Fluvial Remote Sensing for Science and Management

Series Foreword, xv Foreword, xvii List of Contributors, xix 1 Introduction: The Growing Use of Imagery in Fundamental and Applied River Sciences, 1 Patrice E. Carbonneau and Herv´e Pi´egay 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Remote sensing, river sciences and management, 2 1.3 Evolution of published work in Fluvial Remote Sensing, 8 1.4 Brief outline of the volume, 16 References, 17 2 Management Applications of Optical Remote Sensing in the Active River Channel, 19 W. Andrew Marcus, Mark A. Fonstad and Carl J. Legleiter 2.1 Introduction, 19 2.2 What can be mapped with optical imagery?, 20 2.3 Flood extent and discharge, 21 2.4 Water depth, 22 2.5 Channel change, 24 2.6 Turbidity and suspended sediment, 25 2.7 Bed sediment, 27 2.8 Biotypes (in-stream habitat units), 29 2.9 Wood, 31 2.10 Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and algae, 31 2.11 Evolving applications, 33 2.12 Management considerations common to river applications, 33 2.13 Accuracy, 35 2.14 Ethical considerations, 36 2.15 Why use optical remote sensing?, 36 References, 38 3 An Introduction to the Physical Basis for Deriving River Information by Optical Remote Sensing, 43 Carl J. Legleiter and Mark A. Fonstad 3.1 Introduction, 43 3.2 An overview of radiative transfer in shallow stream channels, 45 3.3 Optical characteristics of river channels, 54 3.4 Inferring river channel attributes from remotely sensed data, 60 3.5 Conclusion, 66 3.6 Notation, 67 References, 68 4 Hyperspectral Imagery in Fluvial Environments, 71 Mark J. Fonstad 4.1 Introduction, 71 4.2 The nature of hyperspectral data, 72 4.3 Advantages of hyperspectral imagery, 74 4.4 Logistical and optical limitations of hyperspectral imagery, 75 4.5 Image processing techniques, 78 4.6 Conclusions, 82 Acknowledgments, 82 References, 82 5 Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing of Water Temperature in Riverine Landscapes, 85 Rebecca N. Handcock, Christian E. Torgersen, Keith A. Cherkauer, Alan R. Gillespie, Klement Tockner, Russel N. Faux and Jing Tan 5.1 Introduction, 85 5.2 State of the art: TIR remote sensing of streams and rivers, 88 5.3 Technical background to the TIR remote sensing of water, 91 5.4 Extracting useful information from TIR images, 96 5.5 TIR imaging sensors and data sources, 98 5.6 Validating TIR measurements of rivers, 102 5.7 Example 1: Illustrating the necessity of matching the spatial resolution of the TIR imaging device to river width using multi-scale observations of water temperature in the Pacific Northwest (USA), 106 5.8 Example 2: Thermal heterogeneity in river floodplains used to assess habitat diversity, 108 5.9 Summary, 108 Acknowledgements, 109 5.10 Table of abbreviations, 110 References, 110 6 The Use of Radar Imagery in Riverine Flood Inundation Studies, 115 Guy J-P. Schumann, Paul. D. Bates, Giuliano Di Baldassarre and David C. Mason 6.1 Introduction, 115 6.2 Microwave imaging of water and flooded land surfaces, 116 6.3 The use of SAR imagery to map and monitor river flooding, 120 6.4 Case study examples, 129 6.5 Summary and outlook, 135 References, 137 7 Airborne LiDAR Methods Applied to Riverine Environments, 141 Jean-St´ephane Bailly, Paul J. Kinzel, Tristan Allouis, Denis Feurer and Yann Le Coarer 7.1 Introduction: LiDAR definition and history, 141 7.2 Ranging airborne LiDAR physics, 142 7.3 System parameters and capabilities: examples, 146 7.4 LiDAR survey design for rivers, 148 7.5 River characterisation from LiDAR signals, 150 7.6 LiDAR experiments on rivers: accuracies, limitations, 153 7.7 Conclusion and perspectives: the future for airborne LiDAR on rivers, 158 References, 158 8 Hyperspatial Imagery in Riverine Environments, 163 Patrice E. Carbonneau, Herv ´e Pi´egay, J ´ er ^ome Lejot, Robert Dunford and Kristell Michel 8.1 Introduction: The Hyperspatial Perspective, 163 8.2 Hyperspatial image acquisition, 166 8.3 Issues, potential problems and plausible solutions, 172 8.4 From data acquisition to fluvial form and process understanding, 182 8.5 Conclusion, 188 Acknowledgements, 189 References, 189 9 Geosalar: Innovative Remote Sensing Methods for Spatially Continuous Mapping of Fluvial Habitat at Riverscape Scale, 193 Normand Bergeron and Patrice E. Carbonneau 9.1 Introduction, 193 9.2 Study area and data collection, 194 9.3 Grain size mapping, 194 9.4 Bathymetry mapping, 203 9.5 Further developments in the wake of the Geosalar project, 205 9.6 Flow velocity: mapping or modelling?, 209 9.7 Future work: Integrating fish exploitation of the riverscape, 211 9.8 Conclusion, 211 Acknowledgements, 212 References, 212 10 Image Utilisation for the Study and Management of Riparian Vegetation: Overview and Applications, 215 Simon Dufour, Etienne Muller, Menno Straatsma and S. Corgne 10.1 Introduction, 215 10.2 Image analysis in riparian vegetation studies: what can we know?, 217 10.3 Season and scale constraints in riparian vegetation studies, 221 10.4 From scientists' tools to managers' choices: what do we want to know? And how do we get it?, 223 10.5 Examples of imagery applications and potentials for riparian vegetation study, 226 10.6 Perspectives: from images to indicators, automatised and standardised processes, 233 Acknowledgements, 234 References, 234 11 Biophysical Characterisation of Fluvial Corridors at Reach to Network Scales, 241 Herv´e Pi´egay, Adrien Alber, J. Wesley Lauer, Anne-Julia Rollet and Elise Wiederkehr 11.1 Introduction, 241 11.2 What are the raw data available for a biophysical characterisation of fluvial corridors?, 242 11.3 How can we treat the information?, 243 11.4 Detailed examples to illustrate management issues, 253 11.5 Limitations and constraints when enlarging scales of interest, 261 11.6 Conclusions, 265 Acknowledgements, 265 References, 266 12 The Role of Remotely Sensed Data in Future Scenario Analyses at a Regional Scale, 271 Stan Gregory, Dave Hulse, M´ elanie Bertrand and Doug Oetter 12.1 Introduction, 271 12.2 Methods, 279 12.3 Land use/land cover changes since 1850, 282 12.4 Plan trend 2050 scenario, 283 12.5 Development 2050 scenario, 287 12.6 Conservation 2050 scenario, 287 12.7 Informing decision makers at subbasin extents, 289 12.8 Discussion, 291 Acknowledgements, 294 References, 294 13 The Use of Imagery in Laboratory Experiments, 299 Michal Tal, Philippe Frey, Wonsuck Kim, Eric Lajeunesse, Angela Limare and Franc¸ois M´etivier 13.1 Introduction, 299 13.2 Bedload transport, 300 13.3 Channel morphology and flow dynamics, 306 13.4 Bed topography and flow depth, 312 13.5 Conclusions, 317 Acknowledgements, 318 References, 318 14 Ground based LiDAR and its Application to the Characterisation of Fluvial Forms, 323 Andy Large and George Heritage 14.1 Introduction, 323 14.2 Scales of application in studies of river systems, 325 References, 338 15 Applications of Close-range Imagery in River Research, 341 Walter Bertoldi, Herv´e Pi´egay, Thomas Buffin-B´ elanger, David Graham and Stephen Rice 15.1 Introduction, 341 15.2 Technologies and practices, 342 15.3 Post-processing, 347 15.4 Application of vertical and oblique close-range imagery to monitor bed features and fluvial processes at different spatial and temporal scales, 350 15.5 Summary of benefits and limitations, 361 15.6 Forthcoming issues for river management, 362 Acknowledgements, 363 References, 363 16 River Monitoring with Ground-based Videography, 367 Bruce J. MacVicar, Alexandre Hauet, Normand Bergeron, Laure Tougne and Imtiaz Ali 16.1 Introduction, 367 16.2 General considerations, 368 16.3 Case 1 - Stream gauging, 369 16.4 Case 2 - Filtering bed and flare effects from LSPIV measurements, 372 16.5 Case 3 - At-a-point survey of wood transport, 376 16.6 Discussion and conclusion, 380 References, 381 17 Imagery at the Organismic Level: From Body Shape Descriptions to Micro-scale Analyses, 385 Pierre Sagnes 17.1 Introduction, 385 17.2 Morphological and anatomical description, 386 17.3 Abundance and biomass, 394 17.4 Detection of stress and diseases, 396 17.5 Conclusion, 399 References, 399 18 Ground Imagery and Environmental Perception: Using Photo-questionnaires to Evaluate River Management Strategies, 405 Yves-Francois Le Lay, Marylise Cottet, Herv´e Pi´egay and Anne Rivi `ere-Honegger 18.1 Introduction, 405 18.2 Conceptual framework, 406 18.3 The design of photo-questionnaires, 409 18.4 Applications with photo-questionnaires, 412 18.5 Conclusions and perspectives, 425 Acknowledgements, 426 References, 426 19 Future Prospects and Challenges for River Scientists and Managers, 431 Patrice E. Carbonneau and Herv´e Pi´egay References, 433 Index, 435