Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental Engineering

Preface. Principal symbols. A short history of hydraulics. Introductory notes. Part One: Principles and basic applications. Hydrostatics: Pressure; Pressure measurement; Pressure forces on submerged bodies; Flotation. Principles of fluid flow: Introduction; Classification of flows; Visualization of flow patterns; The fundamental equations of fluid dynamics; Application of the conservation laws to fluid flows; Application of the energy equation; Application of the momentum equation; Velocity and discharge measurement; Potential flows; Some typical flow patterns. Behaviour of real fluids: Real and ideal fluids; Viscous flow; The stability of laminar flows and the onset of turbulence; Shearing action in turbulent flows; The boundary layer; Some implications of the boundary layer concept; The conservation equations for laminar and turbulent flows; Cavitation; Surface tensionn effects; Summary. Flow in pipes and closed conduits: The historical context; Fundamental concepts of pipe flow; Laminar flow; Turbulent flow; Local head losses; Partially full pipes. Open channel flow: Flow with a free surface; Flow classification; Natural and artificial channels and their properties; Velocity distributions, energy and momentum coefficients; Laminar and turbulent flow; Uniform flow; Uniform flow; Rapidly varied flow; Critical depth meters; Gradually varied flow; Unsteady flow; The Preissmann 4 point implicit scheme. Pressure surge in pipelines: Introduction; Effect of rapid valve closure; Unsteady compressible flow; Analysis of more complex problems; The method of characteristics; Characteristic equations for systems boundaries; Concluding remarks. Hydraulic machines: Classification of machines; Continuous flow pumps; Performance data for continuous flow pumps; Pump selection; Hydro-power turbines; Turbine selection; Cavitation in hydraulic machines. Wave theory: Wave motion; Airy waves; Wave energy and wave power; Refraction, shoaling, breaking and sea bed friction; Standing waves; Wave diffraction; The surf zone; Wave prediction; Analysis of wave records; Extension of wave records; Computational modelling of nearshore wave hydrodynamics. Sediment transport: The threshold of movement; A general description of the mechanics of sediment transport; Sediment transport equations; Concluding notes on sediment transport; Flood hydrology: Classifcations; Methods of flood prediction for rural catchments; Catchment characteristics; Frequency analysis; Unit hydrography theory; Summary of design flood proceudres for rural catchments; Flood routing; Design floods for reservoir safety; Methods of flood prediction for urban catchments. Dimensional analysis and the theory of physical models: The idea of similarity; Dimensional homogenity and its implications; Dimensional analysis; Dimensional analysis involving more variables; Applications of dynamic similarity; Hydraulic models. Part Two: Aspects of Hydraulic Engineering. Pipeline systems: Design of a simple pip