Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science

About the Editors xxi List of Contributors xxiii Preface xxvii SECTION I: INTRODUCTION 1 1 Introduction and Scope 3 John M. Chalmers, Howell G.M. Edwards and Michael D. Hargreaves 1.1 Historical Prologue 3 1.2 The Application of Infrared Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science 5 References 7 2 Vibrational Spectroscopy Techniques: Basics and Instrumentation 9 John M. Chalmers, Howell G.M. Edwards and Michael D. Hargreaves 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy Techniques 9 2.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy: Instrumentation 22 2.4 Closing Remarks 40 References 40 3 Vibrational Spectroscopy Sampling Techniques 45 John M. Chalmers, Howell G.M. Edwards and Michael D. Hargreaves 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy: Sampling Techniques 47 3.3 Closing Remarks 81 Acknowledgements 81 References 82 SECTION II: CRIMINAL SCENE 87 4 Criminal Forensic Analysis 89 Edward G. Bartick 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Forensic Analysis 90 4.3 General Use of IR and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Analysis 91 4.4 Applications of Evidential Material Analysis 93 4.5 Summary and Future Direction 105 Acknowledgements 106 References 106 4.1 Forensic Analysis of Hair by Infrared Spectroscopy 111 Kathryn S. Kalasinsky References 119 4.2 Raman Spectroscopy for Forensic Analysis of Household and Automotive Paints 121 Steven E.J. Bell, Samantha P. Stewart and W.J. Armstrong References 135 4.3 Raman Spectroscopy for the Characterisation of Inks on Written Documents 137 A. Guedes and A.C. Prieto References 149 4.4 Forensic Analysis of Fibres by Vibrational Spectroscopy 153 Peter M. Fredericks Acknowledgement 168 References 168 4.5 In Situ Crime Scene Analysis 171 Edward G. Bartick Acknowledgements 183 References 183 4.6 Raman spectroscopy gains currency 185 R. Withnall, A. Reip and J. Silver Acknowledgements 203 References 203 SECTION III: COUNTER TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY 205 5 Counter Terrorism and Homeland Security 207 Vincent Otieno-Alego and Naomi Speers 5.1 Introduction 207 5.2 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy for Explosives Identification 208 5.3 Portable IR and Raman Instruments 213 5.4 Post-Blast Examinations 217 5.5 Detection of Explosives in Fingerprints 217 5.6 Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy 218 5.7 Terahertz Spectroscopy of Explosives 221 5.8 Summary 226 Glossary 227 References 228 5.1 Tracing Bioagents - a Vibrational Spectroscopic Approach for a Fast and Reliable Identification of Bioagents 233 P. REURosch, U. MEURunchberg, S. StEURockel and J. Popp Acknowledgement 246 References 246 5.2 Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Explosives and Precursors: Applications and Instrumentation 251 Mary L. Lewis, Ian R. Lewis and Peter R. Griffiths References 269 5.3 Handheld Raman and FT-IR Spectrometers 275 Michael D. Hargreaves, Robert L. Green, Wayne Jalenak, Christopher D. Brown and Craig Gardner Disclaimer 286 References 286 5.4 Non-Invasive Detection of Concealed Liquid and Powder Explosives using Spatially Offset Raman spectroscopy 289 Kevin Buckley and Pavel Matousek References 294 5.5 Terahertz Frequency Spectroscopy and its Potential for Security Applications 295 A.D. Burnett, A.G. Davies, P. Dean, J.E. Cunningham and E.H. Linfield Acknowledgements 309 References 310 SECTION IV: DRUGS AND DRUGS OF ABUSE 315 6 Raman Spectroscopy of Drugs of Abuse 317 Steven E.J. Bell, Samantha P. Stewart and S.J. Speers 6.1 Introduction 317 6.2 Bulk Drugs 317 6.3 Trace Detection 328 6.4 Conclusions 335 References 336 6.1 Drugs of Abuse - Application of Handheld FT-IR and Raman Spectrometers 339 Michael D. Hargreaves Disclaimer 348 References 348 6.2 Non-Invasive Detection of Illicit Drugs Using Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy 351 Kevin Buckley and Pavel Matousek References 356 6.3 Detection of Drugs of Abuse Using Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering 357 Karen Faulds and W. Ewen Smith References 365 SECTION V: ART 367 7 Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Tool for Tracing Art Forgeries 369 A. Deneckere, P. Vandenabeele and L. Moens 7.1 Introduction 369 7.2 How to Trace Art Forgeries with Vibrational Spectroscopy? 371 7.3 Conclusion 380 Acknowledgements 380 References 380 7.1 Identification of Dyes and Pigments by Vibrational Spectroscopy 383 Juan Manuel Madariaga References 396 7.2 The Vinland Map: An Authentic Relic of Early Exploration or a Modern Forgery - Raman Spectroscopy in a Pivotal Role? 401 Howell G.M. Edwards References 407 7.3 Study of Manuscripts by Vibrational Spectroscopy 409 Lucia Burgio Acknowledgements 415 References 415 SECTION VI: ARCHAEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY 419 8 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Forensic Applications in Mineralogy 421 J. Jehlicka 8.1 Introduction 421 8.2 Applications of Raman Spectroscopy for Provenancing 423 8.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Minerals 423 8.4 Opals 428 8.5 Natural Glass 428 8.6 Meteorites 429 8.7 Identification and Provenancing of Gemstones 430 8.8 Common Minerals 433 8.9 Databases 434 8.10 Identification of Inclusions in Minerals 434 8.11 Raman Mapping Techniques 436 8.12 Analyses Outdoors and On Site 437 8.13 Applications of Raman Spectroscopy to the Provenancing of Rocks 438 8.14 Summary 438 Acknowledgements 439 References 439 8.1 Identification of Ivory by Conventional Backscatter Raman and SORS 447 Michael D. Hargreaves and Howell G.M. Edwards Disclaimer 453 References 454 8.2 Applications to the Study of Gems and Jewellery 455 Lore Kiefert, Marina Epelboym, Hpone-Phyo Kan-Nyunt and Susan Paralusz Acknowledgements 467 References 467 8.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Ceramics and Glasses 469 Paola Ricciardi and Philippe Colomban References 478 8.4 Raman Spectroscopy at Longer Excitation Wavelengths Applied to the Forensic Analysis of Archaeological Specimens: A Novel Aspect of Forensic Geoscience 481 Howell G.M. Edwards Acknowledgements 509 References 510 SECTION VII: COUNTERFEIT CONSUMER PRODUCTS 513 9 Counterfeit Consumer Products 515 Andrew J. O'Neil 9.1 Background 515 9.2 Anti-Counterfeiting Organisations 515 9.3 Definition of a Counterfeit Product 516 9.4 Counterfeit Product Spectroscopic Analysis 516 9.5 Case Studies Using Mid-infrared, Raman and Near-infrared Spectroscopies and NIR Multispectral Imaging 529 9.6 Case Study I: Counterfeit Clothing 532 9.7 Case Study II: Counterfeit Aftershave 536 9.8 Case Study III: Counterfeit Medicines 540 9.9 Case Study IV: Counterfeit Product Packaging 549 9.10 Case Study V: Counterfeit Royal Mail First Class Stamps 551 9.11 Case Study VI: Counterfeit Bank of England Banknotes 552 9.12 Conclusion 555 References 557 9.1 Raman Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Counterfeit Tablets 561 Kaho Kwok and Lynne S. Taylor Acknowledgements 571 References 571 9.2 Examination of Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Labels 573 Mark R. Witkowski and Mary W. Carrabba Disclaimer 582 Acknowledgements 582 References 582 9.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy for "Food Forensics" 583 Victoria L. Brewster and Royston Goodacre Acknowledgements 589 References 589 9.4 Infrared Spectroscopy for the Detection of Adulteration in Foods 593 Banu Özen and Figen Tokatli References 599 Index 603