Scientific Unit Conversion

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Why a Conversion Handbook?.- 1.2 How to Use This Book.- 2 The International System of Units.- 2.1 History.- 2.2 The General Conference on Weights and Measures.- 2.3 Organization of the SI.- 2.3.1 SI Base Units.- 2.3.2 SI Supplementary Units.- 2.3.3 SI Derived Units.- 2.3.4 Non-SI and SI Units Used in Combination.- 2.3.4.1 Commonly Used Legal Non-SI Units.- 2.3.4.2 Non-SI Units Defined by Experiment.- 2.3.4.3 Non-SI Units Temporarily Maintained.- 2.3.4.4 Non-SI Units Which Must be Discontinued.- 2.4 SI Prefixes.- 3 Other Systems of Units.- 3.1 MTS, MKpS, MKSA.- 3.1.1 The MKpS System.- 3.1.2 The MTS System.- 3.1.3 The MKSA (Giorgi) System.- 3.2 Cgs, Gauss, IEUS, a. u.- 3.2.1 The cgs System.- 3.2.1.1 The esu Subsystem.- 3.2.1.2 The emu Subsystem.- 3.2.2 The Gauss System.- 3.2.3 International Electrical Units.- 3.2.4 Atomic Units (a. u.).- 3.3 British and American Systems of Units.- 3.3.1 Imperial Units.- 3.3.1.1 Imperial Units of Length.- 3.3.1.1.1 UK Linear Measure.- 3.3.1.1.2 UK Nautical Measure.- 3.3.1.1.3 UK Surveyors' Measure.- 3.3.1.2 Imperial Units of Area.- 3.3.1.2.1 UK Measures of Area.- 3.3.1.2.2 UK Surveyor's Measure.- 3.3.1.2.3 Circular Units.- 3.3.1.3 Imperial Units of Volume and Capacity.- 3.3.1.3.1 UK Measures of Volume.- 3.3.1.3.2 UK Liquid Measure.- 3.3.1.3.3 UK Dry Measure.- 3.3.1.4 Imperial Units of Weight.- 3.3.1.4.1 UK Avoirdupois Weight.- 3.3.1.4.2 UK Apothecaries' Weight.- 3.3.1.4.3 UK Troy Weight v.- 3.3.2 The American System of Measures (US Customary Units).- 3.3.2.1 US Customary Units of Length.- 3.3.2.1.1 US Linear Measure.- 3.3.2.1.2 US Nautical Measure.- 3.3.2.1.3 US Surveyors' Measure.- 3.3.2.2 US Customary Units of Area.- 3.3.2.2.1 US Measures of Area.- 3.3.2.2.2 US Surveyors' Measure.- 3.3.2.2.3 Circular Units.- 3.3.2.3 US Units of Volume and Capacity.- 3.3.2.3.1 US Measures of Volume.- 3.3.2.3.2 US Liquid Measure.- 3.3.2.3.3 US Dry Measure.- 3.3.2.3.4 US Apothecaries' Measures of Capacity.- 3.3.2.4 US Customary Units of Weight.- 3.3.2.4.1 US Avoirdupois Weight.- 3.3.2.4.2 US Apothecaries' Weight.- 3.3.2.4.3 US Troy Weight.- 3.3.3 Obsolete Weight and Capacity Measures.- 3.3.3.1 UK Units for Beer, Wines and Spirits.- 3.3.3.2 British and American Hay and Straw Weights.- 3.3.3.3 British Weights for Wool.- 3.4 The Foot-Pound-Second (FPS) System.- 3.5 Ancient and Obsolete Systems of Weights and Measures.- 3.5.1 Systems from Antiquity.- 3.5.1.1 The Chinese System.- 3.5.1.1.1 Old Chinese Units of Length.- 3.5.1.1.2 Old Chinese Units of Area.- 3.5.1.1.3 Old Chinese Units of Weight.- 3.5.1.1.4 Old Chinese Units of Capacity.- 3.5.1.2 The Indian System.- 3.5.1.2.1 Old Indian Units of Length.- 3.5.1.2.2 Indian Units of Weight.- 3.5.1.2.3 Indian Units of Capacity.- 3.5.1.3 The Egyptian System.- 3.5.1.3.1 Egyptian Units of Length.- 3.5.1.3.2 Egyptian Units of Area.- 3.5.1.3.3 Egyptian Units of Weight.- 3.5.1.3.4 Egyptian Units of Capacity.- 3.5.1.4 The Assyrio-Chaldean-Persian System.- 3.5.1.4.1 Persian Units of Length.- 3.5.1.4.2 Persian Units of Area.- 3.5.1.4.3 Persian Units of Capacity.- 3.5.1.5 The Hebrew System.- 3.5.1.5.1 Hebrew Units of Length.- 3.5.1.5.2 Hebrew Units of Weight (Sacred System).- 3.5.1.5.3 Hebrew Units of Weight (Talmudic System).- 3.5.1.5.4 Hebrew Units of Capacity (Dry).- 3.5.1.5.5 Hebrew Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.1.6 The Greek System (Attic).- 3.5.1.6.1 Greek Units of Length.- 3.5.1.6.2 Greek Units of Weight.- 3.5.1.6.3 Greek Units of Capacity (Dry).- 3.5.1.6.4 Greek Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.1.7 The Roman System.- 3.5.1.7.1 Roman Units of Length.- 3.5.1.7.2 Roman Units of Area.- 3.5.1.7.3 Roman Units of Weight.- 3.5.1.7.4 Roman Units of Capacity (Dry).- 3.5.1.7.5 Roman Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.1.8 The Arabic System.- 3.5.1.8.1 Arabic Units of Length.- 3.5.1.8.2 Arabic Units of Area.- 3.5.1.8.3 Arabic Units of Weight (System of the Prophet).- 3.5.1.8.4 Arabic Units of Capacity.- 3.5.2 Obsolete National and Regional Systems.- 3.5.2.1 Old French System (Ancien Régime).- 3.5.2.1.1 Old French Units of Length.- 3.5.2.1.2 Old French Units of Area.- 3.5.2.1.3 Old French Units of Capacity.- 3.5.2.1.4 Old French Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.2 Old French System (1812-1840).- 3.5.2.3 Old Italian System.- 3.5.2.3.1 Italian Units of Length.- 3.5.2.3.2 Old Italian Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.3.3 Old Italian Measures (Regional Variations).- 3.5.2.4 Old Spanish System (Castillian).- 3.5.2.4.1 Old Spanish Units of Length.- 3.5.2.4.2 Old Spanish Units of Area.- 3.5.2.4.3 Old Spanish Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.4.4 Old Spanish Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.2.4.5 Old Spanish Units of Capacity (Dry).- 3.5.2.5 Old Portuguese System.- 3.5.2.5.1 Old Portuguese Units of Length.- 3.5.2.5.2 Old Portuguese Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.5.3 Old Portuguese Units of Capacity (Dry).- 3.5.2.5.4 Old Portuguese Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.2.6 Old Dutch System.- 3.5.2.6.1 Old Dutch Units of Length.- 3.5.2.6.2 Old Dutch Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.6.3 Old Dutch Units of Capacity (Dry).- 3.5.2.6.4 Old Dutch Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.2.7 Old German System (Prussian).- 3.5.2.7.1 Old German Units of Length.- 3.5.2.7.2 Old German Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.7.3 Old German Units of Capacity (Dry).- 3.5.2.7.4 Old German Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.2.8 Old Russian System.- 3.5.2.8.1 Old Russian Units of Length.- 3.5.2.8.2 Old Russian Units of Weight (Ordinary).- 3.5.2.8.3 Old Russian Units of Weight (Apothecary).- 3.5.2.8.4 Old Russian Units of Capacity (Dry).- 3.5.2.8.5 Old Russian Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.2.9 Old Swedish System.- 3.5.2.9.1 Old Swedish Units of Length.- 3.5.2.9.2 Old Swedish Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.9.3 Old Swedish Units of Capacity (Dry).- 3.5.2.9.4 Old Swedish Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.2.10 Old Japanese System.- 3.5.2.10.1 Old Japanese Units of Length.- 3.5.2.10.2 Old Japanese Units of Area.- 3.5.2.10.3 Old Japanese Units of Capacity.- 3.5.2.10.4 Old Japanese Units of Weight.- 4 Conversion Tables.- 4.1 Units in Alphabetical Order.- 4.2 Conversion Tables Listed by Physical Quantities.- 4.2.1 Conversion Tables for Units of Mass.- 4.2.2 Conversion Tables for Units of Length.- 4.2.3 Conversion Tables for Units of Area.- 4.2.4 Conversion Tables for Units of Volume and Capacity.- 4.2.5 Conversion Table for Units of Linear Density.- 4.2.6 Conversion Table for Units of Surface Mass Density.- 4.2.7 Conversion Table for Units of Mass Density.- 4.2.8 Conversion Table for Units of Specific Gravity.- 4.2.9 Conversion Table for Units of Time.- 4.2.10 Conversion Table for Units of Dynamic Viscosity.- 4.2.11 Conversion Table for Units of Kinematic Viscosity.- 4.2.12 Conversion Table for Units of Linear Velocity.- 4.2.13 Conversion Table for Units of Angular Velocity.- 4.2.14 Conversion Table for Units of Force.- 4.2.15 Conversion Table for Units of Pressure and Stress.- 4.2.16 Conversion Table for Units of Energy, Heat and Work.- 4.2.17 Conversion Table for Units of Power.- 4.2.18 Conversion Table for Units of Plane and Solid Angle.- 4.2.19 Conversion Table for Units of Thermal Conductivity.- 4.2.20 Conversion Table for Units of Concentration.- 4.2.21 Conversion Table for Units of Temperature.- 4.2.22 Conversion Table for Electrical Units.- 4.2.23 Conversion Table for Units Used in Magnetism.- 4.2.24 Conversion Table for Photometric Units.- 4.2.25 Conversion Table for Units Used in Nuclear Sciences.- 5 Fundamental Constants.- 5.1 Fundamental Mathematical Constants.- 5.2 Fundamental Physical Constants.- 6 Appendices.- 6.1 Greek Alphabet.- 6.2 Roman Numerals.- 6.3 Rules about Large Numbers (1000000).- 6.4 Date and Time Numerical Representation.- 6.5 National, Regional, and International Standardization Bodies.- 6.5.1 International Standards Bodies.- 6.5.2 National Standards Bodies Worldwide.- 6.5.2.1 National Standards Bodies.- 6.5.2.2 US Standards and Standardizations Bodies, Technical Associations and Societies.- 6.6 Acceleration Due to Gravity at Any Latitude and Elevation.- 6.7 International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS, 1968).- 6.8 French-English Lexicon for Units.- 6.9 French-English Lexicon for Physical Quantities.- 6.10 Old Alchemical Symbols Used in Astronomy, Chemistry, and Biology.- 6.11 Old Symbols Used in the British System.- 7 Bibliography.- 7.1 Specific References.- 7.2 References about the Metric System and the SI.- 7.3 References of General Interest.- 7.4 Historical References.- 7.5 International and National Standards.