Contemporary Debates in Bioethics

Notes on Contributors x Acknowledgments xiv General Introduction 1 References 8 Part 1 Are There Universal Ethical Principles That Should Govern the Conduct of Medicine and Research Worldwide? 13 Introduction 13 References 15 1 There Are Universal Ethical Principles That Should Govern the Conduct of Medicine and Research Worldwide 17 Daryl Pullman 2 There Are No Universal Ethical Principles That Should Govern the Conduct of Medicine and Research Worldwide 27 Kevin S. Decker Reply to Decker 36 Reply to Pullman 39 Part 2 Is It Morally Acceptable to Buy and Sell Organs for Human Transplantation? 43 Introduction 43 References 45 3 It Is Morally Acceptable to Buy and Sell Organs for Human Transplantation: Moral Puzzles and Policy Failures 47 Mark J. Cherry 4 It Is Not Morally Acceptable to Buy and Sell Organs for Human Transplantation: A Very Poor Solution to a Very Pressing Problem 59 Arthur L. Caplan Reply to Caplan 68 Reply to Cherry 70 Part 3 Were It Physically Safe, Would Human Reproductive Cloning Be Acceptable? 73 Introduction 73 References 76 5 Were It Physically Safe, Human Reproductive Cloning Would Be Acceptable 79 Katrien Devolder 6 Were It Physically Safe, Human Reproductive Cloning Would Not Be Acceptable 89 Stephen E. Levick Reply to Levick 98 Reply to Devolder 101 Part 4 Is the Deliberately Induced Abortion of a Human Pregnancy Ethically Justifiable? 105 Introduction 105 References 109 7 The Deliberately Induced Abortion of a Human Pregnancy Is Ethically Justifiable 111 Jeffrey Reiman 8 The Deliberately Induced Abortion of a Human Pregnancy Is Not Ethically Justifiable 120 Don Marquis Reply to Marquis 129 Reply to Reiman 132 Part 5 Is It Ethical to Patent or Copyright Genes, Embryos, or Their Parts? 137 Introduction 137 References 141 9 It Is Ethical to Patent or Copyright Genes, Embryos, or Their Parts 143 Lawrence M. Sung 10 It Is Not Ethical to Patent or Copyright Genes, Embryos, or Their Parts 152 David Koepsell Reply to Koepsell 162 Reply to Sung 164 Part 6 Should a Child Have the Right to Refuse Medical Treatment to Which the Child's Parents or Guardians Have Consented? 167 Introduction 167 References 171 11 The Child Should Have the Right to Refuse Medical Treatment to Which the Child's Parents or Guardians Have Consented 173 William J. Winslade 12 The Child Should Not Have the Right to Refuse Medical Treatment to Which the Child's Parents or Guardians Have Consented 181 Catherine M. Brooks Reply to Brooks 192 Reply to Winslade 194 Part 7 Is Physician-Assisted Suicide Ever Ethical? 197 Introduction 197 References 201 13 Physician-Assisted Suicide Is Ethical 203 John Lachs 14 Physician-Assisted Suicide Is Not Ethical 213 Patrick Lee Reply to Lee 222 Reply to Lachs 225 Part 8 Should Stem-Cell Research Utilizing Embryonic Tissue Be Conducted? 229 Introduction 229 References 233 15 Stem-Cell Research Utilizing Embryonic Tissue Should Be Conducted 237 Jane Maienschein 16 Stem-Cell Research Utilizing Embryonic Tissue Should Not Be Conducted 248 Bertha Alvarez Manninen Joint Reply 259 Part 9 Should We Prohibit the Use of Chimpanzees and Other Great Apes in Biomedical Research? 261 Introduction 261 References 268 17 We Should Prohibit the Use of Chimpanzees and Other Great Apes in Biomedical Research 271 Jean Kazez 18 We Should Not Prohibit the Use of Chimpanzees and Other Great Apes in Biomedical Research 281 Carl Cohen Reply to Cohen 291 Reply to Kazez 294 Part 10 Should the United States of America Adopt Universal Healthcare? 297 Introduction 297 References 301 19 The United States of America Should Adopt Universal Healthcare 303 John Geyman 20 The United States of America Should Not Adopt Universal Healthcare: Let's Try Freedom Instead 314 Glen Whitman Reply to Whitman 327 Reply to Geyman 331 Part 11 Is There a Legitimate Place for Human Genetic Enhancement? 335 Introduction 335 References 339 21 There Is a Legitimate Place for Human Genetic Enhancement 343 Nicholas Agar 22 There Is No Legitimate Place for Human Genetic Enhancement: The Slippery Slope to Genocide 353 Edwin Black Reply to Black 363 Reply to Agar 366 Part 12 Can There Be Agreement as to What Constitutes Human Death? 369 Introduction 369 References 374 23 There Can Be Agreement as to What Constitutes Human Death 377 James L. Bernat 24 There Cannot Be Agreement as to What Constitutes Human Death: Against Definitions, Necessary and Sufficient Conditions, and Determinate Boundaries 388 Winston Chiong Reply to Chiong 397 Reply to Bernat 399 Part 13 Is There Ever a Circumstance in Which a Doctor May Withhold Information? 401 Introduction 401 References 407 25 There Are Circumstances in Which a Doctor May Withhold Information 409 Tom L. Beauchamp 26 There Are No Circumstances in Which a Doctor May Withhold Information 418 Jason T. Eberl Reply to Eberl 428 Reply to Beauchamp 431 Part 14 Should In Vitro Fertilization Be an Option for a Woman? 435 Introduction 435 References 439 27 In Vitro Fertilization Should Be an Option for a Woman 441 Laura Purdy 28 In Vitro Fertilization Should Not Be an Option for a Woman 451 Christopher Tollefsen Reply to Tollefsen 460 Reply to Purdy 462 Part 15 Are International Clinical Trials Exploitative? 465 Introduction 465 References 470 29 Clinical Trials Are Inherently Exploitative: The Likelihood That They Are Is High 473 Jamie Carlin Watson 30 International Clinical Trials Are Not Inherently Exploitative 485 Richard J. Arneson Reply to Arneson 495 Reply to Watson 498 Index 501