Exploring Philosophy

Preface

PART 1. INTRODUCTION
What Is Philosophy?, Monroe C. Beardsley and Elizabeth Lane Beardsley
The Value of Philosophy, Bertrand Russell
HISTORICAL SOURCE
Defence of Socrates, Plato

PART 2. REASONING
The Elements of Argument, Steven M. Cahn, Patricia Kitcher, and George Sher
Improving Your Thinking, Stephen F. Barker
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions, Steven M. Cahn
Scientific Inquiry, Carl G. Hempel
Antiscientism, Gillian Barker and Philip Kitcher

PART 3. KNOWLEDGE
Caring and Epistemic Demands, Linda Zagzebski
Knowing vs. Thinking, Jennifer Nagel
Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?, Edmund L. Gettier
Conditions for Knowledge, Robert Nozick
Appearance and Reality, Bertrand Russell
What Can I Know?, D. Z. Phillips
The Problem of Induction, Bertrand Russell
Induction Without a Problem, P. F. Strawson
Puzzling Out Knowledge, Susan Haack
HISTORICAL SOURCES
Meno, Plato
Meditations on First Philosophy, Rene Descartes
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, George Berkeley
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume
Critique of Pure Reason, Immanuel Kant

PART 4. MIND
The Ghost in the Machine, Gilbert Ryle
Body and Soul, Richard Taylor
The Mind-Body Problem, Paul M. Churchland
What Is It Like to Be a Bat?, Thomas Nagel
The Qualia Problem, Frank Jackson
Knowing What It's Like, David Lewis
Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Alan Turing
Do Computers Think?, John Searle
The Body Problem, Barbara Montero
HISTORICAL SOURCE
Meditations on First Philosophy, Rene Descartes

PART 5. FREE WILL
Free Will, Thomas Nagel
Free Will and Determinism, W. T. Stace
Freedom or Determinism?, Steven M. Cahn
The Principle of Alternative Possibilities, Harry Frankfurt
The Capacities of Agents, Neil Levy
Do We Have Free Will?, Patricia Churchland
HISTORICAL SOURCES
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume
The Dilemma of Determinism, William James

PART 6. IDENTITY
A Case of Identity, Brian Smart
The Problem of Personal Identity, John Perry
The Unimportance of Identity, Derek Parfit
HISTORICAL SOURCES
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke
A Treatise of Human Nature, David Hume
Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man, Thomas Reid

PART 7. GOD
Does God Exist?, Ernest Nagel
Why God Allows Evil, Richard Swinburne
Pascal's Wager, Simon Blackburn
Pascal's Wager: An Assessment, Linda Zagzebski
Faith and Reason, Michael Scriven
God and Morality, Steven M. Cahn
HISTORICAL SOURCES
The Ontological Argument, Anselm and Gaunilo
Summa Theologiae, Thomas Aquinas
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, David Hume
The Wager, Blaise Pascal
Natural Theology, William Paley
The Will to Believe, William James

PART 8. MORAL THEORY
Moral Isolationism, Mary Midgley
Kant's Ethics, Onora O'Neill
Assessing Utilitarianism, Louis P. Pojman
Virtue Ethics, Julia Driver
The Ethics of Care, Virginia Held
Egoism and Moral Skepticism, James Rachels
HISTORICAL SOURCES
Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle
Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant
Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill

PART 9. MORAL PROBLEMS
A Defense of Abortion, Judith Jarvis Thomson
Why Abortion Is Immoral, Don Marquis
Famine, Affluence, and Morality, Peter Singer
A Reply to Singer, Travis Timmerman
The Morality of Reparation, Bernard R. Boxill
Reparation and the Problem of Agency, Chandran Kukathas
Sexual Harassment in the University, N. Ann Davis
Sexual Harassment in Public Places, Margaret Crouch
The Trolley Problem, Judith Jarvis Thomson
Turning the Trolley, Judith Jarvis Thomson
The Divestiture Puzzle, Steven M. Cahn

PART 10. SOCIETY
Democracy, John Dewey
What Is a Liberal Education?, Sidney Hook
Cultivating Humanity, Martha Nussbaum
Letter from a Birmingham Jail, Martin Luther King, Jr.
HISTORICAL SOURCES
Crito, Plato
On Liberty, John Stuart Mill
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, Karl Marx

PART 11. SOCIAL JUSTICE
A Theory of Justice, John Rawls
Distributive Justice, Robert Nozick
Non-contractual Society: A Feminist View, Virginia Held
HISTORICAL SOURCES
The Republic, Plato
Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes

PART 12. ART
Aesthetic Concepts, Frank Sibley
Speaking in Parables, Sallie McFague
Fearing Fictions, Kendall Walton
HISTORICAL SOURCES
The Republic, Plato
Poetics, Aristotle

PART 13. THE MEANING OF LIFE
The Meaning of Life, Richard Taylor
Meaning in Life, Susan Wolf
Meaningful Lives, Christine Vitrano
The Afterlife, Samuel Scheffler
How the Afterlife Matters, Harry G. Frankfurt
The Significance of Doomsday, Susan Wolf
HISTORICAL SOURCES
Phaedo, Plato
Writings, Epicurus
The Handbook, Epictetus

14. ASIAN OUTLOOKS
The Buddha's Message, Christopher W. Gowans
The Confucian Way, Henry Rosemont, Jr.
The Tao, Ray Billington
Twelve Zen Stories

Index