Personality
Theory and Research
14th Edition
Book
Paperback/Softback
496 pages
978-1-119-49206-1 (ISBN)
Description
An invaluable resource for over four decades, Personality examines the fundamental theories and concepts of personality psychology while exploring contemporary research, new methodologies, and the latest technological advancements. Through a well-rounded blend of theory, case studies, and the latest research, this text identifies the structures and processes of personality, traces personality development, and highlights the value of therapeutic change.
An effective pedagogical structure enhances student interest while strengthening objectivity and critical-thinking skills. Psychodynamic, social-cognitive, phenomenological, and trait-theoretic perspectives are presented in an unbiased-yet critical-fashion that encourages students to compare theories, evaluate evidence, analyze data, and form their own conclusions. Thorough historical coverage is balanced with discussions of the current state of the field, providing a solid understanding of theory and methods as relevant to practice today. Suitable for introductory coursework, this text also serves as a valuable resource for advanced studies and as a reference for professionals in psychology and related fields.
Dr. Tracy Caldwell is the author of the ancillaries to accompany Personality, 14th Edition.
An effective pedagogical structure enhances student interest while strengthening objectivity and critical-thinking skills. Psychodynamic, social-cognitive, phenomenological, and trait-theoretic perspectives are presented in an unbiased-yet critical-fashion that encourages students to compare theories, evaluate evidence, analyze data, and form their own conclusions. Thorough historical coverage is balanced with discussions of the current state of the field, providing a solid understanding of theory and methods as relevant to practice today. Suitable for introductory coursework, this text also serves as a valuable resource for advanced studies and as a reference for professionals in psychology and related fields.
Dr. Tracy Caldwell is the author of the ancillaries to accompany Personality, 14th Edition.
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Persons
Content
Preface v
1 Personality Theory: From Everyday Observations to Systematic Theories 1
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 2
Defining Personality 3
Why Study Personality? 4
Three Goals for the Personality Theorist 5
Answering Questions about Persons Scientifically: Understanding Structures, Processes, Development, and Therapeutic Change 8
Important Issues in Personality Theory 15
Evaluating Personality Theories 21
The Personality Theories: An Introduction 22
Major Concepts 25
Review 25
2 The Scientific Study of People 27
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 28
The Data of Personality Psychology 29
Goals of Research: Reliability, Validity, Ethical Behavior 37
Three General Strategies of Research 39
Personality Theory and Personality Research 50
Personality Assessment and the Case of Jim 51
Major Concepts 52
Review 52
3 A Psychodynamic Theory: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality 53
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 54
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): A View of the Theorist 54
Freud's View of the Person 56
Freud's View of the Science of Personality 60
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality 60
Major Concepts 84
Review 84
4 Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Applications, Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Research 85
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 86
Psychodynamic Personality Assessment: Projective Tests 86
Psychopathology 91
Psychological Change 95
The Case of Jim 100
Related Theoretical Conceptions 102
Contemporary Developments in Personality Theory: Neuropsychoanalysis 116
Critical Evaluation 121
Major Concepts 125
Review 125
5 A Phenomenological Theory: Carl Rogers's Person-Centered Theory of Personality 127
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 128
Carl R. Rogers (1902-1987): A View of the Theorist 128
Rogers's View of the Person 130
Rogers's View of the Science of Personality 132
The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers 133
Major Concepts 146
Review 146
6 Rogers's Phenomenological Theory: Applications, Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Research 147
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 148
Clinical Applications 148
The Case of Jim 155
Related Conceptions: Human Potential, Positive Psychology, and Existentialism 156
Developments in Research: The Self and Authenticity 163
A Limitation of Rogerian Theory: What Exactly is the "Integrated Self"? 170
Personality Systems Interaction Theory 171
Illustrative Research 174
Implications for Rogers's Self Theory of Personality 174
Critical Evaluation 175
Major Concepts 179
Review 179
7 Trait Theories of Personality: Allport, Eysenck, and Cattell 180
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 181
A View of the Trait Theorists 182
Trait Theory's View of the Person 182
Trait Theory's View of the Science of Personality 183
Trait Theories of Personality: Basic Perspectives Shared by Trait Theorists 185
The Trait Theory of Gordon W. Allport (1897-1967) 186
Identifying Primary Trait Dimensions: Factor Analysis 189
The Factoranalytic Trait Theory of Raymond B. Cattell (1905-1998) 191
The Three-factor Theory of Hans J. Eysenck (1916-1997) 195
Major Concepts 204
Review 204
8 Trait Theory: The Five-Factor Model and Contemporary Developments 205
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 206
On Taxonomies of Personality 206
The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Research Evidence 207
Five-Factor Theory 218
Maybe We Missed One? The Six-Factor Model 220
Cross-cultural Research: Are the Big Five Dimensions Universal? 221
Contemporary Developments in Trait Theory: Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory 224
The Case of Jim-Factor-Analytic Trait-Based Assessment 230
The Person-Situation Controversy 233
Critical Evaluation 236
Major Concepts 240
Review 240
9 Biological Foundations of Personality 241
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 242
Temperament 243
Evolution, Evolutionary Psychology, and Personality 248
Genes and Personality 255
Mood, Emotion, and the Brain 266
Plasticity: Biology as Both Cause and Effect 270
Neuroscientific Investigations of "Higher-Level" Psychological Functions 271
Summary 272
Major Concepts 272
Review 272
10 Behaviorism and The Learning Approaches To Personality 273
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 274
Behaviorism's View of the Person 274
Behaviorism's View of the Science of Personality 275
Watson, Pavlov, and Classical Conditioning 278
Skinner's Theory of Operant Conditioning 288
Critical Evaluation 297
Major Concepts 300
Review 300
11 A Cognitive Theory: George a Kelly's Personal Construct Theory of Personality 301
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 302
George A. Kelly (1905-1966): A View of the Theorist 303
Kelly's View of the Science of Personality 304
Kelly's View of the Person 306
The Personality Theory of George A. Kelly 307
Clinical Applications 320
The Case of Jim 322
Related Points of View and Recent Developments 324
Critical Evaluation 325
Major Concepts 328
Review 329
12 Social-Cognitive Theory: Bandura and Mischel 330
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 331
Relating Social-Cognitive Theory to the Previous Theories 331
A View of the Theorists 332
Social-Cognitive Theory's View of the Person 335
Social-Cognitive Theory's View of the Science of Personality 335
Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality: Structure 335
Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality: Process 344
Social-Cognitive Theory of Growth and Development 349
Major Concepts 360
Review 360
13 Social-Cognitive Theory: Applications, Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Developments 362
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 363
Cognitive Components of Personality: Beliefs, Goals, and Evaluative Standards 363
Contemporary Developments in Personality Theory: The KAPA Model 373
Clinical Applications 379
Stress, Coping, and Cognitive Therapy 384
The Case of Jim 388
Critical Evaluation 390
Major Concepts 392
Review 392
14 Personality In Context: Interpersonal Relations, Culture, and Development Across The Course of Life 394
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 395
Interpersonal Relationships 396
Meeting Academic and Social Challenges: Optimistic Strategies and Defensive Pessimism 401
Personality Development in Socioeconomic Context 402
Personality Functioning Across the Life Span 403
Persons in Cultures 406
Putting Personality in Context into Practice 411
Summary 416
Major Concepts 416
Review 416
Glossary 417
References 429
Index 471
1 Personality Theory: From Everyday Observations to Systematic Theories 1
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 2
Defining Personality 3
Why Study Personality? 4
Three Goals for the Personality Theorist 5
Answering Questions about Persons Scientifically: Understanding Structures, Processes, Development, and Therapeutic Change 8
Important Issues in Personality Theory 15
Evaluating Personality Theories 21
The Personality Theories: An Introduction 22
Major Concepts 25
Review 25
2 The Scientific Study of People 27
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 28
The Data of Personality Psychology 29
Goals of Research: Reliability, Validity, Ethical Behavior 37
Three General Strategies of Research 39
Personality Theory and Personality Research 50
Personality Assessment and the Case of Jim 51
Major Concepts 52
Review 52
3 A Psychodynamic Theory: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality 53
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 54
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): A View of the Theorist 54
Freud's View of the Person 56
Freud's View of the Science of Personality 60
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality 60
Major Concepts 84
Review 84
4 Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Applications, Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Research 85
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 86
Psychodynamic Personality Assessment: Projective Tests 86
Psychopathology 91
Psychological Change 95
The Case of Jim 100
Related Theoretical Conceptions 102
Contemporary Developments in Personality Theory: Neuropsychoanalysis 116
Critical Evaluation 121
Major Concepts 125
Review 125
5 A Phenomenological Theory: Carl Rogers's Person-Centered Theory of Personality 127
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 128
Carl R. Rogers (1902-1987): A View of the Theorist 128
Rogers's View of the Person 130
Rogers's View of the Science of Personality 132
The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers 133
Major Concepts 146
Review 146
6 Rogers's Phenomenological Theory: Applications, Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Research 147
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 148
Clinical Applications 148
The Case of Jim 155
Related Conceptions: Human Potential, Positive Psychology, and Existentialism 156
Developments in Research: The Self and Authenticity 163
A Limitation of Rogerian Theory: What Exactly is the "Integrated Self"? 170
Personality Systems Interaction Theory 171
Illustrative Research 174
Implications for Rogers's Self Theory of Personality 174
Critical Evaluation 175
Major Concepts 179
Review 179
7 Trait Theories of Personality: Allport, Eysenck, and Cattell 180
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 181
A View of the Trait Theorists 182
Trait Theory's View of the Person 182
Trait Theory's View of the Science of Personality 183
Trait Theories of Personality: Basic Perspectives Shared by Trait Theorists 185
The Trait Theory of Gordon W. Allport (1897-1967) 186
Identifying Primary Trait Dimensions: Factor Analysis 189
The Factoranalytic Trait Theory of Raymond B. Cattell (1905-1998) 191
The Three-factor Theory of Hans J. Eysenck (1916-1997) 195
Major Concepts 204
Review 204
8 Trait Theory: The Five-Factor Model and Contemporary Developments 205
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 206
On Taxonomies of Personality 206
The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Research Evidence 207
Five-Factor Theory 218
Maybe We Missed One? The Six-Factor Model 220
Cross-cultural Research: Are the Big Five Dimensions Universal? 221
Contemporary Developments in Trait Theory: Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory 224
The Case of Jim-Factor-Analytic Trait-Based Assessment 230
The Person-Situation Controversy 233
Critical Evaluation 236
Major Concepts 240
Review 240
9 Biological Foundations of Personality 241
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 242
Temperament 243
Evolution, Evolutionary Psychology, and Personality 248
Genes and Personality 255
Mood, Emotion, and the Brain 266
Plasticity: Biology as Both Cause and Effect 270
Neuroscientific Investigations of "Higher-Level" Psychological Functions 271
Summary 272
Major Concepts 272
Review 272
10 Behaviorism and The Learning Approaches To Personality 273
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 274
Behaviorism's View of the Person 274
Behaviorism's View of the Science of Personality 275
Watson, Pavlov, and Classical Conditioning 278
Skinner's Theory of Operant Conditioning 288
Critical Evaluation 297
Major Concepts 300
Review 300
11 A Cognitive Theory: George a Kelly's Personal Construct Theory of Personality 301
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 302
George A. Kelly (1905-1966): A View of the Theorist 303
Kelly's View of the Science of Personality 304
Kelly's View of the Person 306
The Personality Theory of George A. Kelly 307
Clinical Applications 320
The Case of Jim 322
Related Points of View and Recent Developments 324
Critical Evaluation 325
Major Concepts 328
Review 329
12 Social-Cognitive Theory: Bandura and Mischel 330
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 331
Relating Social-Cognitive Theory to the Previous Theories 331
A View of the Theorists 332
Social-Cognitive Theory's View of the Person 335
Social-Cognitive Theory's View of the Science of Personality 335
Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality: Structure 335
Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality: Process 344
Social-Cognitive Theory of Growth and Development 349
Major Concepts 360
Review 360
13 Social-Cognitive Theory: Applications, Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Developments 362
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 363
Cognitive Components of Personality: Beliefs, Goals, and Evaluative Standards 363
Contemporary Developments in Personality Theory: The KAPA Model 373
Clinical Applications 379
Stress, Coping, and Cognitive Therapy 384
The Case of Jim 388
Critical Evaluation 390
Major Concepts 392
Review 392
14 Personality In Context: Interpersonal Relations, Culture, and Development Across The Course of Life 394
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 395
Interpersonal Relationships 396
Meeting Academic and Social Challenges: Optimistic Strategies and Defensive Pessimism 401
Personality Development in Socioeconomic Context 402
Personality Functioning Across the Life Span 403
Persons in Cultures 406
Putting Personality in Context into Practice 411
Summary 416
Major Concepts 416
Review 416
Glossary 417
References 429
Index 471