Personality
Theory and Research
12th Edition
Published on 22. January 2013
Book
Hardback
640 pages
978-1-118-36005-7 (ISBN)
Description
The Twelfth Edition of Cervone & Pervin's Personality: Theory and Research significantly updates and expands on previous editions of this classic text. New to this edition, Personality and the Brain coverage throughout the text shows readers how cutting-edge advances in neuroscience inform all aspects of personality theory and research. Cervone and Pervin's 12th edition provides uniquely up-to-date coverage of contemporary personality science while continuing to ground the student in the field's classic, and contemporary, theoretical statements.
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12th edition
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English
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New York
United States
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Height: 257 mm
Width: 198 mm
Thickness: 25 mm
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1293 gr
ISBN-13
978-1-118-36005-7 (9781118360057)
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Content
PREFACE, V CHAPTER 1 PERSONALITY THEORY: FROM EVERYDAY OBSERVATIONS TO SYSTEMATIC THEORIES, 1
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 3
FIVE GOALS FOR THE PERSONALITY THEORIST, 4
1. Observation That Is Scientific, 4
2. Theory That Is Systematic, 5
3. Theory That Is Testable, 5
4. Theory That Is Comprehensive, 5
5. Applications: From Theory to Practice, 6
WHY STUDY PERSONALITY? 6
DEFINING PERSONALITY, 7
QUESTIONS ABOUT PERSONS: WHAT, HOW, AND WHY, 9
ANSWERING QUESTIONS ABOUT PERSONS SCIENTIFICALLY: UNDERSTANDING STRUCTURES, PROCESSES, DEVELOPMENT, AND THERAPEUTIC CHANGE, 9
Structure, 9
Units of Analysis, 10
Hierarchy, 12
Process, 12
Growth and Development, 13
Genetic Determinants , 14
Environmental Determinants , 16
Culture, 18
Social Class, 18
Family, 19
Peers, 19
Psychopathology and Behavior Change, 19
IMPORTANT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY THEORY, 20
Philosophical View of the Person, 20
Internal and External Determinants of Behavior, 21
Consistency across Situations and over Time, 21
The Unity of Experience and Action and the Concept of Self, 23
Varying States of Awareness and the Concept of the Unconscious, 24
The Influence of the Past, Present, and Future on Behavior, 24
Can We Have a Science of Personality? What Kind of a Science Can It Be? 25
EVALUATING PERSONALITY THEORIES, 26
THE PERSONALITY THEORIES: AN INTRODUCTION, 27
The Challenge of Constructing a Personality Theory, 27
The Personality Theories: A Preliminary Sketch, 28
On the Existence of Multiple Theories: Theories As Toolkits, 30
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 31
REVIEW, 32
CHAPTER 2 THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF PEOPLE, 33
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 34
THE DATA OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY, 35
Lots of Data, 36
How Do Data from Different Sources Relate to One Another? 37
Fixed Versus Flexible Measures, 39
Personality and Brain Data, 40
Personality Theory and Assessment , 41
GOALS OF RESEARCH: RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, ETHICAL BEHAVIOR, 43
Reliability , 43
Validity, 43
The Ethics of Research and Public Policy, 45
THREE GENERAL STRATEGIES TO RESEARCH, 46
Case Studies, 46
Case Studies: An Example, 47
Correlational Studies, 49
Correlational Research: An Example, 50
Experiments, 52
Experimental Research: An Example, 54
Evaluating Alternative Research Approaches, 57
Case Studies and Clinical Research: Strengths and Limitations, 57
The Use of Verbal Reports, 58
Correlational Research and Questionnaires: Strengths and Limitations, 60
Laboratory, Experimental Research: Strengths and Limitations, 61
Summary of Strengths and Limitations, 63
PERSONALITY THEORY AND PERSONALITY RESEARCH, 64
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT AND THE CASE OF JIM, 65
Autobiographical Sketch of Jim, 66
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 66
REVIEW, 67
CHAPTER 3 A PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY: FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY, 69
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 70
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939): A VIEW OF THE THEORIST, 70
FREUD'S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 72
The Mind As an Energy System, 73
The Individual in Society, 76
FREUD'S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 76
FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY, 77
Structure, 77
Levels of Consciousness and the Concept of the Unconscious, 78
Dreams, 79
The Motivated Unconscious, 80
Relevant Psychoanalytic Research, 80
Current Status of the Concept of the Unconscious, 83
The Psychoanalytic Unconscious and the Cognitive Unconscious, 85
Id, Ego, and Superego, 87
Process, 90
Life and Death Instincts, 90
The Dynamics of Functioning, 91
Anxiety, Mechanisms of Defense, and Contemporary Research on Defensive Processes, 92
Denial, 93
Projection, 94
Isolation, Reaction Formation, and Sublimation, 95
Repression, 96
Growth and Development, 99
The Development of the Instincts and Stages of Development, 99
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development, 104
The Importance of Early Experience, 107
The Development of Thinking Processes, 109
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 111
REVIEW, 112
CHAPTER 4 FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: APPLICATIONS, RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS, AND CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH, 113
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 114
PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT: PROJECTIVE TESTS, 115
The Logic of Projective Tests, 115
The Rorschach Inkblot Test, 116
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 119
Projective Tests: Do They Work? 120
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, 122
Personality Types, 122
Conflict and Defense, 124
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGE, 125
Insights into the Unconscious: Free Association and Dream Interpretation, 126
The Therapeutic Process: Transference, 126
A Case Example: Little Hans, 128
THE CASE OF JIM, 132
Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Data, 132
Comments on the Data, 134
RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS, 135
Two Early Challenges to Freud: Adler and Jung, 135
Alfred Adler (1870-1937), 135
Carl G. Jung (1875-1961), 137
The Cultural and Interpersonal Emphasis: Horney and Sullivan, 141
Reinterpreting Motivational Forces, 141
Karen Horney (1885-1952), 141
Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949), 143
Object Relations, Self Psychology, and Attachment Theory, 144
Object Relations Theory, 144
Self Psychology and Narcissism, 145
Attachment Theory, 147
Attachment Styles in Adulthood, 150
Attachment Types or Dimensions? 153
CRITICAL EVALUATION, 155
Scientific Observation: The Database, 156
Theory: Systematic? 156
Theory: Testable? 157
Theory: Comprehensive? 157
Applications , 158
Major Contributions and Summary, 158
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 160
REVIEW, 160
CHAPTER 5 A PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY: CARL ROGERS'S PERSON-CENTERED THEORY OF PERSONALITY, 163
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 164
CARL R. ROGERS (1902-1987): A VIEW OF THE THEORIST, 165
ROGERS'S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 168
The Subjectivity of Experience, 168
Feelings of Authenticity, 169
The Positivity of Human Motivation, 169
A Phenomenological Perspective, 170
ROGERS'S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 170
THE PERSONALITY THEORY OF CARL ROGERS, 171
Structure, 171
The Self, 171
Confirming Pages, 172
Measuring Self-Concept, 173
The Q-Sort Technique, 173
The Semantic Differential, 174
Process, 176
Self-Actualization, 177
Self-Consistency and Congruence, 178
States of Incongruence and Defensive Processes, 179
Research on Self-Consistency and Congruence, 179
The Need for Positive Regard, 182
Growth and Development, 184
Research on Parent-Child Relationships, 185
Social Relations, Self-Actualization, and Well-Being Later in Life, 188
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 189
REVIEW, 190
CHAPTER 6 ROGERS'S PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY: APPLICATIONS, RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS, AND CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH, 191
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 193
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, 193
Psychopathology, 193
Self-Experience Discrepancy, 193
Psychological Change, 194
Therapeutic Conditions Necessary for Change, 195
Outcomes of Client-Centered Therapy, 198
Presence, 200
A CASE EXAMPLE: MRS. OAK, 201
THE CASE OF JIM, 203
Semantic Differential: Phenomenological Theory, 203
Comments on the Data, 204
RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS, 205
The Human Potential Movement, 205
Abraham H. Maslow (1908-1970), 206
The Positive Psychology Movement, 207
Classifying Human Strengths, 208
The Virtues of Positive Emotions, 209
Flow, 209
Existentialism , 210
The Existentialism of Sartre: Consciousness, Nothingness, Freedom, and Responsibility, 211
Contemporary Experimental Existentialism, 213
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THEORY AND RESEARCH, 215
Discrepancies among Parts of the Self, 215
Fluctuations in Self-Esteem and Contingencies of Worth, 216
Authenticity and Internally Motivated Goals, 217
Cross-Cultural Research on the Self, 219
Cultural Differences in the Self and the Need for Positive Self-Regard, 220
CRITICAL EVALUATION, 223
Scientific Observation: The Database, 223
Theory: Systematic? 224
Theory: Testable? 224
Theory: Comprehensive? 225
Applications, 226
Major Contributions and Summary, 226
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 227
REVIEW, 228
CHAPTER 7 TRAIT THEORIES OF PERSONALITY: ALLPORT, EYSENCK, AND CATTELL, 229
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 230
A VIEW OF THE TRAIT THEORISTS, 231
TRAIT THEORY'S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 232
The Trait Concept, 232
TRAIT THEORY'S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 233
Scientific Functions Served by Trait Constructs, 233
Description, 233
Prediction, 234
Explanation, 234
TRAIT THEORIES OF PERSONALITY: BASIC PERSPECTIVES SHARED BY TRAIT THEORISTS, 235
THE TRAIT THEORY OF GORDON W. ALLPORT (1897-1967), 236
Traits: Personality Structure in Allport's Theory, 237
Functional Autonomy, 238
Idiographic Research, 239
Comment on Allport, 240
IDENTIFYING PRIMARY TRAIT DIMENSIONS: FACTOR ANALYSIS, 240
THE FACTOR-ANALYTIC TRAIT THEORY OF RAYMOND B. CATTELL (1905-1998), 243
Surface and Source Traits: Personality Structure in Cattell's Theory, 243
Sources of Evidence: L-Data, Q-Data, and OT-Data, 244
Stability and Variability in Behavior, 247
Comment on Cattell, 247
THE THREE-FACTOR THEORY OF HANS J. EYSENCK (1916-1997), 250
''Superfactors": Personality Structure in Eysenck's Theory, 251
Measuring the Factors, 254
Biological Bases of Personality Traits, 255
Extraversion and Social Behavior, 257
Psychopathology and Behavior Change, 258
Comment on Eysenck, 258
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 259
REVIEW, 260
CHAPTER 8 TRAIT THEORY: THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL; APPLICATIONS AND EVALUATION OF TRAIT APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY, 261
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 262
THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY: RESEARCH EVIDENCE, 263
Analysis of Trait Terms in Natural Language and in Questionnaires, 263
The Fundamental Lexical Hypothesis, 267
Cross-Cultural Research: Are the Big Five Dimensions Universal? 268
The Big Five in Personality Questionnaires, 271
The NEO-PI-R and Its Hierarchical Structure: Facets, 271
Integration of Eysenck's and Cattell's Factors within the Big Five, 273
Self-Ratings and Observer Ratings, 274
PROPOSED THEORETICAL MODEL FOR THE BIG FIVE, 275
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, 279
Age Differences Throughout Adulthood, 279
Initial Findings from Childhood and Adolescence, 282
Stability and Change in Personality, 282
MAYBE WE MISSED ONE? THE SIX-FACTOR MODEL, 283
APPLICATIONS OF THE BIG FIVE MODEL, 285
THE CASE OF JIM, 288
Factor-Analytic Trait-Based Assessment, 288
Personality Stability: Jim 5 and 20 Years Later, 289
Self-Ratings and Ratings by Wife on the NEO-PI, 291
THE PERSON-SITUATION CONTROVERSY, 292
CRITICAL EVALUATION, 295
Scientific Observation: The Database, 296
Theory: Systematic? 296
Theory: Testable? 297
Theory: Comprehensive? 297
Applications, 298
Major Contributions and Summary, 299
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 300
REVIEW, 300
CHAPTER 9 BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PERSONALITY, 301
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 302
TEMPERAMENT, 303
Constitution and Temperament: Early Views, 304
Constitution and Temperament: Longitudinal Studies, 305
Biology, Temperament and Personality Development: Contemporary Research, 306
Inhibited and Uninhibited Children: Research of Kagan and Colleagues , 306
Interpreting Data on Biology and Personality , 310
Effortful Control and the Development of Conscience, 311
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY, AND PERSONALITY, 314
Evolutionary Psychology, 315
Social Exchange and the Detection of Cheating, 317
Sex Differences: Evolutionary Origins? , 318
Male-Female Mate Preferences , 319
Causes of Jealousy , 320
Evolutionary Origins of Sex Differences: How Strong Are the Data?, 321
GENES AND PERSONALITY, 323
Behavioral Genetics, 324
Selective Breeding Studies, 324
Twin Studies , 324
Adoption Studies , 326
Heritability Coefficient , 327
Heritability of Personality: Findings, 328
Some Caveats, 329
Molecular Genetic Paradigms, 330
Environments and Gene-Environment Interactions, 332
Shared and Nonshared Environment , 332
Understanding Nonshared Environment Effects, 334
Three Kinds of Nature-Nurture Interactions, 335
MOOD, EMOTION, AND THE BRAIN, 336
Left and Right Hemispheric Dominance, 336
Neurotransmitters and Temperament: Dopamine and Serotonin, 338
Three Dimensions of Temperament: PE, NE, and DvC, 339
PLASTICITY: BIOLOGY AS BOTH CAUSE AND EFFECT, 341
From Experience to Biology, 341
Socioeconomic Status of Communities and Serotonin, 343
NEUROSCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS OF "HIGHER-LEVEL" PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS, 344
Brain and Self, 347
Brain and Moral Judgment, 347
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 349
REVIEW, 350
CHAPTER 10 BEHAVIORISM AND THE LEARNING APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY, 351
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 352
BEHAVIORISM'S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 353
BEHAVIORISM'S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 354
Environmental Determinism and Its Implications for the Concept of Personality, 354
Experimentation, Observable Variables, and Simple Systems, 356
WATSON, PAVLOV, AND CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, 358
Watson's Behaviorism, 358
Pavlov's Theory of Classical Conditioning, 360
Principles of Classical Conditioning, 360
Psychopathology and Change, 363
Conditioned Emotional Reactions, 364
The ''Unconditioning" of Fear of a Rabbit, 365
Systematic Desensitization, 366
A Reinterpretation of the Case of Little Hans, 368
Recent Developments, 369
SKINNER'S THEORY OF OPERANT CONDITIONING, 371
A View of the Theorist, 371
Skinner's Theory of Personality, 374
Structure, 374
Process: Operant Conditioning, 375
Growth and Development, 377
Psychopathology, 378
Behavioral Assessment, 379
Behavior Change, 381
Free Will? 382
CRITICAL EVALUATION, 383
Scientific Observation: The Database, 384
Theory: Systematic? 384
Theory: Testable? 385
Theory: Comprehensive? 385
Applications, 386
Major Contributions and Summary, 386
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 387
REVIEW, 388
CHAPTER 11 A COGNITIVE THEORY: GEORGE A. KELLY'S PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY OF PERSONALITY, 389
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 390
GEORGE A. KELLY (1905-1966): A VIEW OF THE THEORIST, 392
KELLY'S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 393
KELLY'S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 396
THE PERSONALITY THEORY OF GEORGE A. KELLY, 397
Structure, 397
Constructs and Their Interpersonal Consequences, 398
Types of Constructs and the Construct System, 399
Assessment: The Role Construct Repertory (Rep) Test, 401
Unique Information Revealed by Personal Construct Testing, 403
Cognitive Complexity/Simplicity, 403
Process, 407
Anticipating Events, 407
Anxiety, Fear, and Threat, 410
Growth and Development, 413
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, 414
Psychopathology, 414
Change and Fixed-Role Therapy, 415
THE CASE OF JIM, 417
Rep Test: Personal Construct Theory, 417
Comments on the Data, 419
RELATED POINTS OF VIEW AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS, 419
CRITICAL EVALUATION, 420
Scientific Observation: The Database, 420
Theory: Systematic? 421
Theory: Testable? 421
Theory: Comprehensive? 422
Applications, 423
Major Contributions and Summary, 423
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 424
REVIEW, 425
CHAPTER 12 SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY: BANDURA AND MISCHEL, 427
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 428
RELATING SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY TO THE PREVIOUS THEORIES, 428
A VIEW OF THE THEORISTS, 429
Albert Bandura (1925-), 429
Walter Mischel (1930-), 430
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY'S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 432
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY'S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 433
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY: STRUCTURE, 433
Competencies and Skills, 433
Beliefs and Expectancies, 434
The Self and Self-Efficacy Beliefs, 436
Self-Efficacy and Performance, 438
Goals, 441
Evaluative Standards, 442
The Nature of Social-Cognitive Personality Structures, 444
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY: PROCESS, 445
Reciprocal Determinism, 445
Personality As a Cognitive-Affective Processing System (CAPS), 446
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, 450
Observational Learning (Modeling), 450
Acquisition versus Performance, 452
Vicarious Conditioning, 453
Self-Regulation and Motivation, 455
Self-Efficacy, Goals, and Self-Evaluative Reactions, 456
Self-Control and Delay of Gratifi cation, 458
Learning Delay of Gratification Skills, 458
Mischel's Delay of Gratification Paradigm, 460
Summary of the Social-Cognitive View of Growth and Development, 462
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 464
REVIEW, 464
CHAPTER 13 SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY: APPLICATIONS, RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS, AND CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH, 467
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 468
COGNITIVE COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY: BELIEFS, GOALS, AND EVALUATIVE STANDARDS, 469
Beliefs about the Self and Self-Schemas, 469
Self-Schemas and Reaction-Time Methods, 471
Self-Based Motives and Motivated Information Processing, 474
Learning Versus Performance Goals, 476
Causes of Learning Versus Performance Goals: Implicit Theories, 478
Standards of Evaluation, 480
Self-Standards, Self-Discrepancies, Emotion, and Motivation, 481
A ''General Principles" Approach to Personality, 484
Psychopathology and Change: Modeling, Self-Conceptions, and Perceived Self-Efficacy, 486
Self-Efficacy, Anxiety, and Depression, 487
Self-Efficacy and Health, 488
Therapeutic Change: Modeling and Guided Mastery, 489
STRESS AND COPING, 494
Ellis's Rational-Emotive Therapy, 496
Beck's Cognitive Therapy for Depression, 498
The Cognitive Triad of Depression, 498
Research on Faulty Cognitions, 498
Cognitive Therapy, 499
THE CASE OF JIM, 500
CRITICAL EVALUATION, 502
Scientific Observation: The Database, 502
Theory: Systematic? 503
Theory: Testable? 503
Theory: Comprehensive? 503
Applications, 504
Major Contributions and Summary, 505
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 505
REVIEW, 506
CHAPTER 14 PERSONALITY IN CONTEXT: INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS, CULTURE, AND DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE COURSE OF LIFE, 507
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 509
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS, 510
Rejection Sensitivity, 510
''Hot" and ''Cool" Focus , 513
Transference in Interpersonal Relationships, 514
MEETING ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES: OPTIMISTIC STRATEGIES AND DEFENSIVE PESSIMISM, 516
PERSONALITY CONSISTENCY IN CONTEXT, 517
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT, 520
Causes and Effects of Personality Attributes, 522
PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN, 523
Psychological Resilience in the Later Years, 523
Emotional Life in Older Adulthood: Socioemotional Selectivity, 524
PERSONS IN CULTURES, 525
Two Strategies for Thinking about Personality and Culture, 525
Strategy #1: Personality . . . and Culture? 525
Strategy #2: Culture and Personality, 527
Personality and Self As Socially Constructed within Culture, 528
Independent and Interdependent Views of Self, 529
PUTTING PERSONALITY IN CONTEXT INTO PRACTICE, 531
Assessing Personality in Context: A Case Study, 531
Personality Processes in Context: Fostering Social Change, 536
SUMMARY, 538
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 538
REVIEW, 539
CHAPTER 15 ASSESSING PERSONALITY THEORY AND RESEARCH, 541
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 542
ON STRUCTURES, PROCESSES, DEVELOPMENT, AND THERAPEUTIC CHANGE, 542
Personality Structure, 542
Process, 543
Growth and Development, 545
Psychopathology and Change, 545
THE CASE OF JIM, 548
HOW DID THEY DO? A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF PERSONALITY, 549
Theories and Research, 549
Scientific Observation: The Database, 549
Theory: Systematic? 551
Theory: Testable? 552
Theory: Comprehensive? 552
Applications, 553
A FINAL SUMMING UP: THEORIES AS TOOLKITS, 554
REVIEW, 555
GLOSSARY, 557
REFERENCES, 567
NAME INDEX, 603
SUBJECT INDEX, 609
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 3
FIVE GOALS FOR THE PERSONALITY THEORIST, 4
1. Observation That Is Scientific, 4
2. Theory That Is Systematic, 5
3. Theory That Is Testable, 5
4. Theory That Is Comprehensive, 5
5. Applications: From Theory to Practice, 6
WHY STUDY PERSONALITY? 6
DEFINING PERSONALITY, 7
QUESTIONS ABOUT PERSONS: WHAT, HOW, AND WHY, 9
ANSWERING QUESTIONS ABOUT PERSONS SCIENTIFICALLY: UNDERSTANDING STRUCTURES, PROCESSES, DEVELOPMENT, AND THERAPEUTIC CHANGE, 9
Structure, 9
Units of Analysis, 10
Hierarchy, 12
Process, 12
Growth and Development, 13
Genetic Determinants , 14
Environmental Determinants , 16
Culture, 18
Social Class, 18
Family, 19
Peers, 19
Psychopathology and Behavior Change, 19
IMPORTANT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY THEORY, 20
Philosophical View of the Person, 20
Internal and External Determinants of Behavior, 21
Consistency across Situations and over Time, 21
The Unity of Experience and Action and the Concept of Self, 23
Varying States of Awareness and the Concept of the Unconscious, 24
The Influence of the Past, Present, and Future on Behavior, 24
Can We Have a Science of Personality? What Kind of a Science Can It Be? 25
EVALUATING PERSONALITY THEORIES, 26
THE PERSONALITY THEORIES: AN INTRODUCTION, 27
The Challenge of Constructing a Personality Theory, 27
The Personality Theories: A Preliminary Sketch, 28
On the Existence of Multiple Theories: Theories As Toolkits, 30
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 31
REVIEW, 32
CHAPTER 2 THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF PEOPLE, 33
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 34
THE DATA OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY, 35
Lots of Data, 36
How Do Data from Different Sources Relate to One Another? 37
Fixed Versus Flexible Measures, 39
Personality and Brain Data, 40
Personality Theory and Assessment , 41
GOALS OF RESEARCH: RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, ETHICAL BEHAVIOR, 43
Reliability , 43
Validity, 43
The Ethics of Research and Public Policy, 45
THREE GENERAL STRATEGIES TO RESEARCH, 46
Case Studies, 46
Case Studies: An Example, 47
Correlational Studies, 49
Correlational Research: An Example, 50
Experiments, 52
Experimental Research: An Example, 54
Evaluating Alternative Research Approaches, 57
Case Studies and Clinical Research: Strengths and Limitations, 57
The Use of Verbal Reports, 58
Correlational Research and Questionnaires: Strengths and Limitations, 60
Laboratory, Experimental Research: Strengths and Limitations, 61
Summary of Strengths and Limitations, 63
PERSONALITY THEORY AND PERSONALITY RESEARCH, 64
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT AND THE CASE OF JIM, 65
Autobiographical Sketch of Jim, 66
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 66
REVIEW, 67
CHAPTER 3 A PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY: FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY, 69
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 70
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939): A VIEW OF THE THEORIST, 70
FREUD'S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 72
The Mind As an Energy System, 73
The Individual in Society, 76
FREUD'S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 76
FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY, 77
Structure, 77
Levels of Consciousness and the Concept of the Unconscious, 78
Dreams, 79
The Motivated Unconscious, 80
Relevant Psychoanalytic Research, 80
Current Status of the Concept of the Unconscious, 83
The Psychoanalytic Unconscious and the Cognitive Unconscious, 85
Id, Ego, and Superego, 87
Process, 90
Life and Death Instincts, 90
The Dynamics of Functioning, 91
Anxiety, Mechanisms of Defense, and Contemporary Research on Defensive Processes, 92
Denial, 93
Projection, 94
Isolation, Reaction Formation, and Sublimation, 95
Repression, 96
Growth and Development, 99
The Development of the Instincts and Stages of Development, 99
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development, 104
The Importance of Early Experience, 107
The Development of Thinking Processes, 109
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 111
REVIEW, 112
CHAPTER 4 FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: APPLICATIONS, RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS, AND CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH, 113
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 114
PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT: PROJECTIVE TESTS, 115
The Logic of Projective Tests, 115
The Rorschach Inkblot Test, 116
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 119
Projective Tests: Do They Work? 120
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, 122
Personality Types, 122
Conflict and Defense, 124
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGE, 125
Insights into the Unconscious: Free Association and Dream Interpretation, 126
The Therapeutic Process: Transference, 126
A Case Example: Little Hans, 128
THE CASE OF JIM, 132
Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Data, 132
Comments on the Data, 134
RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS, 135
Two Early Challenges to Freud: Adler and Jung, 135
Alfred Adler (1870-1937), 135
Carl G. Jung (1875-1961), 137
The Cultural and Interpersonal Emphasis: Horney and Sullivan, 141
Reinterpreting Motivational Forces, 141
Karen Horney (1885-1952), 141
Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949), 143
Object Relations, Self Psychology, and Attachment Theory, 144
Object Relations Theory, 144
Self Psychology and Narcissism, 145
Attachment Theory, 147
Attachment Styles in Adulthood, 150
Attachment Types or Dimensions? 153
CRITICAL EVALUATION, 155
Scientific Observation: The Database, 156
Theory: Systematic? 156
Theory: Testable? 157
Theory: Comprehensive? 157
Applications , 158
Major Contributions and Summary, 158
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 160
REVIEW, 160
CHAPTER 5 A PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY: CARL ROGERS'S PERSON-CENTERED THEORY OF PERSONALITY, 163
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 164
CARL R. ROGERS (1902-1987): A VIEW OF THE THEORIST, 165
ROGERS'S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 168
The Subjectivity of Experience, 168
Feelings of Authenticity, 169
The Positivity of Human Motivation, 169
A Phenomenological Perspective, 170
ROGERS'S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 170
THE PERSONALITY THEORY OF CARL ROGERS, 171
Structure, 171
The Self, 171
Confirming Pages, 172
Measuring Self-Concept, 173
The Q-Sort Technique, 173
The Semantic Differential, 174
Process, 176
Self-Actualization, 177
Self-Consistency and Congruence, 178
States of Incongruence and Defensive Processes, 179
Research on Self-Consistency and Congruence, 179
The Need for Positive Regard, 182
Growth and Development, 184
Research on Parent-Child Relationships, 185
Social Relations, Self-Actualization, and Well-Being Later in Life, 188
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 189
REVIEW, 190
CHAPTER 6 ROGERS'S PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY: APPLICATIONS, RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS, AND CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH, 191
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 193
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, 193
Psychopathology, 193
Self-Experience Discrepancy, 193
Psychological Change, 194
Therapeutic Conditions Necessary for Change, 195
Outcomes of Client-Centered Therapy, 198
Presence, 200
A CASE EXAMPLE: MRS. OAK, 201
THE CASE OF JIM, 203
Semantic Differential: Phenomenological Theory, 203
Comments on the Data, 204
RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS, 205
The Human Potential Movement, 205
Abraham H. Maslow (1908-1970), 206
The Positive Psychology Movement, 207
Classifying Human Strengths, 208
The Virtues of Positive Emotions, 209
Flow, 209
Existentialism , 210
The Existentialism of Sartre: Consciousness, Nothingness, Freedom, and Responsibility, 211
Contemporary Experimental Existentialism, 213
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THEORY AND RESEARCH, 215
Discrepancies among Parts of the Self, 215
Fluctuations in Self-Esteem and Contingencies of Worth, 216
Authenticity and Internally Motivated Goals, 217
Cross-Cultural Research on the Self, 219
Cultural Differences in the Self and the Need for Positive Self-Regard, 220
CRITICAL EVALUATION, 223
Scientific Observation: The Database, 223
Theory: Systematic? 224
Theory: Testable? 224
Theory: Comprehensive? 225
Applications, 226
Major Contributions and Summary, 226
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 227
REVIEW, 228
CHAPTER 7 TRAIT THEORIES OF PERSONALITY: ALLPORT, EYSENCK, AND CATTELL, 229
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 230
A VIEW OF THE TRAIT THEORISTS, 231
TRAIT THEORY'S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 232
The Trait Concept, 232
TRAIT THEORY'S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 233
Scientific Functions Served by Trait Constructs, 233
Description, 233
Prediction, 234
Explanation, 234
TRAIT THEORIES OF PERSONALITY: BASIC PERSPECTIVES SHARED BY TRAIT THEORISTS, 235
THE TRAIT THEORY OF GORDON W. ALLPORT (1897-1967), 236
Traits: Personality Structure in Allport's Theory, 237
Functional Autonomy, 238
Idiographic Research, 239
Comment on Allport, 240
IDENTIFYING PRIMARY TRAIT DIMENSIONS: FACTOR ANALYSIS, 240
THE FACTOR-ANALYTIC TRAIT THEORY OF RAYMOND B. CATTELL (1905-1998), 243
Surface and Source Traits: Personality Structure in Cattell's Theory, 243
Sources of Evidence: L-Data, Q-Data, and OT-Data, 244
Stability and Variability in Behavior, 247
Comment on Cattell, 247
THE THREE-FACTOR THEORY OF HANS J. EYSENCK (1916-1997), 250
''Superfactors": Personality Structure in Eysenck's Theory, 251
Measuring the Factors, 254
Biological Bases of Personality Traits, 255
Extraversion and Social Behavior, 257
Psychopathology and Behavior Change, 258
Comment on Eysenck, 258
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 259
REVIEW, 260
CHAPTER 8 TRAIT THEORY: THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL; APPLICATIONS AND EVALUATION OF TRAIT APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY, 261
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 262
THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY: RESEARCH EVIDENCE, 263
Analysis of Trait Terms in Natural Language and in Questionnaires, 263
The Fundamental Lexical Hypothesis, 267
Cross-Cultural Research: Are the Big Five Dimensions Universal? 268
The Big Five in Personality Questionnaires, 271
The NEO-PI-R and Its Hierarchical Structure: Facets, 271
Integration of Eysenck's and Cattell's Factors within the Big Five, 273
Self-Ratings and Observer Ratings, 274
PROPOSED THEORETICAL MODEL FOR THE BIG FIVE, 275
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, 279
Age Differences Throughout Adulthood, 279
Initial Findings from Childhood and Adolescence, 282
Stability and Change in Personality, 282
MAYBE WE MISSED ONE? THE SIX-FACTOR MODEL, 283
APPLICATIONS OF THE BIG FIVE MODEL, 285
THE CASE OF JIM, 288
Factor-Analytic Trait-Based Assessment, 288
Personality Stability: Jim 5 and 20 Years Later, 289
Self-Ratings and Ratings by Wife on the NEO-PI, 291
THE PERSON-SITUATION CONTROVERSY, 292
CRITICAL EVALUATION, 295
Scientific Observation: The Database, 296
Theory: Systematic? 296
Theory: Testable? 297
Theory: Comprehensive? 297
Applications, 298
Major Contributions and Summary, 299
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 300
REVIEW, 300
CHAPTER 9 BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PERSONALITY, 301
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 302
TEMPERAMENT, 303
Constitution and Temperament: Early Views, 304
Constitution and Temperament: Longitudinal Studies, 305
Biology, Temperament and Personality Development: Contemporary Research, 306
Inhibited and Uninhibited Children: Research of Kagan and Colleagues , 306
Interpreting Data on Biology and Personality , 310
Effortful Control and the Development of Conscience, 311
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY, AND PERSONALITY, 314
Evolutionary Psychology, 315
Social Exchange and the Detection of Cheating, 317
Sex Differences: Evolutionary Origins? , 318
Male-Female Mate Preferences , 319
Causes of Jealousy , 320
Evolutionary Origins of Sex Differences: How Strong Are the Data?, 321
GENES AND PERSONALITY, 323
Behavioral Genetics, 324
Selective Breeding Studies, 324
Twin Studies , 324
Adoption Studies , 326
Heritability Coefficient , 327
Heritability of Personality: Findings, 328
Some Caveats, 329
Molecular Genetic Paradigms, 330
Environments and Gene-Environment Interactions, 332
Shared and Nonshared Environment , 332
Understanding Nonshared Environment Effects, 334
Three Kinds of Nature-Nurture Interactions, 335
MOOD, EMOTION, AND THE BRAIN, 336
Left and Right Hemispheric Dominance, 336
Neurotransmitters and Temperament: Dopamine and Serotonin, 338
Three Dimensions of Temperament: PE, NE, and DvC, 339
PLASTICITY: BIOLOGY AS BOTH CAUSE AND EFFECT, 341
From Experience to Biology, 341
Socioeconomic Status of Communities and Serotonin, 343
NEUROSCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS OF "HIGHER-LEVEL" PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS, 344
Brain and Self, 347
Brain and Moral Judgment, 347
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 349
REVIEW, 350
CHAPTER 10 BEHAVIORISM AND THE LEARNING APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY, 351
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 352
BEHAVIORISM'S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 353
BEHAVIORISM'S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 354
Environmental Determinism and Its Implications for the Concept of Personality, 354
Experimentation, Observable Variables, and Simple Systems, 356
WATSON, PAVLOV, AND CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, 358
Watson's Behaviorism, 358
Pavlov's Theory of Classical Conditioning, 360
Principles of Classical Conditioning, 360
Psychopathology and Change, 363
Conditioned Emotional Reactions, 364
The ''Unconditioning" of Fear of a Rabbit, 365
Systematic Desensitization, 366
A Reinterpretation of the Case of Little Hans, 368
Recent Developments, 369
SKINNER'S THEORY OF OPERANT CONDITIONING, 371
A View of the Theorist, 371
Skinner's Theory of Personality, 374
Structure, 374
Process: Operant Conditioning, 375
Growth and Development, 377
Psychopathology, 378
Behavioral Assessment, 379
Behavior Change, 381
Free Will? 382
CRITICAL EVALUATION, 383
Scientific Observation: The Database, 384
Theory: Systematic? 384
Theory: Testable? 385
Theory: Comprehensive? 385
Applications, 386
Major Contributions and Summary, 386
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 387
REVIEW, 388
CHAPTER 11 A COGNITIVE THEORY: GEORGE A. KELLY'S PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY OF PERSONALITY, 389
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 390
GEORGE A. KELLY (1905-1966): A VIEW OF THE THEORIST, 392
KELLY'S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 393
KELLY'S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 396
THE PERSONALITY THEORY OF GEORGE A. KELLY, 397
Structure, 397
Constructs and Their Interpersonal Consequences, 398
Types of Constructs and the Construct System, 399
Assessment: The Role Construct Repertory (Rep) Test, 401
Unique Information Revealed by Personal Construct Testing, 403
Cognitive Complexity/Simplicity, 403
Process, 407
Anticipating Events, 407
Anxiety, Fear, and Threat, 410
Growth and Development, 413
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, 414
Psychopathology, 414
Change and Fixed-Role Therapy, 415
THE CASE OF JIM, 417
Rep Test: Personal Construct Theory, 417
Comments on the Data, 419
RELATED POINTS OF VIEW AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS, 419
CRITICAL EVALUATION, 420
Scientific Observation: The Database, 420
Theory: Systematic? 421
Theory: Testable? 421
Theory: Comprehensive? 422
Applications, 423
Major Contributions and Summary, 423
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 424
REVIEW, 425
CHAPTER 12 SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY: BANDURA AND MISCHEL, 427
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 428
RELATING SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY TO THE PREVIOUS THEORIES, 428
A VIEW OF THE THEORISTS, 429
Albert Bandura (1925-), 429
Walter Mischel (1930-), 430
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY'S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 432
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY'S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 433
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY: STRUCTURE, 433
Competencies and Skills, 433
Beliefs and Expectancies, 434
The Self and Self-Efficacy Beliefs, 436
Self-Efficacy and Performance, 438
Goals, 441
Evaluative Standards, 442
The Nature of Social-Cognitive Personality Structures, 444
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY: PROCESS, 445
Reciprocal Determinism, 445
Personality As a Cognitive-Affective Processing System (CAPS), 446
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, 450
Observational Learning (Modeling), 450
Acquisition versus Performance, 452
Vicarious Conditioning, 453
Self-Regulation and Motivation, 455
Self-Efficacy, Goals, and Self-Evaluative Reactions, 456
Self-Control and Delay of Gratifi cation, 458
Learning Delay of Gratification Skills, 458
Mischel's Delay of Gratification Paradigm, 460
Summary of the Social-Cognitive View of Growth and Development, 462
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 464
REVIEW, 464
CHAPTER 13 SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY: APPLICATIONS, RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS, AND CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH, 467
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 468
COGNITIVE COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY: BELIEFS, GOALS, AND EVALUATIVE STANDARDS, 469
Beliefs about the Self and Self-Schemas, 469
Self-Schemas and Reaction-Time Methods, 471
Self-Based Motives and Motivated Information Processing, 474
Learning Versus Performance Goals, 476
Causes of Learning Versus Performance Goals: Implicit Theories, 478
Standards of Evaluation, 480
Self-Standards, Self-Discrepancies, Emotion, and Motivation, 481
A ''General Principles" Approach to Personality, 484
Psychopathology and Change: Modeling, Self-Conceptions, and Perceived Self-Efficacy, 486
Self-Efficacy, Anxiety, and Depression, 487
Self-Efficacy and Health, 488
Therapeutic Change: Modeling and Guided Mastery, 489
STRESS AND COPING, 494
Ellis's Rational-Emotive Therapy, 496
Beck's Cognitive Therapy for Depression, 498
The Cognitive Triad of Depression, 498
Research on Faulty Cognitions, 498
Cognitive Therapy, 499
THE CASE OF JIM, 500
CRITICAL EVALUATION, 502
Scientific Observation: The Database, 502
Theory: Systematic? 503
Theory: Testable? 503
Theory: Comprehensive? 503
Applications, 504
Major Contributions and Summary, 505
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 505
REVIEW, 506
CHAPTER 14 PERSONALITY IN CONTEXT: INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS, CULTURE, AND DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE COURSE OF LIFE, 507
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 509
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS, 510
Rejection Sensitivity, 510
''Hot" and ''Cool" Focus , 513
Transference in Interpersonal Relationships, 514
MEETING ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES: OPTIMISTIC STRATEGIES AND DEFENSIVE PESSIMISM, 516
PERSONALITY CONSISTENCY IN CONTEXT, 517
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT, 520
Causes and Effects of Personality Attributes, 522
PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN, 523
Psychological Resilience in the Later Years, 523
Emotional Life in Older Adulthood: Socioemotional Selectivity, 524
PERSONS IN CULTURES, 525
Two Strategies for Thinking about Personality and Culture, 525
Strategy #1: Personality . . . and Culture? 525
Strategy #2: Culture and Personality, 527
Personality and Self As Socially Constructed within Culture, 528
Independent and Interdependent Views of Self, 529
PUTTING PERSONALITY IN CONTEXT INTO PRACTICE, 531
Assessing Personality in Context: A Case Study, 531
Personality Processes in Context: Fostering Social Change, 536
SUMMARY, 538
MAJOR CONCEPTS, 538
REVIEW, 539
CHAPTER 15 ASSESSING PERSONALITY THEORY AND RESEARCH, 541
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 542
ON STRUCTURES, PROCESSES, DEVELOPMENT, AND THERAPEUTIC CHANGE, 542
Personality Structure, 542
Process, 543
Growth and Development, 545
Psychopathology and Change, 545
THE CASE OF JIM, 548
HOW DID THEY DO? A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF PERSONALITY, 549
Theories and Research, 549
Scientific Observation: The Database, 549
Theory: Systematic? 551
Theory: Testable? 552
Theory: Comprehensive? 552
Applications, 553
A FINAL SUMMING UP: THEORIES AS TOOLKITS, 554
REVIEW, 555
GLOSSARY, 557
REFERENCES, 567
NAME INDEX, 603
SUBJECT INDEX, 609