Smart Grid

About the Author xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xxiii Acronyms xxv Part One ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS: THE MAIN COMPONENT 1 Introduction to Power Systems Before Smart Grid 3 1.1 Overview 3 1.2 Yesterday's Grid 8 1.3 Fundamentals of Electric Power 20 1.4 Case Studies: Postmortem Analysis of Blackouts 34 1.5 Drivers Toward the Smart Grid 42 1.6 Goals of the Smart Grid 43 1.7 A Few Words on Standards 46 1.8 From Energy and Information to Smart Grid and Communications 47 1.9 Summary 48 1.10 Exercises 50 2 Generation 55 2.1 Introduction to Generation 55 2.2 Centralized Generation 57 2.3 Management and Control: Introducing Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems 73 2.4 Energy Storage 81 2.5 Summary 85 2.6 Exercises 86 3 Transmission 89 3.1 Introduction 89 3.2 Basic Power Grid Components 93 3.3 Classical Power Grid Analytical Techniques 98 3.4 Transmission Challenges 110 3.5 Wireless Power Transmission 118 3.6 Summary 118 3.7 Exercises 119 4 Distribution 121 4.1 Introduction 121 4.2 Protection Techniques 138 4.3 Conservation Voltage Reduction 145 4.4 Distribution Line Carrier 146 4.5 Summary 147 4.6 Exercises 147 5 Consumption 151 5.1 Introduction 151 5.2 Loads 152 5.3 Variability in Consumption 168 5.4 The Consumer Perspective 169 5.5 Visibility 171 5.6 Flexibility for the Consumer 176 5.7 Summary 179 5.8 Exercises 180 Part Two COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING: THE ENABLER 6 What is Smart Grid Communication? 185 6.1 Introduction 185 6.2 Energy and Information 192 6.3 System View 198 6.4 Power System Information Theory 199 6.5 Communication Architecture 216 6.6 Wireless Communication Introduction 224 6.7 Summary 232 6.8 Exercises 233 7 Demand-Response and the Advanced Metering Infrastructure 235 7.1 Introduction 235 7.2 Demand-Response 236 7.3 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 239 7.4 IEEE 802.15.4, 6LoWPAN, ROLL, and RPL 244 7.5 IEEE 802.11 255 7.6 Summary 256 7.7 Exercises 257 8 Distributed Generation and Transmission 259 8.1 Introduction 259 8.2 Distributed Generation 260 8.3 The Smart Power Transmission System 276 8.4 Wireless Power Transmission 278 8.5 Wide-Area Monitoring 281 8.6 Networked Control 294 8.7 Summary 298 8.8 Exercises 298 9 Distribution Automation 301 9.1 Introduction 301 9.2 Protection Coordination Utilizing Distribution Automation 306 9.3 Self-healing, Communication, and Distribution Automation 309 9.4 Summary 329 9.5 Exercises 329 10 Standards Overview 333 10.1 Introduction 333 10.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology 334 10.3 International Electrotechnical Commission 335 10.4 International Council on Large Electric Systems 339 10.5 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 339 10.6 American National Standards Institute 343 10.7 International Telecommunication Union 347 10.8 Electric Power Research Institute 348 10.9 Other Standardization-Related Activities 349 10.10 Summary 353 10.11 Exercises 354 Part Three EMBEDDED AND DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENCE FOR A SMARTER GRID: THE ULTIMATE GOAL 11 Machine Intelligence in the Grid 359 11.1 Introduction 359 11.2 Machine Intelligence and Communication 360 11.3 Computing Models for Smart Grid 364 11.4 Machine Intelligence in the Grid 373 11.5 Machine-to-Machine Communication in Smart Grid 383 11.6 Summary 385 11.7 Exercises 386 12 State Estimation and Stability 389 12.1 Introduction 389 12.2 Networked Control 396 12.3 State Estimation 397 12.4 Distributed State Estimation 399 12.5 Stability 402 12.6 Stability and High-Penetration Distributed Generation 410 12.7 Summary 411 12.8 Exercises 412 13 Synchrophasor Applications 415 13.1 Introduction 415 13.2 Synchrophasors 416 13.3 Phasor Measurement Unit 426 13.4 Networking Synchrophasor Information 427 13.5 Synchrophasor Applications 430 13.6 Summary 431 13.7 Exercises 432 14 Power System Electronics 435 14.1 Introduction 435 14.2 Power System Electronics 437 14.3 Power Electronic Transformer 443 14.4 Protection Devices and Current Limiters 452 14.5 Superconducting Technologies 453 14.6 Summary 460 14.7 Exercises 461 15 Future of the Smart Grid 465 15.1 Introduction 465 15.2 Geomagnetic Storms as Generators 468 15.3 Future Microgrids 472 15.4 Nanoscale Communication Networks 476 15.5 Emerging Technologies 480 15.6 Near-Space Power Generation 482 15.7 Summary 484 15.8 Exercises 487 Appendix: Smart Grid Simulation Tools 489 References 493 Index 507