CompTIA CySA+ Study Guide
Exam CS0-004
4th Edition
Will be published approx. on 8. September 2026
Book
Paperback/Softback
560 pages
978-1-394-41487-1 (ISBN)
Description
Prepare for the CompTIA CySA+ CS0-004 exam with comprehensive study resources
CompTIA CySA+ Study Guide: Exam CS0-004, Fourth Edition delivers targeted preparation for the updated CS0-004 certification exam. This edition covers the revised exam objectives for security operations, vulnerability management, incident response and management, and reporting and communication exam domains. Written by experienced cybersecurity educators Mike Chapple and David Seidl, the CompTIA CySA+ Study Guide provides the technical depth and practical focus that certification candidates require.
The study guide includes chapter review questions, hands-on exercises, and access to detailed and accurate online resources that increase competency, decrease test anxiety, and build job-ready performance for cybersecurity roles. Readers will find detailed coverage of threat intelligence and security monitoring. Each chapter concludes with exam essentials that summarize key concepts and identify critical knowledge areas for the certification exam.
You'll also discover:
Detailed explanations of vulnerability scanning tools, penetration testing methodologies, and security assessment techniques aligned with CS0-004 objectives
Coverage of SIEM platforms, log analysis, and network traffic analysis for security operations center environments
Incident response procedures including containment strategies, eradication techniques, and recovery processes for enterprise environments
Compliance and governance frameworks including PCI DSS, HIPAA, and GDPR requirements relevant to cybersecurity analysts
Complimentary access to Sybex's proven library of digital resources, online test bank, bonus questions, flashcards, and glossary of industry terminology
CompTIA CySA+ Study Guide: Exam CS0-004 serves cybersecurity analysts, security operations center staff, and IT professionals pursuing the CySA+ certification. The guide prepares candidates for roles requiring threat detection, vulnerability management, and incident response skills validated by the CS0-004 exam.
CompTIA CySA+ Study Guide: Exam CS0-004, Fourth Edition delivers targeted preparation for the updated CS0-004 certification exam. This edition covers the revised exam objectives for security operations, vulnerability management, incident response and management, and reporting and communication exam domains. Written by experienced cybersecurity educators Mike Chapple and David Seidl, the CompTIA CySA+ Study Guide provides the technical depth and practical focus that certification candidates require.
The study guide includes chapter review questions, hands-on exercises, and access to detailed and accurate online resources that increase competency, decrease test anxiety, and build job-ready performance for cybersecurity roles. Readers will find detailed coverage of threat intelligence and security monitoring. Each chapter concludes with exam essentials that summarize key concepts and identify critical knowledge areas for the certification exam.
You'll also discover:
Detailed explanations of vulnerability scanning tools, penetration testing methodologies, and security assessment techniques aligned with CS0-004 objectives
Coverage of SIEM platforms, log analysis, and network traffic analysis for security operations center environments
Incident response procedures including containment strategies, eradication techniques, and recovery processes for enterprise environments
Compliance and governance frameworks including PCI DSS, HIPAA, and GDPR requirements relevant to cybersecurity analysts
Complimentary access to Sybex's proven library of digital resources, online test bank, bonus questions, flashcards, and glossary of industry terminology
CompTIA CySA+ Study Guide: Exam CS0-004 serves cybersecurity analysts, security operations center staff, and IT professionals pursuing the CySA+ certification. The guide prepares candidates for roles requiring threat detection, vulnerability management, and incident response skills validated by the CS0-004 exam.
More details
Series
Edition
4th edition
Language
English
Place of publication
New York
United States
Publishing group
John Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN-13
978-1-394-41487-1 (9781394414871)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Previous edition
Book
07/2023
3rd Edition
Sybex Inc.,U.S.
€59.00
Shipment within 15-20 days
Persons
MIKE CHAPPLE, PhD, Security+, CySA+, CISSP, is Teaching Professor of Information Technology, Analytics, and Operations at Notre Dame's Mendoza College of Business. He is a bestselling author of over 50 books and serves as the Academic Director of the University's Master of Science in Business Analytics program. He holds multiple certifications, including the CISSP (Certified Information Systems Security Professional), CySA+ (CompTIA Cybersecurity Analyst), CIPP/US (Certified Information Privacy Professional), CompTIA PenTest+, and CompTIA Security+. Mike provides cybersecurity certification resources at his website, CertMike.com.
DAVID SEIDL, CYSA+, PENTEST+, CISSP, is Vice President for Information Technology and CIO at Miami University and and is also a top selling cybersecurity author who has written over two dozen books. David brings years of hands-on security experience in a variety of roles, including as a practitioner, leader, and instructor.
DAVID SEIDL, CYSA+, PENTEST+, CISSP, is Vice President for Information Technology and CIO at Miami University and and is also a top selling cybersecurity author who has written over two dozen books. David brings years of hands-on security experience in a variety of roles, including as a practitioner, leader, and instructor.
Content
Contents
Introduction xxiii
Assessment Test xxxvii
Chapter 1 Today's Cybersecurity Analyst 1
Cybersecurity Objectives 2
Privacy vs. Security 3
Evaluating Security Risks 4
Identify Threats 6
Identify Vulnerabilities 9
Determine Likelihood, Impact, and Risk 9
Reviewing Controls 10
Building a Secure Network 11
Network Access Control 11
Firewalls and Network Perimeter Security 13
Network Segmentation 16
Defense Through Deception 18
Secure Endpoint Management 18
Hardening System Configurations 18
Patch Management 19
Group Policies 19
Endpoint Security Software 20
Penetration Testing 21
Planning a Penetration Test 22
Conducting Discovery 22
Executing a Penetration Test 23
Communicating Penetration Test Results 24
Training and Exercises 24
Efficiency and Process Improvement 24
Standardize Processes 25
Cybersecurity Automation 25
Technology and Tool Integration 26
Bringing Efficiency to Incident Response 27
Artificial Intelligence in Security Operations 29
AI Use Cases 29
AI Governance 30
AI Risks 31
Summary 32
Exam Essentials 33
Lab Exercises 34
Review Questions 39
Answers to Review Questions 43
Answers to Lab Exercises 46
Chapter 2 System and Network Architecture 49
Infrastructure Concepts and Design 50
Cloud-Native 51
Virtualization 52
Containerization 52
Application Programming Interfaces 53
Critical Infrastructure Concepts 54
Operating System Concepts 56
System Hardening 56
Hardening and the Windows Registry 57
File Structure and File Locations 58
System Processes 59
Logging, Logs, and Log Ingestion 60
Log Ingestion 60
Configuring logs 61
Time Synchronization 63
Log Retention 64
Ensuring Log Integrity 65
General Logging Considerations 65
Network Architecture 66
On-Premises 66
Cloud 67
Hybrid Cloud 68
Network Segmentation 68
Software-Defined Networking 69
Zero Trust Network Architecture 70
Secure Access Service Edge 71
Device Management 72
Endpoint Management 72
Mobile Device Management 73
Identity and Access Management 74
Multifactor Authentication 74
Passwordless 76
Single Sign-On 76
Federation 77
Privileged Access Management 81
Secrets Management 82
Encryption and Sensitive Data Protection 83
Encryption Techniques 83
Public Key Infrastructure 85
Data Protection 86
Exam Essentials 88
Lab Exercises 89
Review Questions 92
Answers to Review Questions 96
Answers to Lab Exercises 98
Chapter 3 Malicious Activity 99
Network-Related Indicators 101
Detecting Common Network-Related Indicators 102
Enumeration 106
Detecting Other Network Attacks 107
Detecting and Finding Rogue Devices 108
Host-Related Indicators 110
System Resources 110
Unauthorized Software and Suspicious and Rogue Processes 114
Anomalous Activity 115
Unauthorized Configuration 117
Cloud-Related Attacks 119
Social Engineering Attacks 120
Identity-Based Indicators 121
Email-Related Attacks 122
Investigating Service- and Application-Related Issues 122
Application and Service Monitoring 123
Determining Malicious Activity Using Tools and Techniques 127
Decoding and Parsing Data and Files 127
Packet Capture and Analysis 128
Logs, Log Analysis, and Correlation 130
Logs and Log Analysis 130
Threat Intelligence Platforms 135
Endpoint Security 136
DNS and IP Reputation 137
Common Techniques for Detecting Malicious Activity 139
Exam Essentials 151
Lab Exercises 153
Review Questions 155
Answers to Review Questions 158
Chapter 4 Threat Intelligence 161
Collecting Threat Data 162
Open-Source Intelligence 163
Proprietary and Closed-Source Intelligence 165
Confidence-Level Impacts: Threat Intelligence Quality 166
Threat Intelligence Sharing 167
The Intelligence Cycle 169
Threat Classification 171
Threat Actors 171
Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures 172
Threat Modeling 175
Threat Mapping 176
Applying Threat Intelligence Organization-Wide 177
Proactive Threat Hunting 177
Indicators of Compromise 178
Cyber Deception 180
Exam Essentials 180
Lab Exercises 181
Review Questions 185
Answers to Review Questions 188
Chapter 5 Reconnaissance and Intelligence Gathering 191
Mapping Scans, Enumeration, and Asset Discovery 192
Active Reconnaissance 193
Network Scanning and Mapping 194
Pinging Hosts 195
Port Scanning and Service Discovery Techniques and Tools 197
Asset Inventory 207
Exam Essentials 208
Lab Exercises 208
Review Questions 212
Answers to Review Questions 216
Answers to Lab Exercises 218
Chapter 6 Designing a Vulnerability Management Program 219
Identifying Vulnerability Management Requirements 221
Regulatory Environment 221
Corporate Policy 224
Industry Standards 224
Identifying Scan Targets 225
Scheduling Scans 226
Active vs. Passive Scanning 228
Configuring and Executing Vulnerability Scans 229
Scoping Vulnerability Scans 229
Configuring Vulnerability Scans 230
Scanner Maintenance 235
Developing a Remediation Workflow 238
Reporting and Communication 239
Prioritizing Remediation 240
Testing and Implementing Fixes 242
Delayed Remediation Options 243
Overcoming Risks of Vulnerability Scanning 243
Vulnerability Assessment Tools 245
Infrastructure Vulnerability Scanning 245
Cloud Infrastructure Assessment Tools 245
Web Application Scanning 250
Interception Proxies 250
Breach Attack Simulation (BAS) Tools 252
Exam Essentials 254
Lab Exercises 255
Review Questions 257
Answers to Review Questions 261
Chapter 7 Analyzing Vulnerability Scans 265
Reviewing and Interpreting Scan Reports 266
Understanding CVSS 269
Validating Scan Results 277
Scan Error Types 277
Documented Exceptions 278
Understanding Informational Results 278
Reconciling Scan Results with Other Data Sources 279
Trend Analysis 280
Context Awareness 280
Prioritization Criteria 281
Exploitability 281
Active Exploitation and Threat Intelligence 282
Asset Value 283
Impact 283
Patch/Remediation Availability 283
Common Vulnerabilities 284
Server and Endpoint Vulnerabilities 284
Network Vulnerabilities 290
Critical Infrastructure and Operational Technology 296
Web Application Vulnerabilities 297
Identification and Authentication Failures 303
Data Poisoning 305
Exam Essentials 305
Lab Exercises 306
Review Questions 309
Answers to Review Questions 313
Chapter 8 Managing Risk 317
Policies and Governance Controls 319
Policies 320
Standards 321
Procedures 322
Guidelines 324
Exceptions and Compensating Controls 324
Analyzing Risk 326
Risk Identification 327
Risk Calculation 327
Business Impact Analysis 328
Risk Profile and Appetite 332
Classifying Threats 333
Threat Research and Modeling 333
Managing Risk 335
Risk Mitigation 336
Risk Avoidance 337
Risk Transference 337
Risk Acceptance 337
Planning Mitigation Strategies 338
Attack Surface Management 338
Configuration and Change Management 339
Patch Management 340
Implementing Security Controls 340
Security Control Types 341
Security Control Functions 341
Secure Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) 342
SDLC Phases 343
Designing and Coding for Security 345
Common Software Development Security Issues 345
Secure Coding Best Practices 347
Application Security Testing 347
Application Security Assessment: Testing and Analyzing Code 347
Software Assurance Maturity Model (SAMM) 352
Exam Essentials 353
Lab Exercises 356
Review Questions 358
Answers to Review Questions 362
Answers to Lab Exercises 364
Chapter 9 Building an Incident Response Program 367
Cybersecurity Incidents 368
Incident Response Process 369
Preparation 370
Detection and Analysis 371
Containment, Eradication, and Recovery 372
Post-Incident Activity 373
Building the Foundation for Incident Response 376
Policies 377
Procedures and Playbooks 378
Documenting the Incident Response Plan 379
Creating an Incident Response Team 380
CSIRT Scope of Control 381
Attack Frameworks 382
MITRE ATT&CK 382
Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis 383
Cyber Kill Chain 385
Exam Essentials 387
Lab Exercises 388
Review Questions 391
Answers to Review Questions 395
Answers to Lab Exercises 397
Chapter 10 Evidence and Analysis 399
Evidence 400
Evidence Acquisition 400
Drive Imaging 402
Imaging Live Systems 402
Acquiring Other Data 402
Preserving Evidence 406
Preservation and Chain of Custody 407
Data Integrity Validation 407
Legal Hold 409
Evidence Analysis 410
Conducting a Forensic Analysis 410
Evidence Handling 411
Reporting and Analysis 413
Lessons Learned 414
Exam Essentials 416
Lab Exercises 416
Review Questions 420
Answers to Review Questions 424
Answers to Lab Exercises 426
Chapter 11 Containment, Eradication, and Recovery 427
Containing the Damage 428
Isolation 430
Escalation 434
Evidence Acquisition and Handling 435
Identifying Attackers 435
Incident Eradication and Recovery 436
Remediation and Reimaging 437
Patching Systems and Applications 438
Sanitization and Secure Disposal 438
Validating Data Integrity 439
Wrapping Up the Response 440
Managing Change Control Processes 440
Conducting a Lessons-Learned Session 441
Developing a Final Report 441
Evidence Retention 442
Continuous Monitoring 442
Exam Essentials 443
Lab Exercises 444
Review Questions 446
Answers to Review Questions 449
Answers to Lab Exercises 452
Chapter 12 Reporting and Communication 453
Vulnerability Management Reporting and Communication 454
Compliance Findings and Reports 455
Action Plans 456
Stakeholder Identification and Communication 458
Vulnerability Management Metrics and KPIs 459
Inhibitors to Remediation 460
Security Operations and Incident Response Reporting and Communication 461
Security Operations Communications 462
Incident Declaration and Escalation 462
Incident Response Reporting 463
Post-Incident Reporting 468
Incident Response Metrics and KPIs 471
Exam Essentials 472
Lab Exercises 473
Review Questions 476
Answers to Review Questions 480
Answers to Lab Exercises 482
Index 483
Introduction xxiii
Assessment Test xxxvii
Chapter 1 Today's Cybersecurity Analyst 1
Cybersecurity Objectives 2
Privacy vs. Security 3
Evaluating Security Risks 4
Identify Threats 6
Identify Vulnerabilities 9
Determine Likelihood, Impact, and Risk 9
Reviewing Controls 10
Building a Secure Network 11
Network Access Control 11
Firewalls and Network Perimeter Security 13
Network Segmentation 16
Defense Through Deception 18
Secure Endpoint Management 18
Hardening System Configurations 18
Patch Management 19
Group Policies 19
Endpoint Security Software 20
Penetration Testing 21
Planning a Penetration Test 22
Conducting Discovery 22
Executing a Penetration Test 23
Communicating Penetration Test Results 24
Training and Exercises 24
Efficiency and Process Improvement 24
Standardize Processes 25
Cybersecurity Automation 25
Technology and Tool Integration 26
Bringing Efficiency to Incident Response 27
Artificial Intelligence in Security Operations 29
AI Use Cases 29
AI Governance 30
AI Risks 31
Summary 32
Exam Essentials 33
Lab Exercises 34
Review Questions 39
Answers to Review Questions 43
Answers to Lab Exercises 46
Chapter 2 System and Network Architecture 49
Infrastructure Concepts and Design 50
Cloud-Native 51
Virtualization 52
Containerization 52
Application Programming Interfaces 53
Critical Infrastructure Concepts 54
Operating System Concepts 56
System Hardening 56
Hardening and the Windows Registry 57
File Structure and File Locations 58
System Processes 59
Logging, Logs, and Log Ingestion 60
Log Ingestion 60
Configuring logs 61
Time Synchronization 63
Log Retention 64
Ensuring Log Integrity 65
General Logging Considerations 65
Network Architecture 66
On-Premises 66
Cloud 67
Hybrid Cloud 68
Network Segmentation 68
Software-Defined Networking 69
Zero Trust Network Architecture 70
Secure Access Service Edge 71
Device Management 72
Endpoint Management 72
Mobile Device Management 73
Identity and Access Management 74
Multifactor Authentication 74
Passwordless 76
Single Sign-On 76
Federation 77
Privileged Access Management 81
Secrets Management 82
Encryption and Sensitive Data Protection 83
Encryption Techniques 83
Public Key Infrastructure 85
Data Protection 86
Exam Essentials 88
Lab Exercises 89
Review Questions 92
Answers to Review Questions 96
Answers to Lab Exercises 98
Chapter 3 Malicious Activity 99
Network-Related Indicators 101
Detecting Common Network-Related Indicators 102
Enumeration 106
Detecting Other Network Attacks 107
Detecting and Finding Rogue Devices 108
Host-Related Indicators 110
System Resources 110
Unauthorized Software and Suspicious and Rogue Processes 114
Anomalous Activity 115
Unauthorized Configuration 117
Cloud-Related Attacks 119
Social Engineering Attacks 120
Identity-Based Indicators 121
Email-Related Attacks 122
Investigating Service- and Application-Related Issues 122
Application and Service Monitoring 123
Determining Malicious Activity Using Tools and Techniques 127
Decoding and Parsing Data and Files 127
Packet Capture and Analysis 128
Logs, Log Analysis, and Correlation 130
Logs and Log Analysis 130
Threat Intelligence Platforms 135
Endpoint Security 136
DNS and IP Reputation 137
Common Techniques for Detecting Malicious Activity 139
Exam Essentials 151
Lab Exercises 153
Review Questions 155
Answers to Review Questions 158
Chapter 4 Threat Intelligence 161
Collecting Threat Data 162
Open-Source Intelligence 163
Proprietary and Closed-Source Intelligence 165
Confidence-Level Impacts: Threat Intelligence Quality 166
Threat Intelligence Sharing 167
The Intelligence Cycle 169
Threat Classification 171
Threat Actors 171
Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures 172
Threat Modeling 175
Threat Mapping 176
Applying Threat Intelligence Organization-Wide 177
Proactive Threat Hunting 177
Indicators of Compromise 178
Cyber Deception 180
Exam Essentials 180
Lab Exercises 181
Review Questions 185
Answers to Review Questions 188
Chapter 5 Reconnaissance and Intelligence Gathering 191
Mapping Scans, Enumeration, and Asset Discovery 192
Active Reconnaissance 193
Network Scanning and Mapping 194
Pinging Hosts 195
Port Scanning and Service Discovery Techniques and Tools 197
Asset Inventory 207
Exam Essentials 208
Lab Exercises 208
Review Questions 212
Answers to Review Questions 216
Answers to Lab Exercises 218
Chapter 6 Designing a Vulnerability Management Program 219
Identifying Vulnerability Management Requirements 221
Regulatory Environment 221
Corporate Policy 224
Industry Standards 224
Identifying Scan Targets 225
Scheduling Scans 226
Active vs. Passive Scanning 228
Configuring and Executing Vulnerability Scans 229
Scoping Vulnerability Scans 229
Configuring Vulnerability Scans 230
Scanner Maintenance 235
Developing a Remediation Workflow 238
Reporting and Communication 239
Prioritizing Remediation 240
Testing and Implementing Fixes 242
Delayed Remediation Options 243
Overcoming Risks of Vulnerability Scanning 243
Vulnerability Assessment Tools 245
Infrastructure Vulnerability Scanning 245
Cloud Infrastructure Assessment Tools 245
Web Application Scanning 250
Interception Proxies 250
Breach Attack Simulation (BAS) Tools 252
Exam Essentials 254
Lab Exercises 255
Review Questions 257
Answers to Review Questions 261
Chapter 7 Analyzing Vulnerability Scans 265
Reviewing and Interpreting Scan Reports 266
Understanding CVSS 269
Validating Scan Results 277
Scan Error Types 277
Documented Exceptions 278
Understanding Informational Results 278
Reconciling Scan Results with Other Data Sources 279
Trend Analysis 280
Context Awareness 280
Prioritization Criteria 281
Exploitability 281
Active Exploitation and Threat Intelligence 282
Asset Value 283
Impact 283
Patch/Remediation Availability 283
Common Vulnerabilities 284
Server and Endpoint Vulnerabilities 284
Network Vulnerabilities 290
Critical Infrastructure and Operational Technology 296
Web Application Vulnerabilities 297
Identification and Authentication Failures 303
Data Poisoning 305
Exam Essentials 305
Lab Exercises 306
Review Questions 309
Answers to Review Questions 313
Chapter 8 Managing Risk 317
Policies and Governance Controls 319
Policies 320
Standards 321
Procedures 322
Guidelines 324
Exceptions and Compensating Controls 324
Analyzing Risk 326
Risk Identification 327
Risk Calculation 327
Business Impact Analysis 328
Risk Profile and Appetite 332
Classifying Threats 333
Threat Research and Modeling 333
Managing Risk 335
Risk Mitigation 336
Risk Avoidance 337
Risk Transference 337
Risk Acceptance 337
Planning Mitigation Strategies 338
Attack Surface Management 338
Configuration and Change Management 339
Patch Management 340
Implementing Security Controls 340
Security Control Types 341
Security Control Functions 341
Secure Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) 342
SDLC Phases 343
Designing and Coding for Security 345
Common Software Development Security Issues 345
Secure Coding Best Practices 347
Application Security Testing 347
Application Security Assessment: Testing and Analyzing Code 347
Software Assurance Maturity Model (SAMM) 352
Exam Essentials 353
Lab Exercises 356
Review Questions 358
Answers to Review Questions 362
Answers to Lab Exercises 364
Chapter 9 Building an Incident Response Program 367
Cybersecurity Incidents 368
Incident Response Process 369
Preparation 370
Detection and Analysis 371
Containment, Eradication, and Recovery 372
Post-Incident Activity 373
Building the Foundation for Incident Response 376
Policies 377
Procedures and Playbooks 378
Documenting the Incident Response Plan 379
Creating an Incident Response Team 380
CSIRT Scope of Control 381
Attack Frameworks 382
MITRE ATT&CK 382
Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis 383
Cyber Kill Chain 385
Exam Essentials 387
Lab Exercises 388
Review Questions 391
Answers to Review Questions 395
Answers to Lab Exercises 397
Chapter 10 Evidence and Analysis 399
Evidence 400
Evidence Acquisition 400
Drive Imaging 402
Imaging Live Systems 402
Acquiring Other Data 402
Preserving Evidence 406
Preservation and Chain of Custody 407
Data Integrity Validation 407
Legal Hold 409
Evidence Analysis 410
Conducting a Forensic Analysis 410
Evidence Handling 411
Reporting and Analysis 413
Lessons Learned 414
Exam Essentials 416
Lab Exercises 416
Review Questions 420
Answers to Review Questions 424
Answers to Lab Exercises 426
Chapter 11 Containment, Eradication, and Recovery 427
Containing the Damage 428
Isolation 430
Escalation 434
Evidence Acquisition and Handling 435
Identifying Attackers 435
Incident Eradication and Recovery 436
Remediation and Reimaging 437
Patching Systems and Applications 438
Sanitization and Secure Disposal 438
Validating Data Integrity 439
Wrapping Up the Response 440
Managing Change Control Processes 440
Conducting a Lessons-Learned Session 441
Developing a Final Report 441
Evidence Retention 442
Continuous Monitoring 442
Exam Essentials 443
Lab Exercises 444
Review Questions 446
Answers to Review Questions 449
Answers to Lab Exercises 452
Chapter 12 Reporting and Communication 453
Vulnerability Management Reporting and Communication 454
Compliance Findings and Reports 455
Action Plans 456
Stakeholder Identification and Communication 458
Vulnerability Management Metrics and KPIs 459
Inhibitors to Remediation 460
Security Operations and Incident Response Reporting and Communication 461
Security Operations Communications 462
Incident Declaration and Escalation 462
Incident Response Reporting 463
Post-Incident Reporting 468
Incident Response Metrics and KPIs 471
Exam Essentials 472
Lab Exercises 473
Review Questions 476
Answers to Review Questions 480
Answers to Lab Exercises 482
Index 483