Modern Art

Introduction
Modernist Innovation versus Academic Convention: Some Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Examples
Neoclassicism and Romanticism: Precursors to Modern Art Chapter 1: Realism, Early Photography, and Impressionism in France, Britain, and the United States, c. 1850-1880
Realism in France
Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)
Jean-Francois Millet (1814-1875)
Rosa Bonheur (1822-1899)
Realism in Britain: The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
John Everett Millais (1829-1896)
Ford Madox Brown (1821-1893)
The Later Pre-Raphaelite Movement
The Aesthetic Movement: James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)
Early Photography
The Early Technical Development of Photography
Photography as Art
Oscar Rejlander (1813-1875)
Gustave Le Gray (1820-1884)
Masters of Mid-Nineteenth-Century Portrait Photography: Nadar and Julia Margaret Cameron
Nadar (1820-1910)
Julia Margaret Cameron (1815-1879)
Documentary Photography
The Painting of Modern Life: Edouard Manet (1832-1883)
Le Dejeuner sur l'herbe (1863)
Olympia (1863)
Manet's Last Major Painting: A Bar at the Folies-Bergere (1882)
Impressionism
Claude Monet (1840-1926)
Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)
Berthe Morisot (1841-1895)
Edgar Degas (1834-1917)
Mary Cassatt (1844-1926)
Realism in Later Nineteenth-Century American Painting
Winslow Homer (1836-1910)
Thomas Eakins (1844-1916)
Henry Ossawa Tanner (1859-1937) Chapter 2: Post-Impressionism and Symbolism: Painting and Sculpture in Europe, c. 1886-1910
Post-Impressionist Painters of Modern Life: Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Georges Seurat (1859-1891)
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901)
Paul Cezanne (1839-1906)
Symbolism
Precursors of Symbolism: Gustave Moreau, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, and Odilon Redon
Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)
Precursors of Expressionism: Vincent van Gogh, Edvard Munch, and James Ensor
Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)
Edvard Munch (1863-1944)
James Ensor (1860-1949)
Late Ninteenth-Century Modern Sculpture in France
Auguste Rodin (1840-1917)
Camille Claudel (1864-1943)
Medardo Rosso (1858-1928)
The Nabis
Edouard Vuillard (1688-1940) and Pierre Bonnard (1867-1947) Chapter 3: Expressionism in France, Germany, and Austria
Fauvism
The Fauvism of Henri Matisse (1869-1954)
Matisse after Fauvism
Andre Derain (1880-1954) and Maurice de Vlaminck (1876-1958)
Emilie Charmy (1878-1974)
Contemporaries of the Fauves: Georges Rouault and Aristide Maillol
Georges Rouault (1871-1958)
Aristide Maillol (1861-1944)
German Art at the Turn of the Century
Paula Modersohn-Becker (1876-1907)
Kaethe Kollwitz (1867-1945)
Die Bruecke
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880-1938)
Erich Heckel (1883-1970)
Emil Nolde (1867-1956)
German Expressionist Sculpture
Ernst Barlach (1870-1938)
Wilhelm Lehmbruck (1881-1919)
Der Blaue Reiter
Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944)
Gabriele Muenter (1877-1962)
Franz Marc (1880-1916)
Paul Klee (1879-1940)
Expressionism in Austria
Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980)
Egon Schiele (1890-1918) Chapter 4: The Cubist Revolution
Pablo Picasso (1881-1973): His Early Career Georges Braque (1882-1963): His Early Career
Picasso's and Braque's Development of Cubism
Analytic Cubism: 1909-1911
Collage, Papier Colle, Assemblage, and Synthetic Cubism: 1912-1914
Cubist Sculpture
Alexander Archipenko (1887-1964)
Raymond Duchamp-Villon (1876-1918)
Jacques Lipchitz (1891-1973)
Salon Cubism
Marie Laurencin (1883-1956)
Juan Gris (1887-1927)
Maria Blanchard (1881-1932)
Fernand Leger (1881-1955)
Robert Delaunay (1885-1941)
Sonia Delaunay-Terk (1885-1979)
Frantisek Kupka (1871-1957)
Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968)
Futurism
Giacomo Balla (1871-1958)
Anton Giulio Bragaglia (1890-1960)
Gino Severini (1883-1966)
Umberto Boccioni (1882-1916)
Antonio Sant'Elia (1888-1916)
Vorticism Chapter 5: Modern Architecture in Western Europe and the United States, Late Nineteenth Century to World War I
Beaux-Arts Architecture: Charles Garnier's Paris Opera
Iron Architecture for the International Expositions
William Morris (1834-1896) and the Arts and Crafts Movement
C. F. A. Voysey (1857-1941)
Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868-1928)
Art Nouveau
Victor Horta (1861-1947)
Hector Guimard (1867-1942)
Antoni Gaudi (1852-1926)
Turn-of-the-Century Modern Architecture in Vienna
Otto Wagner (1841-1918)
The Vienna Secession
Joseph Maria Olbrich (1867-1908)
Josef Hoffmann (1870-1956)
Adolf Loos (1870-1933)
The New American Architecture
H. H. Richardson (1838-1886)
The Chicago School and the Rise of the Skyscraper
Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) and the "Tall Building Artistically Considered"
The White City
Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)
Early Twentieth-Century Modern Architecture in Germany: The Deutscher Werkbund
Peter Behrens (1868-1940)
Walter Gropius (1883-1969) and Adolf Meyer (1881-1929) Chapter 6: The Russian Avant-Garde, De Stijl, and the Bauhaus
The Avant-Garde in Russia
Mikhail Larionov (1881-1964) and Natalia Goncharova (1881-1962)
Liubov Popova (1889-1924)
Kazimir Malevich (1879-1935) and Suprematism
El Lissitzky (1890-1941)
Vladimir Tatlin (1885-1953) Constructivism
Aleksandr Rodchenko (1891-1956)
Varvara Stepanova (1894-1958)
Naum Gabo (1890-1977) and Antoine (Anton) Pevsner (1886-1962)
De Stijl
Piet Mondrian (1872-1944)
Theo van Doesburg (1883-1931)
Gerrit Rietveld (1888-1964)
The Bauhaus
Walter Gropius's Bauhaus Building
Paul Klee (1879-1940)
Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944)
Laszlo Moholy-Nagy (1895-1946)
Marianne Brandt (1893-1983)
Josef Albers (1888-1976)
Gunta Stoelzl (1897-1983)
Anni Albers (1889-1994) Chapter 7: Dada and the New Objectivity
Zurich Dada
Jean (Hans) Arp (1886-1966)
Sophie Taeuber-Arp (1889-1943) New York Dada
Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968)
Francis Picabia (1879-1953)
Man Ray (1890-1976)
Dada in Germany
Raoul Hausmann (1886-1971)
Hannah Hoech (1889-1978)
John Heartfield (1891-1968)
Kurt Schwitters (1887-1948)
Max Ernst (1891-1976)
The New Objectivity
George Grosz (1893-1959)
Otto Dix (1891-1969)
August Sander (1876-1964)
Max Beckmann (1884-1950) Chapter 8: Surrealism Surrealist Visual Art Early Twentieth-Century Precursors of Surrealism: Henri Rousseau (1844-1910), Marc Chagall (1887-1985), and Giorgio de Chirico (1888-1978)
Abstract Surrealist Painting Andre Masson (1896-1987)
Joan Miro (1893-1983)
Max Ernst (1891-1976)
Matta (1911-2002)
Illusionistic Surrealist Painting
Yves Tanguy (1900-1955)
Salvador Dali (1904-1989)
Rene Magritte (1898-1967)
Leonora Carrington (1917-2011)
Dorothea Tanning (1910-2012)
Surrealist Sculpture
Alberto Giacometti (1901-1966)
Jean Arp (1886-1966)
The Surrealist Object
Meret Oppenheim (1913-1985) Surrealism and Photography
Eugene Atget (1857-1927) Man Ray (1890-1976) Raoul Ubac (1910-1985) Dora Maar (1907-1997)
Claude Cahun (1894-1954)
Andre Kertesz (1894-1985)
Brassai (1899-1984)
Henri Cartier-Bresson (1908-2004) Chapter 9: Art in France and England between the World Wars Les Maudits
Amedeo Modigliani (1884-1920)
Chaim Soutine (1893-1943)
Suzanne Valadon (1865-1938)
The Later Work of Henri Matisse
The Later Work of Georges Braque
The Later Work of Pablo Picasso
School of Paris Sculpture
Julio Gonzalez (1876-1942)
Jacques Lipchitz's Later Work
Constantin Brancusi (1876-1957)
The Later Work of Fernand Leger
Purism
Modern Art in England between the Wars Stanley Spencer (1891-1959)
Paul Nash (1889-1946)
The Early Work of Henry Moore (1898-1986)
The Early Work of Barbara Hepworth (1903-1975) Ben Nicholson (1894-1982) Chapter 10: Modern Art in the United States, Canada, and Latin America, c. 1900-1945
Modern Realism in New York: The Ashcan School
Robert Henri (1865-1929)
George Bellows (1882-1925)
Art and Reform: Abastenia St. Leger Eberle (1878-1942) and Lewis Hine (1874-1940)
Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946) and the Rise of Abstraction
Gertrude Kaesebier (1852-1934)
Stieglitz as a Photographer
Stieglitz's Support of American Painters
Arthur Dove (1880-1946) and John Marin (1870-1953)
Marsden Hartley (1877-1943)
Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986)
Modernist Photography in California: Edward Weston (1886-1958) and Group f.64
The Machine Aesthetic and Precisionism
Charles Demuth (1883-1935)
Charles Sheeler (1883-1965)
The Harlem Renaissance
Aaron Douglas (1899-1979)
James Van Der Zee (1886-1983) Augusta Savage (1892-1962)
Jacob Lawrence (1917-2000)
Picturing the American Scene
Edward Hopper (1882-1967)
Thomas Hart Benton (1889-1975)
John Steuart Curry (1897-1946) and Grant Wood (1891-1942)
Ben Shahn (1898-1969)
Photographers of Rural Poverty: Dorothea Lange (1895-1965) and Walker Evans (1903-1975)
US Abstraction in the 1930s
Stuart Davis (1892-1964)
Alexander Calder (1898-1976)
Modern Art in Canada
Tom Thomson (1877-1917) and the Group of Seven
Lawren Harris (1885-1970)
Emily Carr (1871-1945)
Modern Art in Latin America
Brazil Tarsila do Amaral (1886-1973)
Mexico Diego Rivera (1886-1957)
Frida Kahlo (1907-1954)
Manuel Alvarez Bravo (1902-2002)
Cuba
Amelia Pelaez (1896-1968) Wifredo Lam (1902-1982)
Uruguay: Joaquin Torres-Garcia (1874-1949)
Argentina
Xul Solar (1887-1963)
Concrete Abstraction in Argentina Chapter 11: Modern Art in Asia: India, Japan, Korea, and China, c. 1900-1945
India
Abanindranath Tagore (1871-1951)
Gaganendranath Tagore (1867-1938)
Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941)
Amrita Sher-Gil (1913-1941)
Jamini Roy (1887-1972)
Japan
Ernest Fenollosa, Okakura Kakuzo, and Nihonga
Yokoyama Taikan (1868-1958) and Hishida Shunso (1874-1911)
Yoga: Kuroda Seiki (1866-1924)
The Fuzainkai and the Nikakai
Yorozu Tetsugoro (1885-1927)
Mavo
Surrealism
Korea
Ko Hui-dong (1886-1965)
Kim Kwan-ho (1890-1959)
The Choson Art Exhibition, Local Colors, and Lee-In-sung (1912-1950)
The New Woman
Abstraction: Kim Whanki (1913-1974)
China
The Shanghai School
Chen Hengke (1876-1923) and Qi Baishi (1864-1957)
Gao Jianfu (1879-1951) and the Lingnan School
Cai Yuanpei and the New Culture Movement
Xu Beihong (1895-1953)
Lin Fengmian (1900-1991)
The First National Exhibition of Art and the Xu Beihong-Xu Zhimo Debate
Guan Zilan (1903-1986)
The Storm Society
Lu Xun and the Modern Woodcut Movement Chapter 12: Postwar Art in the United States: Abstract Expressionism and the New American Sculpture and Photography
Early Abstract Expressionism
Arshile Gorky (1904-1948)
The Early Work of Mark Rothko (1903-1970)
The Early Work of Jackson Pollock (1912-1956) Action Painting
Jackson Pollock's Drip Paintings
Lee Krasner (1908-1984)
Willem de Kooning (1904-1997)
Franz Kline (1910-1962)
Joan Mitchell (1925-1992)
Color Field Painting
Clyfford Still (1904-1980)
Rothko's Later Work
Barnett Newman (1905-1970)
Between Gesture and Field
Adolph Gottlieb (1903-1974)
Robert Motherwell (1915-1991)
Norman Lewis (1909-1979)
Ad Reinhardt (1913-1967) Figurative Painting in the Age of Abstract Expressionism
East Coast Artists: Andrew Wyeth (1917-2009), Grace Hartigan (1922-2008), and Larry Rivers (1923-2002)
San Francisco Bay Area Artists: David Park (1911-1960) and Richard Diebenkorn (1922- 1993)
New York Sculpture at Mid-Century
David Smith (1906-1965)
Isamu Noguchi (1904-1988)
Louise Bourgeois (1911-2010)
Joseph Cornell (1903-1972)
Postwar American Photography
Photojournalism: Margaret Bourke-White (1904-1971) and Robert Capa (1913-1954)
Abstraction: Minor White (1908-1976), Harry Callahan (1912-1999), and Aaron Siskind (1903-1991)
Urban Life: Helen Levitt (1913-2009), Lisette Model (1901-1983), Gordon Parks (1912-2006), and Roy DeCarava (1919-2009)
The Family of Man
Robert Frank (1924-2019) Chapter 13: Postwar Art in Europe
Art Informel in France
Jean Fautrier (1898-1964)
Wols (1913-1951)
Georges Mathieu (1921-2012)
Pierre Soulages (1919-2022)
School of Paris Abstraction: Maria Helena Vieria da Silva (1908-1992)
Art Informel in Italy and Spain Lucio Fontana (1899-1968)
Alberto Burri (1915-1995)
Antoni Tapies (1923-2012)
Postwar Figuration in France
Jean Dubuffet (1901-1985)
The Cobra Artists
The Later Work of Alberto Giacometti
Germaine Richier (1902-1959)
Postwar Figuration in Britain
The Later Work of Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth Francis Bacon (1909-1992) and Lucian Freud (1922-2011) Chapter 14: Between Art and Life: International Trends of the 1950s and 1960s Assemblage in the United States Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008)
Jasper Johns (b. 1930) Louise Nevelson (1899-1988)
Mark di Suvero (b. 1933)
John Chamberlain (1927-2011)
Lee Bontecou (1931 - 2022)
Edward Kienholz (1997-1924)
Romare Bearden (1911-1988)
Cy Twombly (1928-2011)
The New Documents Photographers Diane Arbus (1923-1971)
Lee Friedlander (b. 1934)
Garry Winogrand (1928-1984)
Nouveau Realisme
Arman (1928-2005)
Jean Tinguely (1925-1991) Niki de Saint Phalle (1930-2002)
Yves Klein (1928-1962)
Gutai
Tanaka Atsuko (1932-2005)
Happenings
Allan Kaprow (1927-2006)
Yayoi Kusama (b. 1929)
Fluxus
Yoko Ono (b. 1933)
Nam June Paik (1932-2006)
Joseph Beuys (1921-1986)
Brazilian Neo-Concretism
Lygia Clark (1920-1988)
Lygia Pape (1927-2004)
Helio Oiticica (1937-1980) Chapter 15: Pop Art
The Independent Group
Eduardo Paolozzi (1924-2005)
Richard Hamilton (1922-2011)
British Pop
Peter Blake (b. 1932)
Pauline Boty (1938-1966)
David Hockney (b. 1937)
New York Pop
Claes Oldenburg (1929-2022)
Roy Lichtenstein (1923-1997)
Andy Warhol (1928-1987)
James Rosenquist (1933-2017)
Robert Indiana (1928-2018)
Tom Wesselmann (1931-2004)
Jim Dine (b. 1935)
George Segal (1924-2000)
Marisol (1930-2016)
California Pop
Ed Ruscha (b. 1937)
Wayne Thiebaud (1920-2021)
German Capitalist Realism
Gerhard Richter (b. 1932)
Sigmar Polke (1941-2010)
Pop Art in Argentina
Delia Cancela (b. 1940)
Marta Minujin (b. 1943)
Pop Art and Politics in Brazil
Antonio Dias (1944-2018)
Wanda Pimentel (1943-2019)
Japanese Pop Ushio Shinohara (b. 1932)
Tadanori Yokoo (b. 1936) Chapter 16: Abstraction in North America and Europe in the 1960s
Post-Painterly Abstraction
Stained Canvas Color Field Painting
Helen Frankenthaler (1928-2011)
Morris Louis (1912-1962)
Kenneth Noland (1924-2010)
Jules Olitski (1922-2007)
Jack Bush (1909-1977)
Alma Thomas (1891-1978) Hard Edge Painting
Ellsworth Kelly (1923-2015)
Carmen Herrera (1915-2022)
Precursors of Minimalism: Agnes Martin (1912-2004) and Frank Stella (b. 1936)
Abstract Sculpture in Britain: Anthony Caro (1924-2013) and the New Generation
Op Art
Victor Vasarely (1906-1997)
Bridget Riley (b. 1931)
Jesus Rafael Soto (1923-2005)
Kinetic Art
Minimalism
Donald Judd (1928-1994)
Robert Morris (1931-2018)
Dan Flavin (1933-1996)
Carl Andre (b. 1935)
Anne Truitt (1921-2004)
Light and Space Art
Robert Irwin (b. 1928)
James Turrell (b. 1943) Chapter 17: Mid-Century Modern Architecture, c. 1920-1970 The First Wave of the International Style
The Early Architecture of Le Corbusier (1887-1965)
Eileen Gray (1878-1976)
The Early Architecture of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969)
Expressionist Architecture in Germany
Erich Mendelsohn (1887-1953)
The Early Diffusion of the International Style to the United States The Later Work of Frank Lloyd Wright
The Organic Architecture of Alvar Aalto (1898-1976)
The Later Work of Le Corbusier
The Later Work of Mies van der Rohe Resurgent Expressionism Eero Saarinen (1910-1961)
Jorn Utzon (1918-2008)
Louis Kahn (1901-1974)
Mid-Century Modern Architecture in Latin America
Mexico
Juan O'Gorman (1905-1982)
Luis Barragan (1902-1988)
Brazil
The Ministry of Education and Health
Oscar Niemeyer (1907-2012)
Costa and Niemeyer's Brasilia Lina Bo Bardi (1914-1992)
Mid-Century Modern Architecture in Japan Kenzo Tange (1913-2005)
Megastructures The Metabolists Archigram
Constant (1920-2005) Chapter 18: Modern Art in India, Africa, and the Middle East, Mid-Twentieth Century
India
The Progressive Artists' Group
M. F. Husain (1915-2011)
F. N. Souza (1924-2002)
S. H. Raza (1922-2016)
K. G. Subramanyan (1924-2016)
Nasreen Mohamedi (1937-1990)
Modern African Art
West Africa
Nigeria
Ben Enwonwu (1917-1994)
The Zaria Art Society and Uche Okeke (1933-2016)
The Mbari Mbayo Club and Prince Twins Seven-Seven (1944-2011)
Senegal
Mali: Seydou Keita (c. 1921-2001)
East Africa
Ethiopia
Uganda
Southern Africa
Zimbabwe: The Shona School
South Africa
Irma Stern (1894-1966)
The New Group and Walter Battiss (1906-1982)
Black Artists in Segregated South Africa
Gerard Sekoto (1913-1993)
Ernest Mancoba (1904-2002)
The Polly Street Center: Cecil Skotnes (1926-2009) and Sydney Kumalo (1935-1988)
Dumile Feni (1942-1991)
North Africa
Morocco: Ahmed Cherkaoui (1934-1967)
Sudan: Osman Waqialla (1925-2007) and Ibrahim El-Salahi (b. 1930)
Egypt
The Art and Freedom Group and the Contemporary Art Group
The Group of Modern Art: Gazbia Sirry (1925-2021)
The Middle East
Iraq
Jewad Selim (1921-1961)
Hurufiyya
Madiha Umar (1908-2005) and Shakir Hassan al-Said (1925-2004)
Iran
The Saqqakhaneh Artists: Charles Hossein Zenderoudi (b. 1937) and Parviz Tanavoli (b. 1937)
Monir Shahroudy Farmanfarmaian (1922-2019)
Israel
Anna Ticho (1894-1980)
New Horizons: Yosef Zaritsky (1891-1985)
Ten Plus Chapter 19: Pluralism: Trends of the Late 1960s to Mid-1970s Process Art Robert Morris (1931-2018)
Eva Hesse (1936-1970)
Richard Serra (b. 1939)
Sam Gilliam (1933-2022) and Lynda Benglis (b. 1941)
Conceptual Art
Sol LeWitt (1928-2007)
Joseph Kosuth (b. 1945)
On Kawara (1932-2014)
Cildo Meireles (b. 1948)
Conceptual Art as Institutional Critique: Daniel Buren (b. 1938), Marcel Broodthaers (1924-1976), and Hans Haacke (b. 1936)
The Art Workers' Coalition and the New York Art Strike
Bernd (1931-2007) and Hilla (1934-2015) Becher Arte Povera
Mono-ha: Nobuo Sekine (1942-2020) and Lee Ufan (b. 1936)
Land Art and Site-Specific Works
Robert Smithson (1938-1973)
Michael Heizer (b. 1944)
Richard Long (b. 1945)
Walter De Maria (1935-2013)
Nancy Holt (1938-2014)
Christo (1935-2020) and Jeanne-Claude (1935-2009)
Gordon Matta-Clark (1943-1978)
Body and Performance Art
Bruce Nauman (b. 1941)
Gilbert (b. 1943) and George (b. 1942)
Vito Acconci (1940-2017)
Chris Burden (1946-2015) and Marina Abramovice (b. 1946)
Representational Painting and Sculpture in the United States
The Feminist Art Movement Womanhouse
Women's Work: Harmony Hammond (b. 1944), Mierle Laderman Ukeles (b. 1939), Mary Kelly (b. 1941), and Martha Rosler (b. 1943)
Judy Chicago (b. 1939) The Dinner Party
Miriam Schapiro (1923-2015) and the Pattern and Decoration Movement Feminist Body and Performance Art
Hannah Wilke (1940-1993)
Carolee Schneemann (1939-2019)
Ana Mendieta (1948-1985)
The Black Arts Movement
Wadsworth Jarrell (b. 1929)
David Hammons (b. 1943)
Black Feminist Art
Faith Ringgold (b. 1930)
Betye Saar (b. 1926)
Fritz Scholder (1937-2005) and T.C. Cannon (1946-1978): Critical Native American Painters
The Chicano Art Movement Chapter 20: Postmodernism: Art in Europe and the United States from the Late 1970s to Late 1980s
Neo-Expressionism
American Neo-Expressionism
Julian Schnabel (b. 1951)
David Salle (b. 1952)
Eric Fischl (b. 1948)
Leon Golub (1922-2004)
Sue Coe (b. 1951)
The Italian Transavanguardia
Francesco Clemente (b. 1952)
German Neo-Expressionism
Georg Baselitz (b. 1938)
Anselm Kiefer (b. 1945)
Joerg Immendorff (1945-2007)
Sigmar Polke and Gerhard Richter Nonconformist Soviet Art: Komar (b. 1943) and Melamid (b. 1945), and Ilya Kabakov (b. 1933)
Graffiti Art and Its Influence
Keith Haring (1958-1990)
Jean-Michel Basquiat (1960-1988)
Tim Rollins (1955-2017) + K.O.S.
Black Artists Countering Racism: David Hammons (b. 1943) and Adrian Piper (b. 1948)
Photo-Based Postmodern Appropriation Art in the United States
Richard Prince (b. 1949)
Sherrie Levine (b. 1947)
Barbara Kruger (b. 1945)
Guerilla Girls
Cindy Sherman (b. 1954)
Public Art and Politics in the United States in the 1980s
Maya Lin (b. 1959) The Vietnam Veterans Memorial
Richard Serra: Tilted Arc
Jenny Holzer (b. 1950)
Edgar Heap of Birds (b. 1954)
Krzysztof Wodiczko (b. 1943)
Neo-Geo
Allan McCollum (b. 1944) and Peter Halley (b. 1953)
Commodity Art: Haim Steinbach (b. 1944) and Jeff Koons (b. 1955)
Rosemarie Trockel (b. 1952)
Late Modernist Painting and Sculpture
American Art and the AIDS Crisis
The Culture Wars in the United States Chapter 21: Recent Architecture: From Postmodernism to Green Design Postmodern Architecture
Robert Venturi (1925-2018) and Venturi, Rauch, and Scott Brown
Charles Moore (1925-1993)
Philip Johnson (1906-2005) Michael Graves (1934-2015)
James Stirling (1926-1992)
Arata Isozaki (b. 1931)
Late Modernism
Tadao Ando (b. 1941)
Richard Meier (b. 1934)
Tropical Modernism in South Asia
Balkrishna Doshi (b. 1927)
Charles Correa (1930-2015) Geoffrey Bawa (1919-2003) High Tech
Renzo Piano (b. 1937) and Richard Rogers (1933-2021)
Norman Foster (b. 1935)
Santiago Calatrava (b. 1950) Deconstructivism
Peter Eisenman (b. 1932)
Frank Gehry (b. 1929)
Daniel Libeskind (b. 1946)
Zaha Hadid (1950-2016) Rem Koolhaas (b. 1944) and OMA
Green Design Glenn Murcutt (b. 1936)
Diebedo Francis Kere (b. 1965)
From High Tech to Eco-Tech
Ken Yeang (b. 1948) Chapter 22: The Global Contemporary: Themes in Art Since c. 1989 The Body Identity
Memory and History Mobility Participation Nature and Ecology
Death, Religion, and Spirituality Time Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index