Concepts in Biotechnology

Preface PART ONE: History INTRODUCTION THE EARLY PERIOD TO 1850 Introduction Experimental Scientific Findings Application Theoretical Approaches THE PERIOD FROM 1850 TO 1890 Introduction Experimental Findings Practical Application, Technical Progress and Institutional Development Theoretical Approaches THE PERIOD FROM 1890 TO 1950 Introduction Research - Advances in the Basics of Biotechnology: Experimental Findings Technological Development, Progress and Application Theoretical Approaches OUTLOOK, FROM 1950 ONWARDS: BIOTECHNOLOGY - SCIENCE OR WHAT? Introduction Traditional Biotechnology and the Dechema Report The Changing Focus in BT in the USA in the Early 1980s Conclusions PART TWO: The New Paradigm Based on Molecular Biology and Genetics BROADENING OF BIOTECHNOLOGY THROUGH UNDERSTANDING LIFE, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION THE BEGINNINGS OF THE NEW BIOTECHNOLOGY Introduction The Beginnings of Evolution Theory and Genetics The Origin of Recombinant DNA Technology Oligonucleotide Synthesis Leads to Protein Engineering Synthetic DNA, Reverse Transcriptase: Isolating Genes Biodiversity and Gene Mining Creating New Diversity by Design or Empirically 'Genetic Fingerprinting' Inherited Predisposition to Disease ETHICAL ASPECTS RELATED TO GENOME RESEARCH, AND REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE Negative Public Reaction to Gene Technology Ethical Aspects: Animal Cloning and Fertility Research ELUCIDATING PROTEIN STRUCTURE: THE BEGINNINGS OF RATIONAL PROTEIN DESIGN Cambridge England, the Cradle of Structural Analysis of Macromolecules Redesigning the Protein Core Redesigning the Protein by Altering Primary Sequence Post Translational Modifications Total Chemical Synthesis Validation of Drug Design Based on the known Structure of the Target General Considerations in Drug Development THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBODIES AS PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS An Introduction to the Immune System The Beginnings of Applied Immunology Monoclonal Antibodies Producing Antibodies via rDNA and Combinatorial Biology Affinity Enrichment on Surfaces of Immobilized Target Molecules Mice with Human Antibody Gene Repertoires Two Severe Setbacks during Clinical Testing A Survey of Therapeutic Antibodies HEREDITARY DISEASE AND HUMAN GENOME ANALYSIS Introduction Heredity Studies and Family Counselling Early Attempts to Analyse the Human Genome The Personalized Genome and Personal Medicine Analysing the Effect of the Environment on the Human Genome: Epigenetics TRANSGENIC ANIMALS AND PLANTS Introduction Stem Cells and Gene Targeting EXTRAPOLATING TO THE FUTURE Summary of the Status Quo Insect Control Through 'Sterile' Males (SIT) The Future of Gene Therapy Stem Cell Therapy Flash Sequencing DNA: A Human Genome Sequence in Minutes? Systems Biology and Looking for 'Druggable' Targets Synthetic Biology BIOTECHNOLOGY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Introduction Patents Ensure Growth and Rapid Dissemination of Knowledge Owning a Patent does not simply Mean that it can be Implemented: 'Freedom to Operate' (FTO) Life-Forms as 'Novel Subject Matter' for Patents? Technology 'State of the Art': Precedence/Directives, not Fixed by Law Who can make Decisions about Public Morality? Biotechnology-Oriented Directives Guide Patenting Decisions PART THREE: Applications BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING Introduction Aspects of Applied Microbiology Biocatalysis Biochemical Engineering Process Sustainability and Ecological Considerations Biosystems Engineering, Including Omics Technologies Outlook and Perspectives INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Introduction General Aspects Commodities Chemicals Food Processing and Products Environmental Processes Summary, Trends and Perspectives PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Introduction Drug Targeting, Discovery Strategies and Development Pharmaceuticals Production Products, Pharmaceuticals Made by Biotechnology Medicinal Techniques, Diagnostics Business: Companies and Economic Aspects PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Introduction Political, Ethical and Biosafety Aspects Research and Development Application of Modified Plants and Products Economic Aspects Summary and Outlook