Workbook for Principles of Radiographic Imaging

Preface
Exposure Technique Factors
Laboratory Equipment and Materials

UNIT I: Creating the Beam
Worksheet 1-1 Basic Mathematics Review
Worksheet 1-2 Units of Measurement
Worksheet 2-1 Basic Atomic Theory
Worksheet 2-2 Electromagnetic Radiation
Laboratory 3-1 Laws of Electrostatics and Electrodynamics
Laboratory 3-2 Ohm's Law and Resistance
Laboratory 4-1 Laws of Magnetism and Magnetic Induction
Laboratory 4-2 Electromagnetic Induction
Worksheet 4-3 Generators, Motors, and Alternating and Direct Current
Worksheet 4-4 Transformers, Autotransformers, and Capacitors
Worksheet 4-5 Rectification
Worksheet 5-1 X-Ray Tubes
Worksheet 5-2 Rating Charts and Cooling Charts
Worksheet 6-1 A Basic X-Ray Circuit
Worksheet 7-1 X-Ray Production

UNIT II: Protecting Patients and Personnel
Laboratory 8-1 Using Dosimetry Equipment
Worksheet 8-2 Units and Measurements Used in Radiation Protection
Laboratory 9-1 Basic Radiation Protection, Detection, and Measurement
Laboratory 9-2 The Effect of Rotating the Collimator for a Hip Projection on Patient Dose
Laboratory 10-1 Half-Value Layer Determination
Laboratory 10-2 Effects of Filtration
Worksheet 11-1 Calculating Prime Factors
Laboratory 11-2 Effect of mAs, kVp, and SID on X-Ray Emission
Worksheet 12-1 X-Ray Interactions
Laboratory 13-1 Estimating Patient Entrance Skin Exposure
Laboratory 14-1 Beam Restriction

UNIT III: Creating the Image
Laboratory 15-1 Thinking Three-Dimensionally
Laboratory 16-1 Effect of Subject on Attenuation and Scatter
Laboratory 16-2 The Effect of Pathology on Image Quality
Laboratory 17-1 Grid Comparisons and Conversions
Laboratory 17-2 Grid Errors
Laboratory 17-3 The Moire Effect When Utilizing Computed Radiographic Systems
Laboratory 18-1 Determining and Controlling AEC Configurations
Laboratory 18-2 The Effect of Positioning on Automatic Exposure Control
Laboratory 18-3 The Effect of Collimation on Automatic Exposure Control
Worksheet 19-1 Digital Imaging Formation and Processing
Worksheet 19-2 Digital Matrix
Laboratory 19-3 Digital Image Post-Processing and Manipulation
Laboratory 19-4 Manipulating Window Level and Window Width
Laboratory 19-5 The Effect of Cropping to Replace Collimation
Laboratory 19-6 The Effect of Detector Saturation and Quantum Noise on Image Quality
Worksheet 20-1 Computed Radiography (CR) Image Acquisition
Laboratory 20-2 CR/DR Exposure Factor Selection
Laboratory 20-3 Computed Radiography/Digital Radiography Processing Errors
Worksheet 20-4 Digital Radiography (DR) Image Acquisition
Laboratory 20-5 Establishing a Technique Chart
Worksheet 20-6 Exposure Indicator Values
Worksheet 20-7 Deviation Index Values
Worksheet 21-1 Display Monitor Characteristics
Worksheet 22-1 Informatics in Medical Imaging
Worksheet 23-1 Artificial Intelligence

UNIT IV: Analyzing the Image
Laboratory 24-1 Evaluating Acceptance Limits
Laboratory 25-1 The Effect of mAs on IR Exposure
Laboratory 25-2 The Effect of kVp on IR Exposure-The 15 Percent Rule
Laboratory 25-3 Determining Adequate Penetration
Laboratory 25-4 The Effect of Distance on IR Exposure-The Exposure Maintenance Formula
Laboratory 25-5 The Effect of Tissue Density and Subject Contrast on IR Exposure
Worksheet 25-6 Image Receptor Exposure Analysis
Laboratory 26-1 The Effect of kVp on Image Contrast
Laboratory 26-2 The Effect of Subject Contrast and Tissue Density on Image Contrast
Laboratory 26-3 The Effect of Grids on Image Contrast
Worksheet 26-4 Image Contrast Analysis
Worksheet 27-1 The Geometric Properties Math Problems
Laboratory 27-2 The Effect of Distance on Spatial Resolution
Laboratory 27-3 The Effect of Focal Spot Size on Spatial Resolution
Laboratory 27-4 The Effect of Motion on Spatial Resolution
Worksheet 27-5 Image Resolution Analysis
Laboratory 28-1 The Effect of Distance on Size Distortion
Laboratory 28-2 The Effect of Alignment, Centering, and Angulation on Shape Distortion
Laboratory 28-3 The Effect of Cropping One Projection to Replace Another on Shape Distortion
Laboratory 28-4 Effect of Improper Anatomical Part Alignment on Shape Distortion
Worksheet 28-5 Distortion Analysis
Laboratory 29-1 Image Critique: Assessing Image Receptor Exposure, Contrast, Spatial Resolution, and Distortion
Laboratory 30-1 Estimating Focal Spot Size
Laboratory 30-2 Evaluating Collimator, Central Ray, and Bucky Tray Alignment
Laboratory 30-3 Evaluating Distance, Centering, and Angulator Accuracy
Laboratory 30-4 Evaluating Kilovoltage Accuracy
Laboratory 30-5 Evaluating Exposure Reproducibility, mA Linearity, and mR/mAs
Laboratory 30-6 Rejected-Image Studies

UNIT V: Special Imaging Systems and Modalities
Laboratory 31-1 The Effect of Alignment and Distance on Mobile Radiographic Image Quality
Laboratory 32-1 Fluoroscopic Automatic Brightness Controls
Worksheet 33-1 Tomography and Digital Tomosynthesis
Worksheet 34-1 Mammography Equipment
Worksheet 35-1 Bone Densitometry
Worksheet 36-1 Vascular Imaging Equipment
Worksheet 37-1 Computed Tomography
Worksheet 38-1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Laboratory 38-2 Evaluating Magnetic Resonance Images
Worksheet 39-1 Nuclear Medicine Equipment
Laboratory 39-2 Evaluating Nuclear Medicine Images
Worksheet 40-1 Radiation Therapy
Worksheet 41-1 Ultrasound Image Studies
Worksheet 41-2 Doppler Image Studies