- References to Part Two.- Three Macroscopic Mechanisms of Generation of Detonation.- VII Cooperative Mechanisms.- 1. Ignition.- 1.1. The Hot Spot Concept.- 1.2. Ignition by Pore Collapse.- 1.3. Ignition by Mesoscopic Shear.- 2. Induction.- 2.1. From Ignition to Propagation.- 2.2. Coupling to the Reaction Scheme.- References.- VIII Coupling of Decomposition and Motion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Modeling of Two-Component Reactive Fluid.- 2.1. Balance Equations for Each Component.- 2.2. Balance Equations for the Mixture.- 2.3. Comparison.- 3. One-Dimensional Rectilinear Reactive Flow.- 3.1. Model and Reference Algorithm.- 3.2. Modifications According to Source Term.- 3.3. Modifications According to Exchange Terms.- 3.4. The Use of Pseudopotential p(v, e).- 4. Decomposition Law.- 4.1. Temporary Solutions.- 4.2. From Hot Spot to Reactivity.- 4.3. Ingredients of a Unified Theory.- References.- IX Generation of Detonation by Plane Shock.- 1. From Shock to Detonation.- 1.1. Field of Investigation.- 1.2. General Aspects of Propagation.- 1.3. Time and Run to Detonation.- 2. "Sensitivity" of an Explosive Substance.- 2.1. Detonability Thresholds by One-Dimensional Impact.- 2.2. Detonability Thresholds by Two-Dimensional Impact.- 2.3. Nonmolecular Factors of "Sensitivity".- 3. Reactivity of an Explosive Substance.- 3.1. Unified Model.- 3.2. Lagrangian Analysis.- 3.3. Eulerian Approximation.- References.- Four The Dynamic Characterization of Explosives.- X Experimental Methods.- 1. Optical Techniques.- 1.1. Light Sources.- 1.2. High-Speed Cinematography and Photography.- 1.3. Slit Scanning Cameras.- 1.4. Velocimetry by Doppler Laser Interferometry.- 2. Electronic Techniques.- 2.1. Probes and Gauges.- 2.2. Recording Methods.- 3. Radiographic Techniques.- 3.1. Flash Radiographic Generators.- 3.2. Recording Techniques.- 3.3. Plate Processing Techniques.- 4. Stress Generators.- 4.1. Explosive Generators.- 4.2. Launchers.- References.- XI Elementary Configurations of Simple Detonation.- 1. Tradition: Good Points and Bad Points.- 2. Axisymmetric Configurations.- 2.1. Traditional Regime.- 2.2. Lateral Priming Regime.- 3. Spherical Configurations.- 3.1. Explosion Regime.- 3.2. Implosion Regime.- 4. Break of a Quasi C-J Autonomous Detonation.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. From Frontal Break to Oblique Break.- 4.3. From Automorphous Detonation to Guided Detonation.- References.- XII Numerical Predictions.- 1. Purpose and Value of Prediction.- 1.1. Prediction Levels and Elementary Problem.- 1.2. Preliminary Questions.- 1.3. Equations of the Current Point of (D).- 1.4. Normal Form of the Internal Energy Variation e - e0.- 1.5. Normal Form of the Thermodynamic Coefficients.- 1.6. Validation Criteria.- 2. Functions of State.- 2.1. Introduction to Estimation of F.- 2.2. Semiempirical Estimations of F.- 2.3. JCZ Estimations of F.- 2.4. Ab initio Estimations of F.- 2.5. Introduction to the Estimation of ?j.- 3. Numerical Codes.- 3.1. Algorithms.- 3.2. Thermochemical Data.- 3.3. Ab initio Parameters and Floating Parameters.- 4. Results.- 4.1. Points of Comparison.- 4.2. Analytical Representation of (D).- 4.3. Singular Lines on (D).- References.- Epilogue.- Appendices (A, B, C, D, E).- Signs, Symbols, and Characters.